.... ^^/^ * s ^ ^\^^ , 



o 0^ 




\ 



•J 






\ 



/ 



A 

STATISTICAL VIEW 

OF THE 

C03IMERCE 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: 

ITS CONNECTION WITH 

AGRICULTURE AJ^D MAJS'UFACTURES . 

AND AN ACCOUNT OF THE 

PUBLIC DEBT, REVENUES, AND EXPENDITURES 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES. 

WITH A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE TRADE, AGRICULTURE, AND 
MANUFACTURES OF THE COLONIES, PREVIOUS TO 
THEIR INDEPENDENCE. 

ACCOMPAmED WITH TABLES, ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE 
PRLXCLPLES AJVB OBJECTS OF THE WORK. 



BY TIMOTHY PITKIN, 

a mehben of the hocse of represextatives of the ukited states, 

fbom: the state of coxxecticut. 



HARTFORD : 

PRINTED BY CHARLES HOSMER. 



181G. 



DISTRICT OF CONNECTICUT, ss, 

(seal.) be it BEMEMBEnED, That on the twelfth day of January, in the for- 
^ — ^ tieth year of the independence of the United States of America, 
Timothy Pitkijt, of the said district, deposited in this office the title 
of a book, the right whereof he claims as Author, in the words following-, 
to wit : 

" A statistical view of the commerce of the United States of America : 
its connection with agiuculture and manufactures : and an account of the 
public debt, revenues, and expenditures of the United States. With a brief 
view of the trade^ agriculture, and manufactures of the colonies, previous 
to their independence, accompanied with tables, illustrative of the princi- 
ples and objects of the work. By Timothy Pitkin, a member of the house 
of Representatives, of the United States, from the State of Connecticut." 

In conformity to the act of the Congi'ess of the United State, entitled, 
" An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of 
maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, 
during the times therein mentioned." 

HENRY W, EDWARDS, 

Clerk of the District of Connectimt. 
A true copy of record, examined and sealed by me. 
HENRY W. EDWARDS, 
Clerk of the District of Connecticut. 



ADVERTISEMENT. 



The greater part of the following collection of tables and 
fact^ was made without any view to publication. Being 
shewn to some of our friends, they thought it would be useful, 
that additions should be made to it, of other important ta- 
bles, relative to the same subject, scattered through a mass of 
public documents, which fev^' possessed, or were able to pro- 
cure, without great expense ; and that the whole, in a con- 
densed form, should be presented to the public. 

Influenced, in no small degree, by their wishes and opinions, 
we consented to the undertaking. The original plan was en- 
larged, by adding a brief review of the state of the Colonies, 
relative to commerce, agriculture, and manufactures, previous 
to their independence. 

Statistical enquiries have been less the subject of attention in 
America, than in Europe. During the last fifty years, many 
statistical works have appeared, giving particular accounts of 
the power, wealth and resources of most of the European nations. 

As the United States have been considered, and justly so, 
as the second commercial nation in the world, it cannot be un- 
interesting to every American citizen, to become acquainted 
with the facts, tending to shew, thatthey are entitled to this rank. 

That enquiries of this nature are useful and important, in 
many respects, is acknowledged by all, who have attended to 
them. They are particularly so, to merchants, and to all, who 
are concerned, in the management of national affairs : and ev- 
ery individual must feel an interest, in obtaining a knowledge 
of the wealth and resources of his own country. 

As necessarily connected with the subject of our enquiry, 
we have given a view of the public debt, revenues, and expen- 
ditures, from the commencement of the government, to as late 
a period as we were able, from official documents, to which ^ve 



iv 



ADVERTISEMENT. 



had access. The public debt is brouglit down to the 20th of 
February, A. D. 1815, when it was ascertained to be, about one 
hundred and eight millions of dollars. From late official doc- 
uments, it appears, that up to the 1st of October following, it 
had increased, to about one hundred and twenty millions. 

The following collection, therefore, may be resorted to, by 
all, who may wish to be acquainted with the exports and im- 
ports of the United States, and the quantity and value of the 
various articles exported and imported, with the general com- 
merce of the United States, and the amount of their trade 
with particular nations, with the amount of their tonnage, 
public debt, revenues, and expenditures, at diiferent periods, 
since the establishment of the present government. 

We have added, by way of appendix, an account of the coin- 
age of the extensive kingdom of New-Spain, which adjoins the U. 
States on the W est, and an authentic sketch of its commerce, in 
1810, particularly that part carried on from the port of La Vera 
Cruz, on the Gulph of Mexico ; also a statistical view of the fi- 
nances, trade, and commerce of Great-Britain and Ireland, from 
1804 to 1813, which was laid before Parliament, in July, 1818, 
in the form of resolutions, by the Chancellor of the Exchequer. 

Many of the tables, in this collection, were obtained direct- 
ly from the Treasury books, and have never been published ; 
and great pains have been taken, that the tables and calcula- 
tions should be correct. In such a number of figures and cal- 
culations, however, some errors will, probably, be found. It 
is hoped, they will be few and unimportant. 

In making the collection, we have aimed at fidelity and im- 
partiality ; and in presenting it to the public, our object is, 
to give, as far as the subject admits, a condensed and connect- 
ed view of the wealth and resources of the American nation at 
different periods. Should it meet the approbation of the pub- 
lic, and serve, in some degree, to lay the foundation of more ex- 
tensive and useful enquiries on the subject, in future, we shall 
be satisfied. January, 1816. 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER I. 



A spirit of commercial enterprise led to the discovery and settle- 
ment of America — Policy of the European nations with respect to. 
their American Colonies — Trade of the Colonies restricted at dif- 
ferent periods — Report of the Board of Trade, concerning- the 
trade and manufactures of the Colonists, in the year 1731 and 
1732 — Colonies restricted in some manufactures — Bounties g-iven 
on the importation of certain articles into Eng-land, the produce of 
the Colonies — Population, exports, and imports at different peri- 
ods — Plan of union agreed upon, by Commissioners from several 
Colonies — Tonnage and vessels built in the Colonies about the 
vear 1770. 1 



CHAPTER n. 



Commerce interrupted, during the American revolutionary war — 
Old Congress no power to reguJite commerce, or to levy duties on 
imports— Amount of the public debt in 1783 — Requisitions upon ' 
the states for the payment of it not complied with — Power to levy 
certain duties on imnorts not panted to the old Congress by the 
states— Depreciation of the public debt — Exports from the United 
States to Great-Britain, and imports fi'om Great -Britain, from 1784, 
to 1790 — Distressed state of the country — Meeting of Commission- 
ers at Annapolis in 1786 — Adoption of the new Constitution, and 
the organization of the government under it hi 1789. - - - 25 



vi 



GONTEN'fS. 



CHAPTER ni. 

Exports — Divided into those of domestic, and tliose of foreign ori- 
gin — ^Exports of domestic produce, distinguished into those, which 
ju-e 1st. the produce of the sea — 2d, the produce of the forest — 3d. 
the produce of agriculture — and 4th, manufactures— Products of 
the sea, derived from the cod and whale fisheries — State of the cod 
fishery previous to the American revolution, and to the time of the 
establishment of the present government — Number of vessels em- 
ployed in the fishery from 1791 to 1813, and quantity of fish ex- 
ported during the same period — ^^Vhale fishery originated at Nan- 
tucket in 1690 — Amount of tonnage and number of seamen em- 
ployed in it at different periods — Value of exports, the produce of 
the fisheries from 1803 to 1814 — Products of the forest — viz. lum- 
ber, naval stores, pot and pearl ashes, skins and furs, ginseng, and 
oak bark, and other dyes — Value and quantity of each exported 
at different periods. - - - - - 35 

CHAPTER IV. 

The produce of agriculture divided into that, 1st. which constitutes 
vegetable food, as wheat, flour, rice, indian corn, rye, &c. — 2d. the 
products of animals, as beef, pork, butter, lard, cheese, and cattle, 
horses, &c. — 3d. tobacco— -4th. cotton, and 5th.. others of less im- 
portance, as flax-seed, indigo, wax, Sec.' — The quantity and value of 
each of these exported at different periods — Value of manufactures 
exported — A comparative view of the value of the products of the 
sea, of the forest, of agriculture, and manufactures exported in 
each year from 1803 to 1814. 89 



CHAP' 




EXPORTS OF FOREIGN PRODUCE. 

Neutral trade of the United States increased by the wars in Europe — 
Their trade in foreign produce greater, than in domestic, in 1805, 
1806, and 1807 — Quantity of sugar, coffee, cocoa, pepper, and goods 



CONTENTS. 



vii 



paying ad valorem duties exported, in each year, from 1791 to 1814 
— Quantity of sug^r and coffee, and goods subj ect to ad valorem 
duties imported from different countries in 1807 — Quantity of su- 
gar and coffee exported to different countries, in different years — 
Average quantity of wines, spirits, teas, cocoa, and pepper, export- 
ed in the years 1805, 1806, and 1807. 135 



CHAPTER yi. 



Imports into the United States — Their trade with different parts of 
the world at different periods — Particular account of the trade 
with Great-Britain, France, and other countries — A comparative 
view of exports and imports in different years — Value of the prin- 
cipal articles imported at different periods — Amount of cotton and 
woollen goods imported from Great-Britain in 1806 and 1807, and 
wines and brandies from France — Origin of their trade with China 
and the East-Indies — Quantity of teas imported in different years 
from 1790 to 1812. 151 



CHAPTER Vn. 

Amount of trade with the different quarters of the world — Balance 
of trade — ^Estimate of the quantity of certain imported articles 
consumed in the United States, at different periods. - - - 241 



CHAPTER Vm. 

Public debt at the commencement of the present government — Fund- 
ed, and on what terms — Sinking Fund — ^Increase or decrease of the 
debt at different periods — By whoni owned in 1803 — Amoimt at 
the time of tlie declaration of tlgAte war between the United 
States and Great-Britain — Its increase since — Amount and terms 
of the late loans, and issues of Treasury Notes— Sketch of the na- 
tional debt and sinking fund of Great -Britain. - - . . 261 



CHAPTER IX. 



Revenues, derived, principally, from duties on imports and tonnage 
— Amount received from the customs, from the commencement of 



viii 



CONTENTS. 



the Government, to 1814 — Gross and net amount of the customs, 
accruing" annually, in each state and territory, from the commence- 
ment of the Government, to December 31st, 1810, with the amount 
of drawbacks, &c. — An acccfunt of internal duties laid prior to 
1802 — Amount received, prior to, and since their repeal in that 
year — Various internal taxes laid since 1812 — ^Direct taxes, which 
have been laid, at different periods — Amount of the valuation of 
lands and houses, in 1799 — Comparative view of the value of lands 
and houses, in 1799, and 1814, in several states — Proceeds of sales 
of public lands — ^Estimate of the quantity of public lands yet mi- 
sold — Post-Office establishment — Amount of postage received- 
Receipts and expenditures, at different periods. . . . 307 



CHAPTER X. 



Tonnage of the United States — Amount employed in foreign trade, 
and in the coasting trade, at different periods — Increase of Ame- 
rican tonnage, from 1793 to 1810 — Tonnage owned in each state, 
in 1810, and in the ports of Boston, New-York, Philadelphia, Bal- 
timore, and Charleston — Vessels built, from 1804 to 1813 — Compar- 
ative view of American toimage, with that of other nations — 
Amount of foreign tonnage, in American foreign trade, at differ- 
ent periods, and the nations to which it belonged— American 
navy, in 1815. - - 387 



CONTENTS 

OF THE TABLES ANNEXED TO THE CHAPTERS. 



CHAPTER I. 

PAG-E. 

Tabie No. I. — Value of the imports and exports of the North-Ame- 
rican Colonies, in 1769, 19,20 

No. II. — An account of the principal articles exported from the 
North-American Colonies, including the islands of New-Found- 
land, Bahama, and Bermuda, and the countries to which the 
articles were sent, with their official value, in the year 1770, 21 — 23 

CHAPTER m. 

Tabie No. I. — A summary statement of the value of the exports 
of the several states and territories, annually, from the 1st of 
October, 1790, to the 30th of September, 1810, - - - 51—53 

No. n. — Value of exports, the growth, produce^ and manufacture 
of the United States, from each state and territory, annually, 
from 1st October, 1802, to 30th September, 1810, - - 54 

No. in. — Value of exports, the^rowM, produce^ and manufacture 
of foreign countries, from each state, &c. annually, from October 
1st, 1802, to September 30th, 1810, 55 

No. IV. — Aggregate of articles exported from the United States, 

for each year, from 1791 to 1814, - - » - - 56—73 

No.;,V. — State of the cod fishery in Massachusetts, from 1765 to 

1775, and from 1786 to 1790, 74 

No. VI. — Produce of the fisheries, exported from the United States, 
from about August 20th, 1789, to September 30th, 1790, - 75 

No. Vn. — The countries to which cod fish, dried and pickled, was 
exported in each year, from 1800 to 1811, with the quantity 
exported to each country, - ^ 76,77 

Nos. Vin. and IX. — State of the wl^p fishery in Massachusetts, 
from 1771 to 1775, and from 1787 to 1789, - - - 78,79 

No. X. — The countries, to which whale and spermaceti oil was ex- 
ported, with the quantity exported to each country, from 1800 
to 1811, 80,81 

Nos. XI. Xn. and XHI. — The coantries, to which staves and head- 
ing, shingles, boards and plank, were exported, from 1800 to 1811, 82 — 84 

Nos. XIV. XV. XVI. and XVU.— The countries, to which tar and 
turpentine, pot and pearlashes, were exported, from 1800 to 1811, 85—88 

B 



X 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER IV. 

PAOE. 

Tabie No. I.— Countries to which wheat was exported, from 1800 

to 1811, 125 



No. n. 


do. 


Flour, do. 




126 


No. in. 


do. 


Rice, do. 




127 


No. IV. 


do. 


Beef, do. 




128 


No. V. 


do. 


Pork, do. 




129 


No. VI. 


do. 


Tobacco, do. 




130 


No. vn. 


do. 


Sea-Island Cotton, do. 




131 


No. vm. 


do. 


other Cotton, do. 




132,133 






CHAPTER V. 






Table No. I, 


do. 


Brown Sugar, 


do. 


145,146 


No. n. 


do. 


White Sugar, clayed or pov/dered. 


do. 


147 


No. HI. 


do. 


Coffee, 


do. 


148,149 



CHAPTER VI. 

Table No. I. — Value of imports into the United States, from each 
nation and dependencies in each year, from 1795 to 1801, inclu- 
sive, ....... 212—214 

No. n. — Value of exports from the United States, to each nation 

- and dependencies, from 1795 to 1802, - . . - 215—217 

No. ni. — Amount of goods imported into the United States, for the 
year ending September 30th, 1807 — including goods paying du- 
ties ad valorem, and the quantity and estimated value of all other 
articles, - - - 218,219 

No. IV. — ^Imports into Great-Britain, from the United States, (ex- 
clusive of Scotland) in 1806, 1807 and 1808, incWing the ar- 
ticles and their value, 220,221 

No. V. — ^Exports from Great-Britain (exclusive of Scotland) to the 
United States, for 1806, 1807 and 1808, includingthe articles and 
their value, - - - . ^ . - - . 222,223 

No. VI. — Total official and real value lHall imports into, and ex- 
ports from, Great-Britain, (exclusive of Scotland, and the East- 
Indies, and China) in 1806, 1807 and 1808, distinguishing for- 
eign merchandize from British produce and manufacture, - 224 

No. vn. x\n account of the total value of woollen manufac- 
tures, exported from Great-Britain, from 1790, to 1799, with the 
various countries, to which they v/ere sent, - . . . 225 
No. Vin. — Official vahie of all imports into, and exports from Great- 
Britain, for three years, ending 5th of January, 1811, distinguish- 



CONTENTS. 



xi 



iiig each yeiw, and distinguishing the value of imports from the 
East-Indies and China, from the value of all other imports ; al- 
so distinguishing the value of British produce and manufactures 
exported, from the value of foreign articles exported, with the 
difference between the official and declared value of British pro- 
duce and manufactures, exported in the year, ending January 5th 
1811, with an appendix, containing the particular articles import- 
ed and exported, with tlie value of each, for those years, - 226 — 232 

No. IX. — ^Exports from the United States to the British West-In- 
dies, in 1802, 1803 and 1804, containing the quantity and value 
of the articles exported, 233,234 

No, X. — Imports into the United States, from tlie British West-In- 
dies, for 1802, 1803 and 1804, containing the quantity and value 
of tlie articles imported, with the amount of duty on the same, - 235 

No. XI. — Principal exports from St. Petersburgh in Russia, to the 
United States, in each year from 1783, to 1804, with the num- 
ber of American ships employed, in each year, in the intercourse 
between that port and the United States, .... 236—239 



CHAPTER Vn. 

Table No. I. — Statement of the value and quantities respectively 
of merchandize (paying duties ad valorem,) spirits, molasses, 
wines, teas, coffee, sugar, and salt, paying duties on their im- 
portation in each year from 1790 to 1800, and consumed in tlie 
United States, 250,251 

No. II. — Amount of goods paying duties ad valorem, imported into 
the United States, with the duties accruing thereon— also, the 
amount of the same goods exported, distinguishhig those enti- 
tled to drawback, and those not entitled to drawback, - - 252 

No. in. — Quantity of spirits, molasses, wines, teas, coffee, sugar, 
and salt, imported into the United States, also the quantity of 
the same articles exported, and consumed in the United States, 
for each yeai-, from 1801 to 1812^ - . 1 . . 253—255 

No. IV.— Number of Inhabitants ilPhe United States, and in each 

state and territory in 1790, 256 

No. V. do. do. in 1800, 257,258 

No. VI. do. do. in 1810, - ..... 259,260 

CHAPTER Vni. 

Tabu No. I.— Amount of the national debt of Great-Britain, in 
1689, and at the commencement and termination of each war 
since, to February 1st, 1813, 305 



Xn CONTENTS. 

No. n. — Amount of money applied to the redemption of the nation- 
al funded debt of Great-Britain, and of capital and interest re- 
deemed from 1786, to 1st February, 1813, and the produce of 
the sinking fund at that time, ----- - 306 

CHAPTER IX. 

Table No. I. — Statement exhibiting" the gross and net amount of 
the customs, together with tlie amount of drawbacks, &c. and 
expenses of collection, in each state and territory, from the com- 
mencement of the present Govermnent, annually, to 31st day of 
December, 1810, 347— SITS 

No. II. — Statement exhibiting' the amount of duties collected on 

wines, spirits, &c. from 1793 to 1810, - - . - 373,374 

No. III. — Amount of duties accruing- on the following articles, im- 
ported in 1806, with the rates of duties on each, - - 375,376 

No. IV. — A g-eneral view of the assessment and apportionment of 
the direct tax, laid by the acts of Congress, of July 9th, and July 
14th, 1798, 377,378 

No. v.— Table of the post-ofEce establishment, from 1789, to Octo- 
ber 1, 1813, 379 

No. VI.-— An account of the post-office establishment, in each state 
and territory, in the year 1802, 380,381 

No. VII. — A statement of the annual revenue of the United States, 
from the commencement of the federal g-ovemment, until the 
30th of September, 1812, comprising- the net amoimt derived 
from the customs, internal taxes, direct tax, sale of lands, and 
all other sources ; also, an account within the same period, of 
the annual expenditures, on account of the army, Indian depart- 
ment, the navy, foreign intercourse, Barbary powers, civil list, 
miscellaneous civil, formed in pursuance of a resolution of the 
House of Representatives of the United States, of the 24th of 
December, 1812, ^ 382—386 

CHAPTER X. 

Table No. I. — ^Registered tonnage enijipyed in foreign trade in 

each state, from 1793 to 1810, - - - - - - 397—399 

No. n. — Enrolled tonnage employed in the coasting trade in each 

state, from 1793 to 1810, - - - - - - - 400—404 

No. ni. — Statement of the amount of American and foreign ton- 
nage, respectively employed in foreign trade, for each of the 
years 1790 to 1799, as taken from the records of the Treasury, 405 

No. IV. — A comparative statement of the toimage of vessels, enter- 
ed into the United States, from 1st Januar}-^, 1790, to 31st De- 
cember, 1796, - . . 406,407 



CHAPTER L 



A SPIRIT of commercial enterprise led to the discovery and settlement of 
America — Policy of the European nations with respect to their American 
Colonies — Trade of the Colonies restricted at different periods — Report 
of the Board of Trade, concerning- the trade and manufactures of the Co- 
lonists, in the year 1731-2 — Colonies restricted in some manufactures — 
Bounties given on the importation of certain articles into England, the 
produce of the Colonies — Population, exports, and imports at different 
periods — Plan of union agreed upon, by Commissioners from several Co- 
lonies — Tonnage and vessels built in the Colonies about the year 1770. 



XJL SPIRIT of commercial enterprise, which prevailed in the 
14th centurj, and a desire to find a new route, to the wealth of In- 
dia, led to the important discovery of the western Continent. The 
new race of beings which inhabited the new world, as it was called, 
excited the curiosity of all Europe ; and the valuable productions 
found there, particularly the vast quantities of the precious metals, 
soon interested most of the commercial nations in that quarter of the 
old world. Individuals, as well as governments, were solicitous to share 
in the advantages of this discovery ; and numerous adventures, both 
public and private, were set on foot, some for the purpose of further 
discoveries and conquest, and others for the purpose of trade and com- 
merce. The Spaniards, the English, the French, the Portuguese, the 
Dutch, and the Danes and Swefles, at different periods, in conse- 
quence of prior discoveries or settlements, had claims, more or less ex- 
tensive, to different parts of the western Continent. The avarice of 
Henry VII. of England, prompted him to employ the Cabots, in 
the discovery of the northern part of the Continent, which was after- 
wards called North- America. 

In consequence of the discoveries made by these bold navigators, al- 
most the whole of North-America was claimed iiy him. ?.rs<\ at pu}>?p- 




1 



2 



quent periods, was by his successors granted, from the 48th to the 29th 
degree of north latitude, and in extent, from the Atlantic to the 
South-Sea. 

Under these various grants, at different periods, the North- Ameri- 
can Colonies were settled, and principally from the enterprise of in- 
dividuals. 

The Colonies, thus settled by emigrations from Europe, were con- 
sidered as a part, or rather an appendage of the nation, from which 
Ihey originated, and under whose patronage they were settled. But 
a new kind of policy, which has been called a colonial policy, was 
adopted respecting them, by all the European nations ; a policy, which 
had for its object, the particular interest and prosperity of the parent 
country, without much regard to the interest and prosperity of the 
Colonies themselves. The trade and commerce of the Colonies was 
generally confined to the parent country. The right of trading with 
their Colonies was, by some of the European nations, granted ex- 
clusively to particular companies. By others, the colonial trade 
was limited to particular ports, and afterwards to particular ships, 
called registered ships. The policy of Great-Britan, though general- 
ly more liberal than any other European nation, has always been, 
to secure to herself the carriage of the produce of her Colonies, to 
monopolize their raw materials, and to furnish the Colonists, with all 
the manufactures or other imported articles they consume. Lord 
Sheffield, in his " Observations or American commerce" says, " the 
only use and advantage of American Colonies, or West-India islands, 
is the monopoly of their consumption, and the carriage of their pro- 
duce." In pursuance of this policy, as early as 1660, in the celebra- 
ted act of Parliament, entitled " An Act for the encouraging and in- 
creasing of shipping and navigation," it is enacted (Chap. 18,) 

That from and after the 1st day of April 1661, no "sugars, to- 
bacco, cotton-wool, indigo, ginger, fustick, or other dying woods, 
of the growth, produce, or manufacture of any English Plantations in 
America, Asia, or Africa, shall be shipped, carried, conveyed, or trans- 
ported from any of the said English Plantations, to any land, island, 
territory, dominion, port or place w^hatsoever, other than to such 
other English Plantations as do belong to his Majesty, his heirs and 
successors, or to the Kingdom of England or Ireland, or Principality 



3 



of Wales, or town of Berwick upon Tweedy there to be laid on shore, 
under the penalty of the forfeiture of the said goods, or the full value 
thereof, as also of the ship, with all her guns, tackle, apparel." kc, — 
And all vessels sailing to the Plantations, are to give bonds, to bring 
-said commodities to England, 

In 1663, another act of Parliament prohibited the importation, in- 
to any of the English Colonies, in Asia, Africa, or America, of any 
commodities of the growth, production, or manufacture of Europe, ex- 
cept they were laden or shipped in England, Wales, or the town of 
Benvick upon Tweed, and in English built shipping, or which were 
bought before the first day of October, 1662, &;c. and which were to be 
carried directly to the said Colonies, &;c. with an exception of " salt 
for the fisheries, wines from Madeira and Azores, and all sorts of 
victuals from Scotland and Ireland."* — The British Colonies, there- 
fore, by this act could obtain no European goods, but through the 
ports in England. A drawback of the 'duties, however, was generally 
allowed on the exportation of those goods to the Colonies, 

Before the Independence of the United States, and subsequent to 
the year 1766, the trade of the British Colonies, as to their exports, was 
limited to the parent country, to that part of Europe, which lies south 
of Cape Finisterre, to certain parts of Africa, and to the West-Indies. 
Many of the most valuable articles of colonial produce were confined to 
the market of the parent country, — To those enumerated in the act of 
navigation before recited, many others were, afterwards, at different 

* The preamble to this act (15 Charles U.) shews the policy which 
tlien prevailed in Europe, respecting distant Colonies. It is in the follow- 
ing words. — " And in regard his Majesty's Plantations beyond the seas, 
are inhabited and peopled by his subjects of tliis his Kingdom of England, 
for tlic maintaining a gi-eater correspondence and kindness between them, 
and keeping them in a fiiTncr dcpr-ndence upon it, and rendering them yet 
more beneficial and advantageous unto it, in the further emplovment and 
increase of English shipping and seamen, vent of English woolens, and otJi- 
er manufiiCtures and commodities, renderhig tlie navigation to and from the 
same more safe and cheap, and making this Kingdom a staple, not only of 
the commodities of these plantations, but also of the commodities of otlier 
countries and places for the supplying of tliem, .and it being tJie usage of 
other nations, to k'^ep tJieir plantation trade to themselves, Re it Enact- 
ed,'' &c 



4 



periods, added, such as molasses, tar, pitch, turpentine, hemp, masts, 
yards, copper ore, pig and bar iron, pot and pearl ashes, beaver skins, 
whale fins, hides, &c. Rice and lumber were once among the enu- 
merated commodities y as those were called, which could only be ship- 
ped to Great-Britain. They were afterwards however permitted to 
be carried to that part of Europe, lying south of Cape Finisterre. 
The non enumerated commodities, as those were called, which were 
not confined to the market of Great-Britain, could originally be ship- 
ped to any part of the world ; but by the 6th of George III. (1766) 
were limited, in the same manner as rice and lumber, to the part of 
Europe south of Cape Finisterre. 

The Colonies sent to Africa, New-England rum, and such articles 
as were necessary for the purchase of slaves. The trade of the Col- 
onies, and particularly the northern Colonies, to the West-India isl- 
ands, was, from their first settlement, of great importance. They 
sent their fish, grain, and other provisions, lumber, &c. to the for- 
eign West-India islands, as well as to the British ; and received, in 
return, rum, sugar, coffee, salt, m.olasses, and such other articles as 
were permitted to be brought from them. This trade with the for- 
eign West-India islands was always cons^ered, by the Colonists, as 
highly advantageous, but was viewed by the British merchants, and 
the West-India planters, with no small degree of jealousy. As 
the population of the Colonies increased, this trade also increased ; 
and the superior fertility of some of the foreign West-India islands 
gave them great advantages over the British planter. With the in- 
crease of wealth and population, the Colonists began also to introduce 
sundry manufactures, for their own consumption, such as woolen and 
linen cloths, iron, hats, paper, &c. This excited the jealousy of the 
British manufacturer, and various complaints were made to the Lords 
Commissioners of trade and Plantations, and to Parliament, by the 
merchants. Planters, and manufacturers, that the Colonists were car- 
rying on trades, and setting up manufactures injurious to them, and 
to the interest of the parent country. In consequence of these com- 
plaints, the British hous^of Commons, in 1731, directed the Board 
of trade and Plantations, to make a report " with respect to laws 
made, manufactures set up, or trade carried on in the Colonies, de- 
trimental to the trade, navigation, or manufactures of Great-Britain." 



o 

la pursuance of this order, the Board of trade, on the 15th of Feb, 
1731-2 made a report, which, as it contains a statement rela- 
tive to the trade and manufactures of the Colonies, at that period, is 
here inserted. — They say " The following complaints have been 
lately made to this Board, against some plantation laws, viz. in 
Massachusetts Bay, an act was made to encourage the manufacture 
of paper, which law' interferes with the profit made by the British 
merchants on foreign paper sent thither. 

" In New-England, New- York, Connecticut, Rhode -Island, Pennsyl- 
vania, and in the county of Somerset in Maryland, they have fallen 
into the manufacture of woolen cloth and linen cloth, for the use of 
their own families only ; for the product of these Colonies being chief- 
ly cattle and grain, the estates of the inhabitants depended wholly on 
farming, which could not be managed, without a certain quantity of 
sheep ; and their wool would be entirely lost, were not their servants 
employed during winter, in manufacturing it, for the use of their 
lamilies. 

Flax and hemp being likewise easily raised, the inhabitants man- 
ufactured them into coarse sort of cloth, bags, traces, and halters for 
their horses, which they found did more service, than those they had 
from any part of Europe. 

" However, the high price of labour in general in America, rendered 
it impracticable for people there to manufacture their linen cloth at 
less than 20 per cent, more than the rate in England, or woolen 
cloth at less than 50 per cent, dearer, than that, which is exported 
from home for sale. It were to be wished, that some expedient might 
be fallen upon, to direct their thoughts from undertakings of this nature ; 
so much the rather, because these manufactures, in process of time, 
may be carried on, in a greater degree, unless an early stop be put 
to their progress by employing them in naval stores. Wherefore, 
we take leave to renew our repeated proposals, that reasonable en- 
couragement be given to the same. Moreover, we find that certain 
trades carried on, and manufactures set up there, are detrimental to 
the trade, navigation, and manufactures of Great-Britain. For the 
^tate of these Plantations varying almost every year, more or less, 
in their trade and manufactures, as well as in other particulars, we 
thought it necessary for his Majesty's ser\'ice, and for the discharge 



6 



of our trust, from time to time, to send general queries to the several 
Governours in America, that we might be the more exactly informed 
of the condition of the Plantations, among which there were several, 
that related to their trade and manufactures, to which we received the 
following returns viz. : The Governour of New-Hampshire, in his an- 
swer said, that there were no settled manufactures in that Province, 
and that their trade principally consisted in lumber and fish. 

" The Governour of Massachusetts Bay informed us, that in some 
parts of this Province, the inhabitants worked up their wool and flax 
into an ordinary coarse cloth for their own use, but did not export any. 
That the greatest part of the woolen and linen clotliing, worn in this 
Province, was imported from Great-Britain, and sometimes from Ire- 
land ; but considering the excessive price of labor in New-England, 
the merchants could afford what was imported cheaper, than ^vhat was 
made in that country. That there was also a few hat makers in the 
maritime towns, and that the greater part of the leather used in that 
country, was manufactured among themselves. That there had been 
for many years, some iron works in that Province, which had afforded 
the people iron for some of their necessary occasions ; but that the 
iron imported from Great-Britain w^as esteemed much the best, and 
wholly used by the shipping ; and that the iron works of the Province 
Were not able to supply the twentieth part of what was necessary for 
the use of the country. 

" They had no manufactures in the Province of New-York, that 
deserve mentioning. Their trade consisted chiefly in furs, whale- bone, 
oil, pitch, tar, and provisions. No manufactures in New-Jersey, that 
deserve mentioning, their trade being chiefly in provisions shipped . 
from New- York and Pennsylvania. The chief trade of Pennsylvania 
lay in their exportation of provisions and lumber ; no manufactures 
being established, and their clothing and utensils for their houses be- 
ing all imported from Great-Britain. By further advices from New- 
Hampshire, the woolen manufacture appears to have decreased, the 
common lands, on which the sheep used to feed, being now appro- 
priated, and the people almost wholly clothed with woolen from 
Great-Britain. The manufactures of flax, into linens, some coarse, 
some fine, daily increased, by the great resort of people from Ireland 
thither, who are well skilled in that business. By late accounts from 



7 



Massachusetts Bay, in New-England, the Assembly have voted a 
bounty of thirty shillings for every piece of duck or canvass made in 
the Province. Some other manufactures are carried on there, as 
brown holland, for women's wear, which lessens the importation of 
calicoes, and some other sorts of East-India goods. 

" They also make some small quantities of cloth, made of linen 
and cotton for ordinary sheeting. By a paper mill set up three years 
ago, they make to the value of £200 sterling yearly. There are also 
several forges for making bar iron, and some furnaces for cast iron 
or hollow ware, and one slitting mill, and a manufacture for nails. 
The Governour writes concerning the woolen manufacture, that the 
country people, who used formerly to make most of their clothing out of 
their own wool, do not now make a third part of what they wear, but 
are mostly clothed with British manufacture. The surveyor general 
of his Majesty's woods writes, that they have in New-England, sis 
furnaces and nineteen forges, for making iron, and that in this Prov- 
ince many ships are built for the French and Spaniards, in return 
for rum, molasses, wines, and silks, which they truck there by con- 
nivance. Great quantities of hats are made in New-England, of 
which the company of hatters in London have complained to us, 
that great quantities of these hats are exported to Spain, Portugal, 
and our West-India Islands. They also make all sorts of iron work 
for shipping. There are several still houses and sugar bakers es- 
tablished in New-England. By late advices from New- York, there 
are no manufactures there, that can affect Great-Britain. There 
is yearly imported into New-York, a very large quantity of the wool- 
en manufactures of this Kingdom, for their clothing, which they would 
be rendered incapable to pay for, and would be reduced to the neces- 
sity of making for themselves, if they were prohibited from receiving 
from the foreign sugar Colonies, the money, rum, molasses, cocoa, in- 
digo, cotton-wool, &c. which they at present take in return for provis- 
ions, horses, and lumber, tlie produce of that Pro\ ince and of New- 
Jersey, of which he affirms the British Colonics do not take off above 
one half. But the company of hatters of London have since inform- 
ed us, that hats arc m.anufactured in great quantities in this Province. 

" By the last letters from the Deputy Governour of Pennsylvania, 
}«o dof '; not know of any trade carried on, in tliat Provincr". that can 



8 



be injurious to this Kingdom. They do not export any woolen or 
linen manufactures ; all that they make, which are of a coarse sort, 
being for their own use. We are farther informed, that in this Prov- 
ince are built many brigantines and small sloops, which they sell to 
the West-Indies. The Governour of Rhode-Island informs us, in an- 
swer to our queries, that there are iron mines there, but not a fourth 
part iron enough to serve their own use ; but he takes no notice of 
any manufactures there. No return from the Governour of Connec- 
ticut. But we find, by some accounts, that the produce of this Colo- 
ny is timber, boards, all sorts of English grain, hemp, flax, sheep, 
black cattle, swine, horses, goats, and tobacco. That they export hor- 
ses and lumber to the West-Indies, and receive, in return, sugar, 
salt, molasses, and rum. W e likewise find, that their manufactures 
are very inconsiderable ; the people there being generally employed 
in tillage, some few in tanning, shoemaking, and other handicrafts; 
others in building, and in joiner's, taylor's and smith's work, without 
which they could not subsist. No report is made from Carolina, the 
Bahama, nor the Bermuda isles." 

The Commissioners then proceed to say — " From the foregoing 
state, it is observable, that there are more trades carried on, and man- 
ufactures set up, in the Provinces on the Continent of America, to the 
northward of Virginia, prejudicial to the trade and manufactures of 
Great-Britain, particularly in New-England, than in any other of the 
British Colonies ; which is not to be wondered at, for their soil, cli- 
mate, and produce, being pretty nearly the same with ours, they 
have no staple commodities of their own growth to exchange for our 
manufactures, which puts them under greater necessity, as well as 
under greater temptations, for providing for themselves at home; to 
which may be added, in the charter governments, the little depend- 
ence they have upon the mother country, and consequently the small 
restraint they are under, in any matters detrimental to her interests. 
And, therefore, we humbly beg leave to repeat and submit to the wis- 
dom of this honourable house, the substance of what we formerly pro- 
posed in our report, on the silk, linen, and woolen manufactures 
herein before recited, namely, whether it might not be expedient to 
give these Colonies proper encouragements for turning their industry 
to such manufactures and products, as might be of service to Great- 



9 



Britain, and more particularly to the production of all kinds of naval 
stores."* 

* Macpherson's Annals of Commerce, vol. 3. 
KoTE. The British merchants and manufacturers were always jealous 
of the trade and manufactures of the northern Colonies and particularly of 
New-England. Sir Josiah Child, in his discourse on trade, written about 
the year 1680, says " That Xew-England is the most prejudicial Plantation 
to this Kingdom." In attempting to prove this he says " I am now to write 
of a people, whose frugality, industry, and temperance, and the happiness of 
whose laws and institutions, promise to them long life, with a wonderful 
increase of people, riches, and power ; and altliough no men ought to envy 
that virtue and wisdom in others, which themselves either can or will not 
practbe, but rather to commend and admire it ; yet I think it is the duty 
of every good man primarily to respect the welfare of his native coun- 
try; and therefore, tliough I may offend some, whom I would not wil- 
lingly displease, I camiot omit, in tlie progress of this discourse, to take no- 
tice of some particulars, wherem old England suffers diminution by the 
growth of these Colonies settled in New-England, and how that Plantation 
differs from those more southerly, with respect to the gain or loss of this 
Kingdom, viz. 

" 1. AU our American Plantations, except that of New-England, produce 
commodities of different natures from those of tliis Kingdom, as sugar, to- 
bacco, cocoa, wool, ginger, sundry sorts of dying woods, &c. Whereas 
New-England produces goierally the same we have here, viz. com and cat- 
tle ; some quantity of fish they do likewise kill, but that is taken ajid saved 
altogether by their own inliabitants, which prejudices our Newfoundland 
trade, where, as has been said, very few are, or ought according to pru- 
dence, to be employed in those fisheries, but the inhabitants of old England. 
The other commodities we have from them, are some few gi-eat masts, furs, 
and train oil, of which the yearly value amounts to very little, the much 
greater value of returns from them being made in sugar, cotton, wool, to- 
bacco, and such like commodities, which they fii-st receive from some other 
of his Majesty's Plantations, in barter for diy cod fish, salt mackerel, beef, 
pork, bread, beans, flour, peas, &.c. which they supply Barbadoes, Jamaica, 
&c. with, to the diminution of tlie vent of tliose commodities from this 
Kingdom; the great experience of which in our West-India Plantations, would 
soon be found in the advantage of the value of om- lands in England, were 
it not for the vast and almost incredible supplies these Colonies have from 
New-England. 2. The people of New-England, by virtue of theu- primitive 
charter, being not so strictly tied to the observation of the laws of this King- 
dom, do sometimes assume the libei-ty of trading, contrar>' to the act of n;v- 



10 



This report exhibits a view, although a very imperfect one, of the 
state of the trade and manufactures of the Colonies, about the year 
1731—2. 

The Governours of the several Provinces and Colonies, especially 
those who were independent of the crown, aware of the object of the 
queries put to them by the Lords Commissioners, returned answers as 
favourable as possible to the Colonists, and which would least excite 
the jealousy of the British merchant and manufacturer. 

The disputes, however, between the British West-India sugar 
Colonies and the northern Colonies, concerning the trade of the latter 
with the foreign West-India islands, still continued with great 
warmth, and in 1733, in order to settle this dispute, and to encour- 
age their own sugar Colonies, Parliament passed an act (6 George If. 
X. 13) For the better securing and encouraging the trade of his Ma- 
jesty's sugar Colonies in America." 

T-his act imposed a duty of nine pence sterling on every gallon of 
rum, six pence on every gallon of molasses, and five shillings on eve- 
ry hundred weight of sugar, imported into any of the British Planta- 
tions in America from foreign sugar Colonics. This duty was af- 
terwards reduced to six pence on rum, and three pence on mo- 
lasses. The duty was always very odious to the northern Colo- 
nists. It was justly considered by them as sacrificing their interest 
to the interest of the sugar planter. And it is well known that al- 
though this duty was attempted to be collected in the Colonies, by 
officers appointed by the crown, and by severe legal penalties, yet. 

vigation, by reason of which, many of our American commodities, especial- 
ly tobacco and sugar, are transported in New-English shipping, directly in- 
to Spain, and other foreign countries, without being landed in England, or 
paying any duty to his Majesty ; which is not only a loss to the King, and a 
prejudice to the navigation of old England, &c. 

"3. Of all the American Plantations, his Majesty has none so apt for the 
building of shipping as New-England, nor none comparably so qualified for 
the breeding of seamen, not only by reason of the natural industry of that 
people, but prmcipally by reason of their cod and mackerel fisheries ; and 
in my poor opinion, there is nothing more prejudicial, and in prospect more 
dangerous to any mother Kingdom, than the increase of shipping in her Co- 
lonies, Flotations, or Provinces." 



11 



hy smuggling or some other way, the payment of it was general- 
ly evaded. In consequence of the statements in this report, relative 
to the manufacture and exportation of hats from the Colonies, and un- 
doubtedly at the instigation of the manufacturers of that article in 
Great-Britain, Parliament passed an act (5 George II. 1732) " to 
prevent the exportation of hats out of any of his Majesty's Colonies or 
Plantations in America, and to restrain the number of apprentices 
taken by the hat-makers in the said Colonies or Plantations, and for 
the better encouraging the making of hats in Great-Britain." By 
this act, not only was the exportation of hats prohibited to a foreign 
port, but their transportation from one British Plantation to ano- 
ther British Plantation, was also prohibited, under severe penalties j 
nor could they *' be loaden upon any horse, cart, or other carriage, 
to the intent or purpose to be exported, transported, shipped off," &c. 
By the same act no person could make hats, unless he had serv- 
ed an apprenticeship for seven years, nor could he employ more 
than two apprentices at any one time. 

The making of pig and bar iron had become an object of some 
consequence in the Colonies. The British government were willing 
to encourage the importation of it into England, in its raw and un- 
manufactured state, but were opposed to the manufacture of it in the 
Colonies. In the year 1750, therefore, an act was passed (23 
George II.) " to encourage the importation of pig and bar iron from 
his Majesty's Colonies in America, and to prevent the erection of any 
mill, or other engine for slitting or rolling of iron, or any plating 
forge to work with a tilt hammer, or any furnace for making steel, in 
any of said Colonies." By this act, pig iron is admitted into Eng- 
land duty free, and bar iron is admitted duty free, into the port 
of London. But the erection of any slitting mill, plating forge, or 
furnace for making steel, is prohibited under severe penalties. 
While the British government were thus jealous of the trade and ma- 
nufactures of the Colonies, which were supposed to interfere with the 
particular interests of the mother country, they were disposed to en- 
courage the production of such raw materials as were necessary for 
their manufactures, and such other articles as could not be raised in 
England, but for which they were entirely, or in a great measure, 
dependent upon other countries. different periods, therefore, 



12 



Parliament offered liberal bounties on the importation of various arti- 
cles into Great-Britain, which were the growth and production of the 
Colonies., By the 3 and 4 Ann, c. 10, (1706) a large bounty was 
given on the importation of tar, pitch, rosin, turpentine, masts, yards, 
and bowsprits, from the Colonies ; and at subsequent periods, a boun- 
ty was given upon indigo, hemp, and flax, and timber of different 
kinds, raw silk, and on pipe, hogshead, and barrel staves. The so- 
ciety also instituted at London, in 1753, " for the encouragement of 
arts, manufactures, and commerce," offered liberal premiums for the 
production and culture of certain articles in the British Colonies. 

In 1762, this society gave premiums on the importation of the fol- 
lowing articks from the Colonies, viz. cochineal, sturgeon, raw silk, 
scammony, opium, pesiman gum, silk grass, safflower, pot and pearl 
ashes ; and on the culture of logwood, olive trees, vines for raisins, 
vines for wines, cinnamon, aloes, hemp, silk, and sarsaparilla. 

POPULATION, EXPORTS, AND IMPORTS OF THE COLONIES, 

In 1749, the whole white population of the North American Colo- 
nies, now the United States, was estimated at 1,046,000. The num- 
ber in each Colony, was estimated as follows, viz, 



Nevz-Hampshire - - - 30,000 

Massachusetts Bay - „ - 220,000 

Rhode-Island - - - 35,000 

Connecticut . . - - 100,000 

New-York - - . . 100,000 

Jersies » - _ _ . 60,000 

Pennsylvania and Delaware - - 250,000 

Maryland . - =. . 85,000 

Virginia ... - 85,000 

North-Carolina - - - 45,000 

South-Carolina - - - - 30,000 

Georgia - . . - 6,000 



At this period, the annual value of the imports into these Colonies 
from England, wsls about £900,000 sterling. Dr. Franklin* states 
the value of the imports from Great-Britain, (exclusive of Scotland) 



* Fourth volume Franldin's Works, page 69. 



into , the northern Colonies, at two ditFetent periods, viz. from 1744 
to 1748, and from 1754 to 1758, taken, as is supposed, from the 
English custom-house books, as follows, viz. 



1744 


- 


£640,114 12 


4 


1746 




534,316 2 


5 


1746 




754,945 4 


3 


1747 




726,648 5 


5 


1748 




830,243 16 


9 




Total 


o£'3,486,268 1 


2 


1754 




- o£'l,246,615 1 


11 


1755 




1,177,848 6 


10 


1756 




1,428,720 18 


10 


1757 




1,727,924 2 


10 


1758 




1,832,948 13 


10 




Total 


cf7,414,057 4 


3 



The great increase of imports during the last period of five years 
was owing, undoubtedly, in no small degree, to the w^ar then existing 
between England and France, and which occasioned greater ship- 
ments than usual to the Colonies, in order to supply the troops dur- 
ing those years. This war, which has generally been called the 
French war of 1755, was occasioned, in a great measure, by a 
contest for boundaries and limits in North America, between the 
English and French. In all the former wars betv/een these powers, 
the Colonists had been warmly engaged, and several attempts had 
been made by them to take possession of Canada and other parts 
of North America then in possession of the French. In consequence 
of these attempts, and in defending themselves against the attacks of 
the French from Canada, great expenses had been incurred by the 
Colonies ; and having few resources, most of the colonial govern- 
ments, at different periods, for the purpose of defraying these and 
other expenses, had issued paper money, but which in most if not in 
^\\ instances depreciated. 



14 

The Colonies feit lliemselves more thao ever interested in the 
result of the contest, as to the boundaries between them and the 
French Canadian settlements. The French were making such en- 
croachments on the western and northern frontiers, as, if acquiesced 
in, would leave them but a small strip of territory along the Atlanticr 
They now, more than ever, felt the necessity of union and concert 
among themselves, for their mutual protection and defence, against 
those encroachments, and also of a general treasury, from which, the 
expense of such protection and defence might be defrayed. For 
the purpose of forming such an union. Commissioners from New- 
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode-Island, Connecticut, New-Jersey, 
Maryland, and Pennsylvania, met at Albany, in July, 1754. Com- 
missioners from the other Colonies were expected, but were not pre- 
sent. 

A plan of union was agreed upon by the Commissioners present. 
This plan was submitted to the King and Parliament for their appro- 
bation, and to the Assemblies of the several Colonies, but was reject- 
ed by the former, as vesting too much power in the Colonies, and 
was disapproved by the latter as giving too much power to the 
crown. By this plan, " the general government was to be admin- 
istered by a president general to be appointed and supported by the 
crown, and a general council to be chosen by the representatives 
of the several Colonies met in their respective Assemblies." So far 
as respects the defence of the Colonies, the regulation trade, and 
the collection of the taxes, this general government was authorized 
" to raise and pay soldiers, build forts for the defence of any of 
the Colonies, and equip vessels of force, to guard the coasts aftd pro- 
tect the trade on the ocean, lakes, or great rivers ; but they were not to 
impress men in any Colony, without the consent of the legislature. 
That for these purposes, they had power to make laws, and levy 
such general duties, imposts, and taxes, as to them should appear 
most equal and just (considering the abilities, and other circumstanc- 
es of the inhabitants in the several Colonies) and such as may be 
collected with the least inconvenience to the people ; rather discour- 
aging luxury, than loading industry with unnecessary burdens." 

Had this plan been adopted, the separation of the Colonies from 
the parent country, might have been postponed for many years. 



19 



The importation and consumption of foreign articles into the Co- 
lonies increased with the increase of wealth and population. 

The following is an account of the value of imports from Great- 
Britain, into Pennsylvania, at different periods.* 

In 1723 the imports amounted only to £15,993 19 4 

1730 they were - - - 48,592 7 5 

1737 - - - 56,690 4 7 

1742 - - - 75,295 3 4 

1747 - - - 82,404 17 7 

1752 - - - 201,666 19 11 

1757 - - - - 248,426 6 6 

In 1766 Doctor Franklin, in his examination before the House of 
Commons, stated, that the value of imports at that time into Pennsyl- 
vania, was computed by the merchants, to be above £500,000. 
The tables of Lord Sheffield, in his " Observations on American 
Commerce," taken undoubtedly from the custom-house books, shew 
the value of the trade between Great-Britian, and that part of Ame- 
rica now the United States, from 1700 to 1780, to be as follows : 



IMPORTS FROM EXPORTS TO 

THE COLONIES, NOW UNITF-D STATES. 



Average 
from 1700 to 1710 


£265,783 10 


£267,205 3 4 


from 1710 to 1720 


392,653 17 1^ 


365,645 6 llj 


from 1720 to 1730 


578,830 16 4 


471,342 12 10^ 


from 1730 to 1740 


670,128 16 01 


660,136 11 11 


from 1740 to 1750 


708,943 9 61 


812,647 13 01 


from 1750 to 1760 


802,691 6 10 


1,577,419 14 2J 


from 1760 to 1770 


1,044,591 17 


1,763,409 10 3 


from 1770 to 1780 


743,560 10 10 


1,331,206 1 5 



It is difficult to ascertain with accuracy, the value of the trade of the 
Colonies, previous to the year 1776. A smuggling trade was carried 



' Fourth volume of Franklin's Works 



16 

Oil to a considerable extent, not only with the foreign West-India 
islands, but some parts of Europe. The custom-house books, there- 
fore, do not furnish a true account of the whole trade of the Co- 
lonies. They must, however, be resorted to, as the best source 
of information. We have before stated, that for some years previous 
to the American revolution, the trade of the Colonies was limited 
to Great-Britain, to that part of Europe lying south of Cape Finis- 
terre, to the West-Indies and to Africa. Table No. I. at the end of 
this chapter contains the official value in sterling money of the ex- 
ports and imports from each of these countries, for the year 1769. 
From this it appears, that the exports from the several Colonies, now 
the United States, during that year, to Great-Britain amounted to 

£1,531,516 8 6 
■^To the South of Europe - 652,736 1 1 2 
To the West-Indies - - 747,910 3 7 
To Africa = - » - 20,278 5 1 



Total £2,862,441 8 4 

or about thirteen millions of dollars. 

And that the imports froin Great-Britain, amounted to 

£1,604,975 11 11 

From the South of Europe - 76,684 9 11 

From the West-Indies - 789,754 4 5 

From Africa - - - 151,998 



Total £2,623,412 6 3 

or about twelve millions of dollars. 

Those who are anxious to see the quantity, as well as the value 
of the various articles exported from the Colonies prior to the revo- 
lution, and the countries to which they were sent, so far as the cus- 
tom-house books will shew, may consult table No. II. annexed to 
this chapter, which contains an account of the principal articles 
exported from the North American Colonies, including the islands of 
Newfoundland, Bahama, and Bermuda, with their official value, and 
places of destination, for the year 1770.t 



* Taken from IVIacpherson's Annals of Commerce, vol. 3, pag-e 571 
t Macpherson's Annals of Commerce, and Lord Sheffield. 



17 



The total value of the articles exported, as American produce, 
during the year 1770, from the Colonies now the United States, in- 
cluding those exported from other Provinces, and from New-Found- 
land, Bahama, and Bermuda, was £3,356,159 10 2 

As little was exported from the other Provinces and the islands, 
except fish from New-Foundland, the value of the exports from the 
Colonies, now the United States, in that year, must have been, at 
least, three millions sterling, or about thirteen and a half millions of 
dollars. 

The value of the imports from Great-Britain into the Colonies, for 
several years previous to a final rupture between them, in 1775, was 
different in different years, in consequence of those disputes, which 
led to a separation, and of the non -importation agreement entered 
into among the Colonists. The average value for the years 1771, 
2, and 3, is stated by some, at more than three millions.* It is al- 
lowed, however, that the imports for those years were beyond ex- 
ample great. 

It is difficult also to ascertain the amount of tonnage employed in 
the trade of the Colonies, and particularly the amount owned by the 
Colonists themselves. 

The amount of tonnage entered from January 5th, 1770, to Janu- 
ary 5th, 1771, was three hundred thirty-one thousand six hundred 
and forty-four, and the amount cleared, three hundred fifty -one thou- 
sand six hundred and eighty-six. j It will be observed, that the 
amount is taken from the custom-house books, and includes the entry 
of the same vessel, two or three times, or as often as the voyages were 
in the course of the year, and repeated although the tonnage as regis- 
tered is generally less than the real amount, yet the tonnage as entered 
and cleared is probably much above its real amount. The tonnage of 
vessels built in the Colonies in the years 1769, 1770, and 1771,t 
was as follows, viz. 

Tonnage. 

In 1769 - - - 20,001 

1770 - - 20,610 

1771 - - - 24,068 

* See Lord Sheffield. f Chabner*s Estimate, 

t See Macpherson'6 Annals of Commerce, vol 3, p. 570. 
3 



18 



Of this amount, a little more than one half was built in Massachu- 
setts and New-Hampshire. The trade of the Colonies was no doubt 
highlj beneficial to Great-Britain, and was made more so, as she con- 
ceived, by her system of colonial policy ; and while she confined herself 
to the regulation of the external trade of the Colonies, the Colonists ac* 
quiesced, though many of those regulations were considered by them, 
as injurious and oppressive. But when Parliament not only imposed 
internal taxes upon the Colonies, without their consent, but declared, 
that they had a right to bind them in all cases whatsover, this led to 
a resistance on their part, which finally ended in a separation. 
Some account of the footing on which the trade of the United States 
was placed with Great-Britain, and her dependencies, subsequent to 
the peace of 1783, will be given hereafter. 



19 





CO 




CO ^ O CO CO CO 

1-H 


GO 




CO 




t 1> 00 CO CO 


CO 




























CO 


Gi 


■ h 






tr*" CO 




o 
H 






05 05 CO i— < !> 










CO 05 O '"^ 


G^ 




















CO 










gT 




o 




o o o o o 






o 




o o o o o o 


o 












< 


o 




!> o o o o o 


00 




CO 




05 O 00 CO "sf 




i 






CO O O "^t^ 










i-T go" 












»o 








1— I 






t-rticoGOOairfOjcococoai 


to 




CO 1> 


J>'^CX)G^C0G^C0'T'a5 






T-< 1—1 










CO!>OlCOOCO'-<l>COGOCO^- 






00 CO Oi 


G<C0Oi05L0OC0O 






tO^CO^CO 


"-^ 


•^CO'O'-i'^COCO^ 






CO crT 


co" 


gT }> o" oT 


oT 




vo 




Oi CO GO 1> CO 


CO 













I COCOCOC-0COG<'^C0'^a5i-il> 

i>ioc::i»i5!>cocoG^G^a)COJ> 
G^ooot-ococrsGOG^G^coi:^ 

UOOCOCOG^G^-^CO-'^'COCO'* 
COOS^^G^ 05 CO s^^co "^05 -^^^ 
t-Tg^ -r)^ Tj^T^'^crT co" 

G^ ^ _ 



s 



o ^ 

G^ C- 



P-. 0) = 3 , r ST* c 



so 



CO 



1 



o 



1> »0 T-i CO CO 
CO CD CO !> 



CO 1-1 CO T-M 

o GO u:> o 

CO " O) 



CO CO 

oT co" 

CO C5 



o 



O 0^ 

o 



CD 


C5 


OS 


o< 


C5 


^ CO 






■1—4 1—1 


CO 


O 


1— Oi 




CO 


1> 


CO 




CO 









QQT-.TtCO T-iT-(C0C0O5O< 



O i> iO 
CO O CO CO 

crT'-^oTcT 



lO »0 CO rf 
>^ CO CO CO -t-i 

>j:5 CO CO CO 
co'co CO GrTcT 

O CO 



05 O ^ CO 
CD >^ CO 



i-H CO r-l 

CO crT iltT 

G< O 00 



CO 

S 3 

I « 

is. c« 



rG O 



• .5 !=! 



^ ^ § I* I o 



to 



•^COG^ICO'^'^COG^J'-iasCOT-i i> 
C0OC0J>l>C0C-C7^0il>T-ii0 CO 



,-ir^COtCTfT-irHeOCO'^-^^ o 
COCDOOsG^COCOO^rt^'-iCO 
^ GO^ GO^ CO^ iO^ CO^ CO^ C^l^ CO^ G^^ 05 

CT go'' ^ oT CO*" ©T CO ©r CO GO 
rfG^COl>CO l>G^COG<»0''-< 



21 



TABLE No. II. 



An account oi the principal articles exported from ail liic British Conti 
nental Colonies, including the islands of New-Foundland. Bahama^ and 
Bermuda, with the places to which they were sent, and their official val- 
ue, at the ports of exportation, during tlie year 1770* 



rH 1—1 
T-li-( ,-( T-A r^. T-( 1— i r-t ^ y-i t-t i-t tH i-HiHi-i 

'-'^^•O^C-} <0 CO iO^T-i CT CN ""T^O C^rH O^Cl tH v; o ,-1 00 

'^'3 CN O CO CO tH CT CO CO 1-i 

s+J CO 1-t tH 



CO 

In- CO T-t 
T- O 

r-T oT 

iv. 

CO 



vCCO^iN.C^^*Ot^ 
'O CO >0 00 



*o 

CO 



in o 

O 

05 C9 



^ c p 
p ^ ^ 



»0 O O i-H 

CN *0 CN 00 00 
«3 iO 0*0 



lo lo 

CO 



00 CO V5 is, 

»r> CO »o CO 
a> -"^^cri CO 



CO 00 ro 00 

00 -o 



K. O 

to CO 

T-l O 



to b, o 
00 o 

CO CO 



1-t i-' ^O 

o 

CN lO O 
I-O'CO OO^r-T 
ts. 00 

1-1 »o 



o z: 
ha 



o *r) CO 

»0 (N 00 

o 



O V5 
V5 00 



00 



CO y-> 



CO h- «o 
CO to 

^ 00 



lO O CO o 
to 00 CNJ 00 
O iH 



to b- 

O 00 o 
<0 1-1 



2^ 



1/1 ^ 
o o 



cfD h O O fa ' ^ 



CO 1-1 tH O 
CTi O K O ■>!i4 
lO Ol iH 

00 r-i 



— ' 5 o 



bp ^. 



" II i 

5 6 d c'^C 6.S 



2 -a 

o o 



It is to be remembered, that in the accouut I have given of the trade of 
all the Colonies, who have since withdrawn their allegiance from Great-Bri- 
tain, as also in the subsequent one of the exports of the whole Colonies, the 
prices are rated by the official valuation, and consequently are considerably 
under the real amount. 

* In this account I have omitted the fractional parts of the quantities, lohich 
are of no rise in a general view, fnit their value is retained in the totals. The 
attentirve reader may find some tlisagreeineJits het~veen the totals and the partic- 
nlar numbers, oicing parthj to ifie omission of the fractional parts, and partly 
to errors -w/iich I saw, but had no means of correcting. 



^2 

TABLE No. II.— CONTINUED. 



r-(OOOOlOOOOOOCO(0^00*0000000 0'-tO 

<£)OOr-(00ViO»00>V)iHCQC^V)a>00C<)T}<CN>0OOV>*0 
T-l T-t rH THr-(THr-(r-1 r-( i-trHiH iHiH 

^ rl O ""^ Ol '-^'^ ^COV5r-(COa)Tf<CN-«^C900<NrHVDr-(0 
i 'i'^ C^^ ^'^ OT^-^CO"^" «0 CO 



00 O C9 
<0 CO 00 
00 -:f< CO 



00 

CO tH 



00 tH V) Oi 

00 Tj< to 

lo »o ^ a> 



CO CO rH 
rH CN V5 tH CN ■<^« 



^ J CN V5 tH CN ■<^« O 

rH^-^^ 0^(M O CO 

a> rn" tsT CO O 

00 tH »0 



^5 



O «^ O 
o <0 tH o 

CO oi^^ 

r-T 



OiOC^OCOK'^COOOO 

T?cooo^^i-ta>i^coo^ 
rji^^cocococ^inoCN^n^ 

CO tdo 00 



*0 CT> O r-f CO 
CO ^ ^ ,^ CN 
O rH to *2 00 '■J, 
vTcO CO 
00 00 

CO 
to 



00 O 

o CO 

00 



o to o 

T-l cy> o 

CO to 
vfto" 

CO 



CO 



O [S 



O CO r-i 

to O 



V5 *.0 CO lO iO i-( CO 
to r-l »0 CTl 'H T}< 
CN to r-l T-t O 
Ofoo" »0 CO 
rt 



^ CO 

So 

tH to 



CO CO 



c«_: tococo- mccODco 

= s III asss= 



1) +J 

rt ^ 

> r- 



- 4 



35 ^ 



o s 



23 



TABLE No. II.— coNriNUED. 



Ti«^T? O ^3 CO CO C^^r? rf<^tv.O 00 
1-1 o »n C5 



T-l CO CN CO 30 Tfi 
1-1 tv, to CO 00 00 
O 00 T-( 

CO ^CNC;^co 

C<J CO 



CN CO CO 

oT vToo 

00 C9 

Is, 1-1 1-f 



o o 

O CO 



0)0 

in o 

CO Tfl T}* 

00 



o 



io-^co'-iaiai-^jNi^v) 

i-H-<i^<O'^O^Oi00O^C7>T-H 
COiHr-(i-(OO^OTHtOh^O 

o^iCcf CO ^"cN (>r 

tH T-I O rH 

tH 00 

w CO 



■<C< CO o 
O 00 00 



o 

Si s 
e2« 



t}< o CO CM cr> 

O tH O tv, 

o »o 

00 



o o 

otf 

00 



O O CN 
00 1-t ^ 

cTco y-^ oo" 



o o 
o 

Tj« 00 



o 

00 

*n 



C V. J-" >- V. 

be • 

. • ' .S «r . 

I m5 . & . 



3 <u 
O 3 ^ 
Ph Q 



O 



=: ? r |) s 

o o " o 

pa h 



•5 <= 



CHAPTER II. 



CoMareBCE interrupted, during' the American revolutionary war — Old Con- 
gress no power to regulate commerce, or to levy duties on imports- 
Amount of the public debt in 1783 — Requisitions upon the states for tlie 
pa)Tnent of it not complied with — Power to levy certain duties on imports 
not granted to the old Congress by the states — ^Depreciation of the public 
debt — Exports from the United States to Great-Britain, and imports frora 
Great-Britain, from 1784, to 1790 — Distressed state of the country — 
Meeting of Commissioners at Annapolis in 1786 — Adoption of the nev,^ 
Constitution, and the organization of the government under it in 1789. 

During the war of the revolution, the commerce of the United States 
was interrupted, not only with Great-Britain, but in a great measure 
with the rest of the world. They were then compelled, to depend 
ahnost entirely upon themselves for supplies, not only of arms and 
munitions of war, but of those articles of common consumption, which 
they had previously imported from Great-Britain and elsewhere. 
Those articles, which their soil would not produce, or which they 
were unable to make, they were obliged to obtain, at great risque 
and expense, from other countries, or to be content without them. 
Encouragement was given to all the necessary manufactures, and the 
zeal, ingenuity, and industry of the people, supplied the place of a 
foreign market. 

At the close of the war, when we became an independent nation, 
our commercial as well as our political situation was new, and wc 
had many difficulties to encounter. During a contest of more than 
seven years, our commerce was annihilated, our shipping nearly de- 
stroyed, public credit impaired, a vast c'ebt accumulated upon our 
hands, and the general government was illy calculated to repair those 
losses, and to bring into active operation the energies and resources 
of the nation. The whole expense of the war, was more than one 
hundred and thirty-five miliions of dollars.* About one half of thi.s 

* The whole expense of the revolutionary war cannot be ascertained, 

4j 



26 



expense was paid by taxes, levied and collected during the war, and 
the residue remained a debt due from the United States, or from the 
individual states, on the return of peace. In April, 1783, the debt 

with certainty. The following are estimates of tliis expense, made oiit by 
the Register of the Treasury in the year 1790, and furnished a committee 
of the house of representatives of Congress. 

"•General abstract of the annual estimates, and abstract statements of the 
total amount of the expenditures and advances at the Treasury of the Unit- 



ed States. 

« The estimated amount of the expenditures of Dolls. 90ths 

1775 and 1776 is in specie - . . 20,064,666 66 

1777 . . , „ : . 24,986,646 85 

1778 . = . . , . 24,289,438 26 

1779 . - . . „ „ 10,794,620 65 

1780 ... . . - 3,000,000 00 

1781 - . - = . . 1,942,465 30 

1782 , 3,632,745 85 

1783 - . . > . , 3,226,583 45 
To Nov. 1st, 1784, as pr. schedule D. and subordi- 
nate accounts, - - - « - - 548,525 63 



Forming an amount total of ... - ;g92,485,693 15 



" The foregoing estimates being confined to actual Treasury payments, are 
exclusive of the debts of the United States, which were incurred at various 
periods, for the support of the late war, and should be taken into a general 



view of the expense thereof, viz. ! — 

Dolls. 90ths 

Army debt, upon commissioners' certificates, 11,080,576 1 

For supplies furnished by the citizens of the sever- 
al states, and for which certificates were issued 

by the commissioners, ----- 3,723,625 20 

For supplies furnished in the quarter-master, com- 
missary, hospital, clothing, and marine depart- 
ments, exclusive of the forageing, - - - 1,159,170 5 

For supplies, on accounts settled at the Treasury, 
and for which certificates were issued by the 

Register, - - - - - - 744,638 49 



16,708,009 75 

" Note. The loan office debt formed a part of the Treasury expend!- 
tui-es. 

" The foreign expenditures, civil, military, naval, 



.2r 



oi the United States (inclusive of the state debts) was estimated at 
§42,000,375, and the annual interest at §2,415,936. No funds had, 
at this time, been provided for the payment either of the interest or 
principal of this debt. As the war was now brought to a close, it be- 
came necessary for Congress to provide permanent funds for this pur- 
pose. It had been foreseen by many, that this could not be done, 
imless Congress had the power to regulate the commerce of the coun- 
try, or at least, were vested with a power to levy duties on imports. 
By the articles of confederation, this power was not delegated to 
them, but remained in the respective states, who had the right of lay- 
ing and collecting such duties on imports, as they judged proper for 
their own benefit. Congress could only recommend to the states, the 
propriety and necessity of delegating to them this power for the ben- 

and conting"ences, amount, by computation to 

the sum of 5,000,000 00 

*' The expenditures, of the several states, from the 
commencement of the war, to the establishment 
of peace, cannot be stated with any degree of 
certainty, because the accounts thereof remain 
to be settled. But as the United States have 
granted certain sums for the relief of the several 
states, to be funded by the general government, 
therefore, estimate the total amount of said 
assumption, 21,000,000 00 

« Estimated expense of the late war, specie dolls, 135,193,703 00 
The advances made from the Treasury, were principally in a paper medi- 
urn, which was called continental money, and which in a short time depre- 
ciated ; the specie value of it is given in the foregoing estimate. The advan- 
ces made at tlie Treasury of the United States, in continental money in old 
and new emissions, are estimated as follows, viz. : — 





OLD EMlSSIOir. 


NEW EMISSION. 




Dolls. . 90ths. 


Dolls. 90ths. 


In 1776 - 


- 20,064,666 66 




1777 


26,426,333 1 




1778 - 


- 66,965,269 34 




1779 


149,703,856 77 




1780 - 


- 82,908,320 47 - 


- 891,236 80 


1781 


11,408,095 00 - 


- 1,179,249 00 




.^357,476,541 45 


§2,070,485 80 



28 



eritof ail. Accordingly, as early as the 3d day of July, 1781, they 
passed a resolution, recommending it to the several states " as indis- 
pensably necessary, that they vest a power in Congress, to levy, for 
^he use of the United States, a duty of five per cent, ad valorem, at 
the time and place of importation, upon all goods, wares, and mer-' 
chandize of foreign growth and manufacture, which may be imported 
into any of the said states, from any foreign Port, Island, or Planta- 
tion, after the first day of May, 1781," with the exception of certain 
articles. They also, at the same time, resolved, " that the monies, 
iirising from the said duties, be appropriated to the discharge of the 
principal and interest of the debts already contracted, or which 
may be contracted, on the faith of the United State, for support- 
ing the war, and that the said duties be continued until the said 
debts be fully and finally discharged." The journals of the old Con- 
gress shew, that this resolution, in the opinion of some of the mem- 
bers of that body was not sufficiently extensive ; but that Congress 
ought to have the general power of regulating the whole commerce of 
the states, and the exclusive right of laying duties on imported arti- 
cles. A substitute was, therefore, proposed, couched in more gene- 
ral terms, declaring it to be " indispensably necessary, that the Unit- 
ed States in Congress assembled, should be vested with a right of su- 
perintending the commercial regulations of every state, that none may 
take place, that shall be partial or contrary to the common interest ; 
and that they should be vested, with the exclusive right of laying du- 
ties upon all imported articles." This substitute was negatived, and 
the resolution which passed was not accepted by the statea. On the 
i8th of April, 1783, Congress again urged the several states to estab- 
lish some permanent funds for the payment of the debts of the United 
States. For this purpose, by a resolution of that date, they recom- 
mended to the states, " as indisensably necessary to the restoration 
of public credit, and to the punctual discharge of the public debts, to 
invest the United States in Congress assembled, with a power to levy, 
for the use of the United States, the following duties upon goods im- 
ported into the said states, from any foreign Port, Island, or Plantation. 
*' Upon all rum, of Jamaica proof, per gall. 4-90ths of a dollar. 
— all other spiritous liquors, - 3 " do, 
^ Madeira wine, - - - 12'' do. 



2d 





All UlUCI v> lliCC^ 


8-90ths of a dollar. 




rnmrnnn Tiolipa tpa r»pr Ih 


6 " 


do. 




nil r»tV»pr t»ini - . 

all UILICI icrc4>5 


24 " 


do. 






3 " 


do. 




brown sugar, 


i li 


do. 




loaf sugar - . . 


O 


do. 




all other sugars 


1 


do. 




molasses, per gallon, 


1 


do. 




cocoa and coffee, 


. 1 " 


do. 



and upon all other goods, a duty of five per cent, ad valorem, at time 
and place of importation ; with a proviso that none of the said duties 
should be applied to any other purpose, than the discharge of the in- 
terest and principal of the debts contracted on the faith of the United 
States, for supporting the war, agreeably to the resolution of the 16th 
of December last, nor be continued for a longer term, than twenty- 
five years," kc. It was calculated, that the proposed duties would 
raise an annual sum of 915,956 dollars. This would fall short of 
paying the annual interest of the debt, about one million and a half 
of dollars, Congress, therefore, at the same time, recommended to the 
states " to establish for a time limited to 25 years, and to appropriate 
to the discharge of the interest and principal of the debt, substantial 
and effectual revenues, of such nature, as they may judge convenient, 
for supplying their respective proportions of 1,500,000 dollars, annu- 
ally, exclusive of the aforementioned duties." 

This system was not to take effect, until acceded to, by all the 
states, but when adopted by all, was to be a mutual compact, irrevo- 
cable by one or more, without the concurence of the vrhole, or a ma- 
jority of the United States in Congress assembled. To induce its 
adoption, an appeal was made to the states, by Congress in an able 
address, in which they urged the propriety and justice of making 
some permanent provision, for the payment, at least, of the interest of 
a debt, which was the price of their independence. These proposi- 
tions, however, were not agreed to by all the states, in such a manner, 
as to take effect. Congress, therefore, had no means of paying either 
the principal or interest of the debt, but by requisitions upon the states. 
Had this plan been adopted, the produce of the duties recommended 
hy Congress would, no doubt, have exceeded the estimate. Before 



30 



the adoption of the present constitution, and the regular establishment 
of custom-houses, under the present government, there were no data 
from which any accurate calculation could be made, of the amount of 
exports and imports of the United States, or of the value of their 
trade with particular countries. The English custom-house books 
shew the imports from and exports to the United States, and furnish 
the best account of the amount of our trade with Great-Britain from the 
peace of 1783, to the establishment of the present general government. 

The following is an account of the imports into England from the 
United States, and exports to the United-States from that country in 
sterling money, from 1784 to 1790, taken from the English custom- 
house books — viz. 

Years. Imports. Exports. 

1784 - - - - cf749,345 - - - £3,679,467 
1786 - - - - 893,594 - - - - 2,308,023 
1786 ----- 843,119 - - - - 1,603,465 
t787 - - - - 893,637 - - - - 2,009,111 

1788 - - - » 1,023,789 - - - - 1,886,142 

1789 - - - - 1,050,198 - - - - 2,525,298 

1790 - - - - 1,191,071 - - - - 3,431,778 
During the first two years after the war, goods imported from Eng- 
land alone, amounted to nearly six millions sterling. As the value here 
stated is the official value, which is considerably less than the real, the 
amount of goods imported from England into the United States in the 
year 1784 must have been about eighteen millions of dollars, and in 
1785, about twelve millions, making, in those two years, thirty mil- 
lions of dollars ; — while the exports from the United States to Eng- 
land during that time, were only between eight and nine millions. 
This vast influx of goods soon drained the United States of a great 
part of the specie they had, at the close of the war. Congress in 
vain therefore made requisitions upon the states, for money to fill the 
public treasury. The impoverished state of the country, in conse- 
quence of the war, the want of regular markets for its produce, the 
burden of the states, in providing for the payment of their own particu- 
lar debts, incurred during the war, and a jealousy which began to exist 
among the states, all combined to retard a compliance with these requi- 



31 



sitions.* The interest of the debt was, thexefore, unpaid, public credit 
was gone, the debt itself was considered of little value, and was sold 
at last by many of the original holders for about one-tenth of its nom- 
inal value. In addition to this, private credit was much impaired. 
During the war, the collection of debts was, in a great measure, sus- 
pended, and on the return of peace, goods were imported to a larger 
amount, than we had the means of paying for ; many, therefore, con- 
tracted debts beyond their abilities to pay. The courts of justice 
were filled with suits against delinquent debtors. The importing 
states took advantage of their situation, and levied a duty on imports, 
for their own benefit, at the expense of the other states. 

Thus burdened with public and private debts, and called upon for 
the payment of heavy taxes, and with a scarcity of money, the peo- 
ple, in some of the states, to remedy those evils, had recourse to paper 
money, and in one state, there was an open insurrection, which threat- 
ened not only the peace and existence of that state, but the peace and 
existence of the union. 

In this situation, all became sensible of the inefficiency of the gen- 
eral government, and of the necessity of vesting Congress, with the 
power of regulating trade and commerce, and of bringing into opera- 
tion, the energies and resources of the country, for the general benefit. 

In September, 1786, in consequence of a proposition from the state 
of Virginia, Commissioners from that state, and from the states of 
Pennsylvania, New-York, New-Jersey, and Delaware, met at An- 
napolis, in Maryland, " to take into consideration the trade and com- 
merce of the United States, to consider how far an uniform system, in 

* In a report made to Congress, by the board of Treasury, dated Septem- 
ber 20tli, 1787, it is stated, that the requisitions upon the states, for the 
payment of tlie interest of the domestic debt, in the years 1782, 1784- 
5 & 6, amounted to the sum of §6,279,376 27, and the Boai'd say, " It is 
with regret we are constrained to observe, that to the 31st of INIarch last^ 
the aggi'egate payments, on account of tliese requisitions, do not appear, 
from any documents in the Treasury office, to exceed tlie simi 

of §1,003,725 57 

T^eavin^ a balance due of no less, than . . . . 5,275,650 60 



§6,279,376 9.7 



S2 



their commercial intercourse and regulations, might be necessary to 
their common interest and permanent harmony, and to report to the 
several states, such an act, relative to this great object, as, when 
unanimously ratified by them, would enable the United States in Con- 
gress assembled, effectually to provide for the same." Commissioners 
were appointed also from the states of New-Hampshire, Massachu- 
setts, Rhode-Island, and North-Carolina, but did not attend. In con- 
sequence of the partial representation of the states and their limited 
powers, the Commissioners present did not think proper to proceed 
on the business of their appointment. They, however, drew up an 
address and report, to their respective state Legislatures, in which, 
after stating the reasons of their not proceeding, they say, " deeply 
impressed, however, with the magnitude and importance of the object 
confided to them on this occasion, your Commissioners cannot forbear 
to indulge an expression of their earnest and unanimous wish, that 
speedy measures may be taken to effect a general meeting of the 
states in a future convention, for the same and such other purposes, as 
the situation of public affairs may be found to require." They, there- 
fore, suggest the propriety of a meeting of Commissioners from all the 
states, to be held at Philadelphia, on the second Monday in May, 
1787, " to take into consideration the situation of the United States, 
to devise such further provision as shall to them appear necessary to 
render the constitution of the federal government adequate to the exi- 
gences of the union." &c. This report and address, was sent to 
Congress, and to the Executives of the several states, not represented 
at Annapolis. In consequence of the recommendation contained in 
this address and a resolution of Congress, of February 21st, 1787, a 
general convention of the states was held at Philadelphia, in May, 
1787, and on the 17th of September following, a new constitution was 
agreed upon, and went into operation on the 4th day of March, 1789. 
By this constitution the general government, among other important 
powers, are vested with power " to regulate commerce, and to levy 
duties, imposts,''^ &c. Under this new form of government, with the 
father of his country at its head, trade and commerce soon revived, 
public and private credit was restored, a new spring was given to ag- 
riculture and manufactures, and new security afforded to the various 
pursuits of honest industry. Since the establishment of the present 



33 



government, the progress of national, as well as individual, wealth has 
kept pace with the increase of population ; and until the commence- 
ment of commercial restrictions in December, 1807, and the declara- 
tion of war against Great-Britain, in 1312, no nation, it is believed, 
had ever increased so rapidly in wealth as the United States. This 
will appear, from an attention to the increase in the quantity and val- 
ue of their exports and imports, and the great increase of duties on im- 
ports ; from the vast increase of their shipping, and of their trade and 
intercourse with different parts of the world ; from the various monied 
institutions, which have been established ; from the great sum expend- 
ed in making roads and canals, and in other internal improvements ; 
from the rapid growth of cities and towns 5 and from the rise in the 
value of lands, in every part of the union. A view of this increase 
of the wealth and resources of the United States, together with some 
of the principal causes of it, from the commencement of the present 
government, until the year 1814, a period of about twenty-four years, 
is one principal object, and will be the subject of the following 
chapters. 



CHAPTER III. 



Exports— Divided into those of domestic, and those of foreign origin- 
Exports of domestic produce, distinguished into those, which are 1st, the 
produce of the sea — 2d, the produce of the forest — 3d, the produce of ag- 
riculture — and 4th, manufactui-es — Products of the sea, derived from the 
cod and whale fisheries — State of the cod fishery previous to the Ameri- 
can revolution, and to the time of the establishment of the present go- 
vernment — Number of vessels employed in this fishery from 1791 to 1813, 
and quantity offish exported during the same period — Whale fishery ori- 
ginated at Nantucket in 1690 — Amount of tomiage and nvunber of seamen 
employed in it at different periods — Value of exports, the produce of the 
fisheries from 1803 to 1814 — Products of the forest — viz. lumber, naval 
stores, pot and pearl ashes, skins and furs, guiseug, and oak bark, and 
other dyes — Value and quantity of each exported at different periods. 

We shall begin with the exports — those consist of articles of the 
growth, produce, and manufacture of the United States, and of those 
which are of foreign growth and produce. Provision was made at the 
Treasury, at an early period of the present government, to ascertain 
the quantity and value of all the exports of the country ; but in the 
general accounts no discrimination was made between the value of 
domestic or foreign articles, until 1802. In order to ascertain the 
value of the exports, directions are given, from the Treasury depart- 
ment, to the several collectors of the customs, to add, in their quar- 
terly returns of duties the quantity of the various articles export- 
ed, and also their prices at the places of exportation. The quantity 
of the articles exported is furnished the collectors, by the exporters, 
and may sometimes fall short, and sometimes exceed the real quanti- 
ty. At the Treasury, an average is made of the prices returned by 
the collectors, from the principal ports, and the value of the articles 
exported is calculated from the average price thus ascertained. Ta- 
ble No. I. annexed to this chapter, contains a statement of the value 
of all the exports from each .state and territory, annually, from the 



36 



1st of October, 1790 * to the 30th of September, 1810. Table No. 
il. exhibits a statement of the value of the exports of domestic growth, 
produce, and manufacture, from each state and territory from October, 
1802, to September 30th, 1810, and Table No. III. a statement of 
the value of the exports of foreign growth and produce, during the 
same period. The articles exported both domestic and foreign are 
various, and are contained in Table No. IV. in each year, from 1791 
to 1814 — taken from the Treasury books. 

The whole value of exports in each year, from 1790 to 1814, and the 
■value of those of domestic and foreign origin, since 1803, was 
follows : — 

Total value of Value of exports of Value of exports of 





exports. 


domestic origin. 


foreign origin. 


m Sept. 30. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


1791 


19,012,041 






1792 « 


20,763,098 






1793 = 


26,109,672 






1794 - 


33,026,233 






1795 - 


47,989,472 






1796 - 


67,064,097 






1797 ' 


56,850,206 






1798 - 


61,527,097 






1799 ~ 


78,665,622 






1800 - 


70,971,780 






1801 


94,115,926 






1802 - 


72,483,160 






1803 - 


65,800,033 


42,206,961 


- 13,694,072 


1804 - 


77,699,074 


41,467,477 


- 36,231,597 


1805 - 


95,566,021 


42,387,002 


- 63,179,019 


1806 - 


101,636,963 


41,263,727 


- 60,283,236 


1807 - 


108,343,160 


48,699,692 


- 69,643,658 


1808 - 


22,430,960 


9,433,646 


12,997,414 


1809 - 


62,203,283 


31,405,702 


- 20,797,631 



* No annual retiu-n of exports had been made at the Treasury, prior to 
October, 1790. 



SI 



Total value of Value of exports of Value of exports of 





exports. 


tlUIIlCbLH/ UlAgHl. 




To Sept. 30. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


1810 - 


66,757,970 


- ■ 42,366,675 


- 24,391,295 


1811 - 


61,316,833 


45,294,043 


16,022,790 


1812 - 


38,527,236 


30,032,109 


8,495,127 


1813 - 


27,855,997 


25,008,152 


2,847,845 


1814 - 


6,927,441 


6,782,272 


145,169 



The expoits of domestic growth, produce, and manufacture, have 
been distinguished^ at the Treasury, into those which are — 

1st. The produce of the Sea. 

2d. The produce of the Forest. 

3d. The produce of Agriculture. 

4th. Manufactures and those which are uncertain. 

This division of the exports of domestic produce has been made, 
and the value of the articles exported, under each division, has been 
ascertained at the Treasury, and exhibited in the annual account of 
exports, since the year 1802. It presents a useful and important view 
of the different pursuits and employments of the citizens of the United 
States, inhabiting, as they do, an extensive country, differing in cli- 
fnate, as well as soil ; and indicates the various sources of the wealth 
of the nation. 



Each of these will be considered in their order :— 



1st. THE PRODUCTS OF THE SEA. 



These are derived from the cod and whale fisheries, and from the. 
river fisheries, such as herring, shad, salmon, mackarel, &c. The 
cod fishery has been an object of the first importance to the states of 
Massachusetts and New-Hampshire, from their first settlement. It 
has furnished a lucrative employment to the inhabitants of these 
states, situated as they are, in the neighbourhood of the fishery. It 
has given employment to the ship-builder, and has always been con- 
sidered, as the best nursery for seamen. 



38 



The vast quantities of fish, which, after the discovery of North- 
America, were found along the banks of New-Foundland, soon attract- 
ed the attention of the Europeans. The inhabitants of Biscay in 
Spain, and of Britanny in France, are said to have first engaged in 
this fishery. The English and French afterwards claimed the ex- 
clusive right to it, in consequence of their possessing the adjacent 
coasts. While we were Colonies, we had the right of fishing there, as 
being a part of the British empire ; and by the 3d article of the trea- 
ty of peace, between Great-Britain and the United States, in 1783, 
"It is agreed that the people of the United States shall continue to 
enjoy unmolested the right to take fish of every kind, on the grand 
bank, and on all other banks of New-Foundland ; also, in the gulph 
of St. Lawrence, and at all other places in the sea, where the inhab- 
itants of both countries used at any time to fish ; that the inhabitants 
of the United States shall have liberty to take fish of every kind on 
such part of the coast of New- Foundland, as British fishermen shall 
use (but not to dry or cure the same on the island ;) and also on the 
coasts, bays, and creeks of all other his Britannic Majesty's domin- 
ions in America ; and that the American fishermen shall have liberty 
to dry and cure fish in any of the unsettled bays, harbours, and creeks 
of Nova-Scotia, Magdalen islands, and Labrador, so long as the same 
shall remain unsettled • but so soon as the same or either of them 
shall be settled, it shall not be lawful for the said fishermen to dry 
or cure fish at such settlement, without a previous agreement for that 
purpose with the inhabitants, proprietors, or possessors of the ground." 
The cod fishery previous to the American revolution, in Massachu- 
setts alone, gave employment annually to about four thousand seamen, 
and about twenty-eight thousand tons of shipping, and produced about 
three hundred and fifty thousand quintals of fish, which, at the place of 
exportation, were valued at more than one million of dollars. Tables 
Nos. V. and VL shew the state of the fishery in Massachusetts, from 
1765 to 1775; and also from 1786 to 1790*, containing an average 
of the number of vessels annually employed, their tonnage, number 
of seamen, and also the quantity of fish exported during those two 

* See tlie representation of the Legislature of Massachusetts to Congress 
in 1790, on the subject of their fisheries, and report of the secretary of 
state on the subject of their fisheries in 1791. 



39 



jmiods, from August 20th, 1789, to September 30tb, 1790, and the 
countries to which exported. From this it will be seen, that up to 
the year 1790, the cod fishery had not recovered from the effects of 
the revolutionary war. From 1765 to 1775, the average number 
of vessels annually employed was six hundred and sixty-five, their 
tonnage twenty-five thousand six hundred and thirty, seamen four 
thousand four hundred and five, and fish exported amounted to three 
hundred and fifty-one thousand three* hundred quintals ; and from 
1786 to 1790, the average number of vessels annually employed was 
only five hundred and thirty-nine, tonnage nineteen thousand one hun- 
dred and eighty-five, seamen three thousand two hundred and eighty - 
seven, and fish exported only two hundred and fifty thousand six hun- 
dred and fifty quintals. 

In consequence of a representation made to Congress, by the Le- 
gislature of Massachusetts, in the year 1790, of the low and embarrass- 
ed state of the fisheries, and a report made thereon by the secretary of 
state, a bounty was given, on the exportation of salted fish, by way of 
draw-back of the duty on imported salt, and afterwards an allowance 
in money was made to vessels employed for a certain number of 
months in the cod fishery. In consequence of this encouragement, 
and the happy effects upon trade and commerce, produced by 
tlie establishment of the general government, the cod fishery increased 
until the commencement of the embargo and restrictive system. The 
quantity of dried or smoked fish, and of pickled fish, exported from 
1791 to 1814, was as follows, viz. : — 





Dried Fish. 


Bbls. of pickled 


Kegs of pickled 




Quintals. 


fish. 


fish. 


1791 - 


- - 383,237 - 


- • 67,424 




1792 - 


- - 364,898 - 


- - 48,277 




1793 - 


- - 372,825 - 


- - 45,440 




1794 - 


- - 436,907 - 


- - 36,929 




1795 - 


- - 400,818 - 


- - 55,999 




1796 - 


- - 377,713 - 


- - 84,558 - ■ 


- 5,256 


1797 - 


- - 406,016 - 


- - 69,782 - - 


■ - 7,351 


1798 - 


- - 411,175 - 


- - 66,827 - ■ 


• - 6,220 


• 799 - 


- - 428,495 - 


. . G3.542 . - 


• - 15,993 



40 



1800 - - - 

1801 - - - 

1802 - - - 

1803 - - - 

1804 - - - 

1805 - - - 

1806 - - - 

1807 - - - 

1808 - - - 

1809 - - - 

1810 - - - 

1811 - - - 

1812 - - - 

1813 . - - 

1814 - - - 



Dried Fish. 
Quintals. 

392,726 - - 

410,948 - - 

440,925^ - - 

461,870' - - 

567,828 - - 

514,549 - - 

637,457 - =. 

473,924 - - 

155,808 - - 

345,648 - - 

280,804 - - 

214,387 - - 

169,019 - - 

63,616 - - 

31,310 - 



Bbls. of pickled 
fish. 

- 50,388 ■= 

- 85,935 - 

- 75,819 - 

- 76,831 - 

- 89,482 - 

- 56,670 - 

- 64,615 .- 

- 57,621 - . 

- 18,957 - 

- 54,777 - . 

- 34,674 - 

- 44,716 " - 

- 23,636 - - 

- 13,833 - - 

8,436 - • 



Kegs of pickled 
fish. 

" - 12,403 

- - 10,424 

- - 13,229 

- - 11,565 

- - 13,045 

- - 7,207 

- - 10,155 

- - 13,743 

- - 3,036 

■ - 9,380 

- - 5,964 
• - 9,393 

- 3,143 
568 

■ - 87 



The amount of tonnage employed in the cod fishery, from 1796 
to 1813, was as follows, viz. : — 



Enrolled Tonnage. Tonnage of Vessels, 
Licensed under 20 tons. 

Tons. 95-100. Tons. 95-100 

1795 - - 24,887 6 - - 6,046 5 

1796 - - 28,509 39 - - 6,453 41 

1797 - - 33,406 67 - - 7,222 31 

1798 - - 35,476 81 - - 7,269 37 

1799 - - 23,932 26 - - 6,046 17 

1800 - - 22,306 94 - - 7,120 6 

1801 - - 31,279 57 - - 8,101 85 

1802 - - 32,987 42 - - 8,533 56 

1803 - - 43,416 20 - - 8,394 24 

1804 - - 43,088 08 - - 8,925 73 

1805 - - 48,479 30 - - , 8,986 37 

1806 - - 50,353 20 - - 8,820 57 

1807 ^ - 60,689 88 - - 9,616 20 



41 



Enrolled Tonnage. Tonnage of Vessels, 

licensed under 20 tons. 
Tons. 95-100, Tons. 95-100 

1808 - - 43,697 40 - - 8,400 2 

1809 - - 26,109 67 - - 8,376 93 

1810 - - 26,250 91 - - 8,577 28 
1 8 U both enrolled & licensed under 20 tons was 37,588 7 

1812 do. do. do. 27,841 17 

1813 do. do. do. 18,522 81 
The vessels employed in the cod fishery are owned in the states of 

New-Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode-Island, Connecticut and New- 
York, except sixty-six tons in Virginia in 1796, and forty-eight tons in 
New-Jersey, in 1803, but principally in Massachusetts. The great- 
est amount of tonnage ever employed from the United States in the 
co^ fishery was in the year 1807, being seventy thousand three hun- 
dred and six tons. Of this, Massachusetts owned sixty-two thousand 
two hundred and thirteen tons. The number of seamen employed in 
this fishery, on an average of ten years, from 1791 to 1800, has been 
.estimated at five thousand, and the average tonnage, for the same 
period, at thirty-three thousand.* 

From 1801 to 1807, the annual average amount of tonnage employ- 
ed, was about forty-four thousand, and the number of seamen, ac- 
cording to the above proportion, about seven thousand annually. 

The value of the dried fish, and pickled fish, exported since the 
year 1802, has been as follows : — 





Cod or dried fish. 


Pickled fish 


1803 


- g 1,620,000 


- ^560,000 


1804 


- 2,400,000 


640,000 


1805 


- 2,058,000 


348,000 


1806 


- 2,150,000 


366,000 


1807 


- 1,896,000 


302,000 


1808 


623,000 


98,000 


1809 


- 1,123,000 


282,000 


1810 


913,000 


214,000 



* See letter from the Secretary of the Treasuiy, to the House of Repre 
sentatives, July 29th, 1803. 

6 



43 



Cod or dried fish. Pickled fish- 

1811 - - ^757,000 - - ^305,000 

1812 - - 692,000 - - 146,000 

1813 - - 210,000 - - 81,000 

1814 - - 128,000 - - 50,000 
The French had formerly the greatest share in the cod fishery. lu 

1745, the Governour of the province of Massachusetts, Shirley, trans- 
mitted to the British government, an estimate of the French fishery in 
the preceding year, from the gut of Canso to Lewisburgh, and thence 
to the north-east part of Cape Breton. According to this estimate, 
the French employed, in 1744, four hundred and fourteen large ships 
in taking and carrying the fish to market, and about twenty-four 
thousand five hundred and twenty men, and the quantity of fish taken 
was one million one hundred and forty -nine thousand quintals. The 
French fishery w^as afterwards reduced, and for many years past has 
been annihilated. 

For many years previous the late war, between the United States 
and Great-Britain, this fishery has been carried on, principally, by 
the British and Americans. The usual markets for American fish are 
the West-Indies and the southern parts of Europe. (See Table VII.) 

The late treaty of peace between the United States and Great- 
Britain is silent on the subject of the cod fishery. Our right to take 
fish in the open sea cannot be questioned ; what will hereafter be the 
state of the coast fishery, which we enjoyed under the treaty of 1783.. 
is yet uncertain. 

THE WHALE FISHERY. 

The whale fishery first attracted the attention of the ^Americans in 
1690, and originated at the island of Nantucket, in boats from the shore. 
In 1715, six sloops, of thirty-eight t6ns burden each, were employed in 
this fishery, from that island. For many years their adventures were 
confined to the American coast, but as whales grew scarce here, they 
were extended to the Western Islands, and to the Brazils, and at length 
to the North and South Seas.* For a long time, the Dutch seemed 



* See Collections of tlie Massachusetts Historical Society. 



43 



to monopolize tlie whale fishery, which they followed, with success, 
in the Greenland or Northern Seas. 

As early as 1663, they had two hundred and two ships employed 
In this fishery, and in 1721, as many as two hundred and sixty; in 
1788, the number was reduced to sixty-nine, and for many years past, 
not only has this branch of their commerce, but almost every other, 
been completely annihilated. In 1731, the Americans had about 
thirteen hundred tons of shipping employed in this fishery along their 
coast. About the year 1750, the whale left the American coast. The 
hardy enterprise and activity of the American sailor, however, soon 
followed him in every part of the Northern and Southern Seas. 

From 1771 to 1775, Massachusetts employed, annually, one hun- 
dred and eighty-three vessels, of thirteen thousand eight hundred and 
twenty tons, in the northern whale fishery, and olie hundred and twen- 
ty-one vessels, of fourteen thousand and twenty-six tons, in the south- 
ern, navigated by four thousand and fifty-nine seamen. The pecul- 
iar mode of paying the seamen, in these hazardous voyages, has con- 
tributed not a little to the success of the voyages themselves. Each 
has a share in the profits of the voyage, and is dependent on his own 
-exertions for the reward of his toils. Whether he shall be rich or 
poor, depends on his activity in managing the boat, in pursuit of the 
whale, and his dexterity, in directing the harpoon. This has led to 
a spirit of enterprise and hardihood, never surpassed, if ever equal- 
led, by the seamen of any nation in the world.* 

* The celebrated Burke, in his speech, in the House of Commons, about 
the year 1774, on the subject of American affairs, has done ample justice to 
the industrious and enterprising- spirit of this class of American seamen. 
** As to the wealth (said he) whicli tlie Colonists have drawn from the sea, 
by their fisheries, you had all that matter fully opened at your bar. You 
surely tJiought these acquisitions of value, for they seemed to excite your 
envy, and yet the spirit by which tliat enterprising- employment has been 
exercised, ought rather, in my opinion, to have raised esteem and admira- 
tion. And pray, sir, what in the world is equal to it ? Pass by tlie other 
parts, and look at tlie manner, in whicli the New-England people of late car- 
ried on tlie whale fishery. While we follow them among the tumbling 
mountains of ice, and behold them penetrating into the deepest frozen re- 
cesses of Hudson's and Davis* Straits ; while we ai-e looking for diem be- 
neath tlie arctic circle, W(^ hear, ibat they have pierced into the opposite re- 



44 



Daring the war of the American revolution, this fishery was de- 
stroyed ; on the return of peace, it recovered, by degrees, and from 
1787 to 1789, ninety-one vessels, of five thousand eight hundred and 
twenty tons, were annually employed in the northern fishery, and 
thirty -one vessels, of four thousand three hundred and ninety tons, in 
the southern, with one thousand six hundred and eleven seamen. The 
quantity of spermaceti oil taken annually, from 1771 to 1775, was 
thirty-nine thousand three hundred and ninety barrels, and of whale 
oil eight thousand six hundred and fifty. From 1787 to 1789, the 
quantity of spermaceti oil taken annually was seven thousand nine 
hundred and eighty barrels, and whale oil thirteen thousand one hun- 
dred and thirty. In the representation made to Congress in the year 
1790^ by the legislature of Massachusetts, it is stated that, before the 
late war, about four thousand seamen, and twenty-four thousand tons 
of shipping were annually employed from that state in the whale 
fishery, and that the produce thereof was about j£350,000 lawful mo- 
ney, or about ^1,160,000.* A great part of this fishery has been 

* In the papers which accompanied tliis representation it is stated, tha\ 
about one quarter of the spermaceti is head matter, one quarter of which 
was exported to Great-Britaui, the remainder manufactured into candles. 
The spermaceti oil, previous to the revolution, was mostly exported to 
Great-Britain. The average price in tliat market, for five years, previous to 
the war, was about £40 sterling for the spermaceti oil and £50 for head' 
The whale oil was formerly about one half exported to the French and Eng- 
lish West-India Islands ; the other half sold in the United States. The ave- 

gion of polar cold ; that they are at the antipodes, and engaged under tlie 
frozen serpent of the south. Faulkland Island, which seemed too remote 
and romantic an object for the grasp of national ambition, is but a stage and 
resting place for their victorious industry. Nor is the equinoctial heat 
i-aore discouraging to them than the accumulated winter of both poles. We 
know, that while some of them draw the line or strike the harpoon on the 
coast of Africa, others run the longitude and pursue their gigantic game 
along the coast of Brazil. No sea, but what is vexed with their fisheries. 
No climate, that is not witness of their toils. Neither the perseverance of 
Holland, nor the activity of France, nor the dexterous and firm sagacity of 
Snglish enterprise, ever carried their most perilous mode of hardy industry 
to the extent to which it has been pursued by this recent people; a people 
who are still in the gristle, and not hardened into mnnhood." 



45 



carried on from Nantucket, where it originated, a small island about 
fifteen miles in length, and tvvo or three miles in breadth, situated 
about thirty miles from the coast. Before the revolutionary war, 
this small island had sixty-five ships, of four thousand eight hundred 
and seventy-five tons, annually employed in the northern, and eighty^ 
five ships, of ten thousand two hundred tons, in the southern fishery. 
From 1787 to 1789, it had only eighteen ships, of one thousand three 
hundred and fifty tons, in the northern, and eighteen ships, of two 
thousand seven hundred tons, in the southern fishery.* For many 
years past, this fishery has been carried on from this island and from 
New-Bedford, a large commercial and flourishing town on the coast, 
in its neighbourhood, and has employed from fifteen thousand to 
eighteen thousand tons of shipping, principally in the Southern Seas. 
Although Great-Britain has, 'at various times, given large bounties to 
her ships employed in this fishery, yet the whalemen of Nantucket 
and New-Bedford, unprotected and unsupported by any thing but 
their own industry and enterprise, have generally been able to meet 
their competitors in a foreign market. The quantity of spermaceti 
and common whale oil, whale bone, and spermaceti candles exported 
from 1791 to 1814 appears from table No. IV, Their value since 
1802, has been as follows : — 

"Whale (common) Spei'maceti oil 

oil and bone, and candles. 

Dolls. Dolls. 

1803 - - 280,000 - - 175,000 

1804 - - 310,000 - - 70,000 

* See Tables No. VHI and IX. 
rage price of this oil, about §70 per ton, A whale, producing one hun- 
dred and twenty barrels of whale oil, will generally produce two thousand 
pounds of bone, which was chiefly exported to Great-Britain, the price 
about half a dollar per pound. A whale, producing fifty to sixty barrels, will 
generally produce nearest ten pounds of bone to a barrel of oil. The ave. 
rage price of oil for three years past, (viz. 1787, 1788, and 1789) : — 

Spermaceti §100 per ton 

Whale oil - - - 50 do. 

Head matter - 150 do. 

Bone, about 15 cts. per pound 



46 





Whale (common) 


Spermaceti oil 




oil and bone. 


ajid candles. 




JL»UUb. 


UOllS. 


1805 


316 000 


ifis 000 


1806 


4 1 8 000 


1 fi9 noo 


1807 


476 000 


1 so 000 


1 OvO 


005UUU 




1809 


IfiQOOO 


1 %(\ 000 


1810 


222,000 


132,000 . 


1811 


78,000 


273,000 


i812 


66,000 


141,000 


1813 


2,600 


10,500 


1814 


1,000 


9,000 



The following is the total value of exports, consisting of the pro- ' 
dute of the sea, from 1803 to 1814, viz. 





Dolls. 


1803 


- 2,635,000 


1804 


- 3,420,000 


1805 


- 2,884,000 


1806 


. 3,116,000 


1807 


- 2,804,000 


1808 


832,000 


1809 


1,710,000 


1810 


- 1,481,000 


1811 


1,413,000 


1812 


935,000 


1813 


304,000 


1814 


188,000 



The common whale oil finds a market in the West-Indies, Great- 
Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal. The greatest part of the sper- 
maceti oil, is carried to Great-Britain. (See Table No. X.) The 
late war between the United States and Great-Britain has again al- 
most annihilated the cod and whale fisheries.* While in the years 
previous to the restrictive system and the war, the fisheries furnished 

* Twenty-four whalemen were taken by the British in the late war. 



47 



articles for exportation to an amount of more than three millions of 
dollars, in 1814, the exports of the produce of the fisheries is reduced 
to the sum of g 188,000. 

2d. THE PRODUCTS OF THE FOREST. 

The products of the forest consist of lumber of all kinds, naval 
stores (such as tar, pitch, turpentine and rosin) pot and pearl ashes, 
skins and furs, ginseng, and oak bark and other dyes. 

The exportation of lumber has always been an object of no incon- 
siderable importance to this country. The first settlers found here 
immense forests of wood and timber, and as they cleared these lands 
the timber was of little value except for exportation. The lumber 
/exported consists of siaves and heading, shingles, hoops and poles, 
boards, plank, scantling and timber of various sorts for masts, spars, 
buildings, The official value of lumber of all kinds exported in 
the year 1770, was about £154,637 sterling, or g686,588. From 
1803 to 1807, the value of lumber exported, on an average, exceeded 
two millions and a half of dollars. Naval stores, such as tar, pitch-, 
turpentine, and rosin, have long been an object of importance, not on- 
ly for home consumption, but for exportation. Great-Britain has al- 
ways been dependent upon foreign countries for these articles, which to 
faer are of the first necessity. Before they were produced in her North- 
American Colonies, she obtained them from the north of Europe, and 
particularly from the pitch and tar company of Sweden. About the 
year 1703, this company attempted to raise their price upon these 
articles, by prohibiting the exportation of them, except in their own 
ships. This induced the British government to encourage the produc- 
tion of them in their Colonies. By the 3 and 4 of Ann, a bounty of 
£4 per ton was given on the importation of tar and pitch, and £3 per 
tOn on rosin and turpentine from the American Colonies. These arti- 
cles are produced principally in North-Carolina, and this bounty, no 
doubt, had its effect in increasing the production of them in that Pro- 
vince. In tlie year 1770, the quantity of tar exported was eighty-two 
thousand and seventy-five barrels, of pitch, nine thousand one hundred 
and fourteen barrels, and of turpentine, seventeen thousand and four- 
teen, and tbeii official value was £34,693 sterling, or abput ^144,000^ 



48 



Since the year 1791, the quantity of these articles has varied almost 
every year ; in 1795, ninety thousand and sixty-six barrels of tar were 
exported. During the years 1805-6 and 7, the average quantity of 
tar exported was sixty-four thousand nine hundred and seventeen bar- 
rels — of turpentine, seventy-four thousand six hundred and seven bar- 
rels, and of pitch, nine thousand and eight barrels, and their average 
value was about §500,000. Before the American Revolution, Great- 
Britain also encouraged the production of pot and pearl ashes in 
her North-American Colonies, as being necessary for her manufac - 
tures. In 1761, the society instituted at London for the encourage- 
ment of arts, manufactures, and commerce, offered large premiums to 
those who should import from the American Colonies the greatest quan- 
tity of pot and pearl ashes. Treatises, describing the method of mak- 
ing these articles, were, about the same time, sent over, and circula- 
ted among the Colonists. In the year 1770, one thousand one hun- 
dred and seventy-three tons of pot ashes, and seven hundred thirty- 
seven tons of pearl ashes were exported from the North-American Co- 
lonies ; the value of these was then estimated at £64,660 9 2 ster- 
ling, or about §290,000. The exportation of these articles has since 
greatly increased ; the value of pot and pearl ashes exported in 1807, 
amounted to g 1,490,000. 

As the American forests abounded in wild animals, whose skins 
and furs were valuable, furs and peltry have always constituted a part 
of American exports. In the year 1770, the official value of these ar- 
ticles exported, from all the North-American Colonies, which inclu- 
ded Canada, was £149,224 14 4 sterling, or about §670,000. 
The average value of these articles, exported from the United States 
from 1791 to 1803, was about §300,000; from 1804 to 1807 in- 
clusive, the annual average value was about §900,000. It is be- 
lieved, that during these years, a large proportion of the furs ex- 
ported were brought from Canada, and shipped at the Atlantic 
ports. 

Ginseng, a root so highly valued in China, has been long known in 
North- America, and has become an article of export. In 1770, the 
quantity exported was seventy-four thousand six hundred and four 
pounds, and was valued at about §5,000. The greatest quanti- 
ty exported since 1791, was in 1806, being four hundred forty-eight 



49 



thousand three hundred and ninety-four pounds, and valued at 
g 139,000. Oak and other bark and wood for tanning and dying, 
have also become articles of exportation of some value. In 1803. 
they amounted to ^225,000. 

The following is the value of all the exports, which are the pro- 
duce of the forest, from 1803 to 1814, viz.— 



1803 


- $4,850,000 


1804 


- 4,630,000 


1805 


- 6,261,000 


1806 


- 4,861,000 


1807 


- 5,476,000 


1808 


- 1,399,000 


1809 


- 4,683,000 


1810 


- 4,978,000 


1811 - - 


5,286,000 


1812 


- 2,701,000 


1813 


- 1,107,000 


1814 


570,000 



The value of each of the articles exported during the same periods, 
is as follows, viz. — 





Lumber of 


Naval 


Pot & pearl 


Furs& 




Oak bark & 




all kinds. 


stores. 


ashes. 


skins. 


Ginseng, otherdyes. 




Dolls. 


Dolls. 


DoUs. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


1803 


2,800,000 


460,000 


735,000 


500,000 


100,000 


225,000 


1804 


2,540,000 


322,000 


640,000 


956,000 


84,000 


88,000 


1805 


2,607,000 


702,000 


776,000 


967,000 


148,000 


61,000 


1806 


2,495,000 


409,000 


935,000 


841,000 


139,000 


42,000 


1807 


2,637,000 


335,000 


1,490,000 


852,000 


143,000 


19,000 


1808 


723,000 


102,000 


408,000 


161,000 




5,000 


1809 


1,843,000 


737,000 


1,506,000 


332,000 


136,000 


29,090 


1810 


2,537,000 


473,000 


1,579,000 


177,000 


140,000 


72,000 


1811 


3,195,000 


834,000 


752,000 


314,000 


79,000 


112,000 


1812- 


1,638,000 


490,000 


333,000 


123,000 


10,000 


107,000 


1813 


636,000 


91,000 


204,000 


58,000 




118,000 


1814 


258,000 


31,000 


217,000 


22,m 


39,00Q 


3,000 



7 



50 



The articles of lumber are carried, principally, to the West-In- 
dies, except staves and heading, many of which go to Great-Britain 
and Portugal. Nearly all the naval stores, and pot and pearl ashes, 
go to Great-Britain. For the destination of these articles from 1800 
to 1811, see Tables No. XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI. and XVI! 
annexed to this chapter. 



51 



TABLE No. I. 

A summary statement of the value of the exports of the several States 
and Territories y annually, from the 1st of October, 1790, to the SOth 
of September, 1810. 



O CO , . ^, 

rJ«cOOCOCOa>G^Oi 



G>< ocT ocT cd^ co" T-T 

OJ>^OT-<rt<Oii-t 
CO CO^ r}' 00 

i> CO i-< cT 



CO T- 00 l> 
T-i o '-^ O 

J> 05^ r~t^ CO 

oo'crkfT'^ 

O O 

»0 ^O^ CO 
rt" Co" 



CO 



iOG^C0i>J>COG^^ 
■^t^CTlG^G^COrfT-i 
GO^OD1>OG^CO^'-^CO^ 

Tfico»00>Oi-<00 

cT T-T i-T ©r t-'' cT 



»0 1> 05 OO 

OO rj< 
CO r)^ O T-H^ 
oo" 'r^" o" O" 
CO 1> »0 
G^CO C0^02 
to 



Qi-tCOOD'-iCO'^CO 
OO G^^ 0_ CO^ 

^ o co" co" T-T 

T-.G^r-<OG0i-<U0T^ 

G^OO CO^'-" CO 
|>r-r <0 xS 



1-1 CO 

CO 05 CO 

Oi G:) (Ji Oi 

-^Tji CJi^CO 

CO ^ 



T-<c:)OcO'^G^»Oi— I 
TtoscocoLOOscoc:! 

gT G>f CcT Co" t-^ CiT 

cs^O'-'rfLO-^Oco 

G^ C5 CO ri« CO 0< CO 



CO 



CO CO G^ 

CO CO o CO 
CO a5_ co^ 
T-T T-T t-T co" 

G^ G^ CO CO 
GO^CO CO^G^ 

co" co" 



i>G^i0005C001CO 
'TtC0»Ot^l>G0^»O 
CO G^'^'"'^®^'^ 

lOi-tt^GOiO^OjCO 

CO t> Ci^ Oi^ cq^ 

CO CO co" 



CO 
CO 
G^ 

CO 
G^ 

o 
co' 

CO 

oT 
o 

CO 

CO I 

q, 
co" 

o" 

o 
o 



CO l> 

05 r-( CO »^ 

O Tf^OO 05^ 

!> O 

CO CO 05 G^ 

05 CO r-1 »0 



-Tt< 05 CO O '■-O G-< CO 
O O 'O C5 O CO I- o 
i-H^C-^^t-^^-l-^COOS^CO^ 

CO*' CcT oT crT cT CO*^ CO 
COOiOCOC^C^COG^ 
CO CO CO >0 CO r- 1 CO 

gT g^ CO gT 



O O CO 
G^ O >0 O 
' CO 05^G^^T-H^ 

G^" r-" co" oT 

LO G< G>< to 

CO &r 



T-iT-iGOOCOCOOiT-i 

lOco^ocococTst^os 
co^co -fCTi^O^cqcq^ 
arootfTccTco'c^ar 

T-it-^OO^CO'-'CO 
LO -rf tq^ ^'i, 

of ctT oT 



CO CO o 
CO CO to 
CO to G-*^ G-l^ 

1-^ -t CO T-T 

CO O^ 05 03 

CO ©r 



0) 



c 



C3 

1 • 



o 'o 

go 



J2 ^-"^ trjt: ^ 



o , 

•r o 

a; 



o o 



V 



TABLE NO. I.~^coNTiNUED. 



CO ^ ^ lO COi-T'^ cTt-^'^G^ (D 00 tr^ 



CO ^ CO 



o i> o< 
CO c- CO 

Cq^ L-;^ CO^ 

t^co'^'^O 

« t- CO O 

CO 



OOCOCOT-tt>,-<OCOG^'<^CO'Tt<COLO 
Gv!iOCOa>l>CO»-H^UDSOOiO'-iOt^ 
CO^rt^U^Lq^LO^GO^Cq^j>i-( 005 i> CD'^ CO 

OD ^ C» CO y-^ ^COCO^OO^y^C^ 
■a5i-sC01>'*i-(O^G^G^l>-^0>J^*-<t-- 



a <z> 
CO cToT 

CO '-^ 05 
O 



ThosG^coaicot-iOrtiOcocoo^T-ico 

a5!>GOCOO!>G^l>OG^COC005CO»Ol> 

•»o ^ (tT co" co" co" oT oT rj^" ccT 

COG005C0OCT50^i>'<^T-i|>j>i0(j0^G^ 

'^■«:hcq^}> cort^OiC^Oicocococo 
coi^Tt-Tgo' g^" so <S 



»Oi>CDCOCOCOCOCOG^OI>'*'<!j<if5a5 

ioco»J:)i>'-<cooa5-^cocoj>co"=t'50 

O^G^tO t- G^> '-J^'* 

i0iOI>C0'^^G'»G0C0C00:iU^|>O»^ 

yO CO CO ^ CO t> CO co oo co^t^ 



|CD i-(CO»OGOOiaiCT5iO'-< 
COrft^-^-^t^COt^OSCO 

co^Ooocy5^j>o<^co^cDco 
T-T t^co^G^'^'^GTcncorfi 
crO'^G^G^'^'^ ■^1-Hco 



05 CO O CO 
CO CH) 1-1 CO 
CO^ i> &^ 

o" CD oo" TjT 
CO CO CO i> 



a50'-'COOOi>G^l>»001 CO '-^ ^ 05 

cococr5r>i-*G^G^cocoo coG^t-*^ 
i>"^LOG^co»o^t^a5^0co^ • C5^0i^o^i>^ 

i-T ■th'' Iff crT o^r oT i-T t-^ cT G^ u:) c^s CO 

COG^G^^'^»~< C0O5CT5 O5C0G^O5 
CO '^O^t' 

T-T^i-Tco' G<( CO CO 



CO »-i 



G^1>COG^I>GOJ>0 
lOG^(G^05!>COG<a5 
G^J CO i-i CO^ CO^ 

oT !> go" O" '-^ >0 CO CD 
00-^COOCD^C0rt< 

CO i> co^ 

co" CO G^"' 



T-t o C3:. CO 

l-H J> 

T)^ CO^ CO^ 
CO i> 

CO 05 CO 
T-i to Ci OS 



CO 



CD 



a. 

a . 



f 

3 



2 «^ 

C C3 



o o o 

'TS n3 



o 



o 



O C! C 

0) 0) a> ,c 



o .2 -4? 



5S 

TABLE No. I.-— CONTINUED. 



d 

00 


OC0^l>'^C0C0C5r«^O'-''^i'^C0 CO i-iLO'r}< 

co^ co_ O o_ ;o co^ co^ co^ 0_ i--t CO oi CO CO i i o i cJi 02^ 
©i CO r-T cD*^ si 0" co" 0" oT co" co" 0" co" 0" co" ©jT 0" 

COCO'^COCO^COC53^COCOG^OC5CO, I'-'i Oi 

s^'^oco^t^G^'^cj^'-^n^Oco'^cNS^ co^ 

CO'-^l>OCO'-^rfOcT 


66,757,970 


1809. 1 


OSICOG^COG^Oi— iCOCOOO-^i— CO O '^OCO 
CTSCOOCO'-iCOt^'Tj'COG^'-'G^Cnr^O O 1-^OG^( 

t-;^ !^ 0^ 0^ '-^^^ c^^ CO '-^ r:^ , , co , co c^^ 
co'^Gir(^"co~"-^crarco'i>co'''^j>ri>Gi CO co" T-T 

OOt^rJ-OOCOCO^-^COG^Oai^J^CO. . ,CO 

©^»-ii-^G|^co^coo^"COJ>corDG^^O^ ^ ^ 
o<"f-r ef oT 1^ ©f co"^" 


CO 
CO 

®t 
go" 
o 
©<^ 

©r 


CO 

o 

CO 


C5&<0^rJ«T-<C0CDO»OC0!>C0CT:L0C0 lO CQ t-, 
^Ol>0<C005»-Oa5COCOO'-<l:^G^'^G^ T-i 

Oi>^:O^O^coOl>co^i>'-^cO'3^'-;_'^co , , , co^ , r- 

uO*" co'' co" CO'' ClT CT co" co" '-^ iif CO 'Tp' Co" cT r-T 
©<00<Tr»-'0©<i-iOG^OOO<'-iCOG^ , ,10 ,CO 
1-* '1 •-^ CO^ « G< T-. CO^ ' ' ' 

icT rjT (^f r-T T-T 


o 

CO 

<s 

CO 

©r 
©< 

" o 
co" 

CO^ 

CO 

o 


1807. 


CN^O'?"J>COCO^^':fCOrJ<(3^TriO CD t^^-^iO 
©iCOG^COG^JCOCOrrt-COt^COCOCOT CO -^OO 
G^ r-^ t-^ c;^ '-l^ t> 05^ CO ©^ ^ CO_ CO^ CO^ 1> 
©1 1> i> 0" 00 CO ©f ^ • ' CO ' T-T 0" 

coO'-'iO©<^Orrco©>cn)Trco-^^'Tj' ©< i-h ©^ 
CO ©4 ^ co^ CO co^ CO ©J ©j^ i> c:^ , , , co co 

©< ©} 1-t 1-1 1-t 


CO 

o 

CO 


COOGOOCOuOL^G^CO^COCOUli©*'* 00 O CO 
COt^-^COG^-tCOOOO-^CJOCOCO i-i CO ©< 

G^i>©<^cococq^coi>i-^OT-^coco!>r^ co^ ©< cq^ 

uo'~cocr'-^o©rco-^odcooiyrco©r • '©r 'T-^^'t^ 

c:a5C5Ci^cocoi>Oco'^iOco'*co co ©< co 

!>'-''-^Ot^J> OiO>^©^^O^t>J>^ , , ,©|,CO 
^ i> rjTr-To" oT CO" 

©< ©< 1— ^ 


95,566,021 101,536,9631 


O 

00 


;OG^c-tXt^COCO©<JOO^OOCO>-OCO CO ^ 
OOO-*©<"^^»-0C0C0»-«©^OG^'*' ©^ -^f 
^ CO^ O J> ©i, CO^ G^^ Oi^ CO^ 00^ , , , , G^ , uO 

cd'oro©rco'GTo©rccrorcrco'orco-T)^ . co' ^ 

OC0C0J>'^C0G'-(C0iOO©»Ol>C0C2 , , , l> 

cT crT co" o '-^ o cT ©r crT 
©* 1^ 


. « 
o 

>2 


New-Hampshire, 
Vermont, 
Massaciiusetts, 
Rhode-Island, 
Connecticut, 
New- York, 
New-Jersey, 
IPennsylvania, 
Delaware, 
Maryland, 

District of Columbia, 

Virginia, - - - 

North-Carolina, 

jSouth-Carolina, 

.Georgia, 

Kentucky, - 

Tennessee, - 

Ohio, - - - . 

Indiana Territory, 

Michigan do. 

Mississippi do. - - - 

Orleans do. - - 


1 Total, 



TABLE No. II. 



e CO 



:5 



CO 

II 



^ i 



bo e 



CsjcoKKOOb-OicooootOG^tOTfi-iOO 

TH^b^oo^iN. *o tv. ^oj^oj^"<* 00 00 vj , io Oi ai 

^ T-^ ^ rS' y-J' ^ <S CO CN CO 

C^O^-K<OC^<7>*0is.h»00C0O00C0i-( Vj 

CN i^, 00 K O^CO K (O rj< 00 CN ■ K 

vf o CO TjT x^'c? T-T 



■coi-<a>it^cOT}<-*oo*oi^OT-MTftcno4o 

VDOOC<).C7>^"OOiOO>*OV5^CO<00>0 

o 00 ^. CO c^^» th CO ^o^^o 1-^00 CO 00 
r-rvTc^oovTocTorocr^d'o^vo'c^rHCNco 

OC^IC^VlVS-^'OCOOiN.OOOOCNOOO 
CJrHO'O^OCOC^CN tO^Ob-COOOO 
^ 00 CNi-T 



Tf lO V5 
iH O O 
tH CO CO 

. ^ 

CO 

1-H CO 



CO CM 

a> o CO 
cTco oo' 

CN 00 O 



T}< ,-1 

00 00 
<0 K 



l>-CNGS|COTj<C7iC0«:5*O 
CS(V5aiC0C^C^-^CNr-( 

'tSoO-^r-^ OObT'^TjJ'cO 
tOCOOOOOrHOC^T-* 
O K V5 



o a> 00 
>r> «o 

^ K 
>0 00 irf 

<o 00 

CO r-l 'H 



00 CO 

00 00 
o 



CO 

o 
>o CO 



«3 »o ov iH CO »rj o a> i>-r-( 

T-( oi »o (>f CO y3 00 " ' 
<o<r)^oco*oa>coKoo 



^ o 



a> CO CO o cr> o 00 -r-t i-t 

O iH <0 CM iH »H <0 

00 O^COCOb-THi^ iCO rH 

^jTr-T'-^T tCco CO 



c^c^>'o^oo^o■^co^^rHo^.a>^'*oo o 

b~C0Cr>C0'OlN,OT-l00C0<O00CN<O<Or-( «0 

CO ^ CO t^o *o CO b^TH^b, o o K CO , cr^ 

r-rTH'iH'or(>? CO ^^^^'TrH'T-T^d'to'lCcN CM r-T 

iHO^CM-<*C<»V5CNtOCN<Oa>CM00C^00^O CM 

tJ< VOO^»00 i>.iH<O^Oy3Kl>.* 'CM 

to T-Too" co" co'i-Tt^ vcT 



vjKiHOiis.ocooh-coo^O'^oak 

O^CT»vits.co^OcO"^fM-^V5cncn'<*u^ 



1^ r~. <j J w »fj ^ NL<i ij> 
'w* ^* ^ J ^ J ^ CO CO ^ 

I V5 CTJ^ 0_ tO^ 0_ (M^ 00^ V)^ CO^ i-<^ 



THK*OCOOOOV5iN.OOV3*Oh^i^iH 

oa>^o^o>c^tot>,oco'<^o»ov5 
th gj^co q CO T}< i-( oi.N. a> CO 

vTrH'TH'od T}? COih"-^ vfcM 



CO CO 

CM 00 

CM 1 

CO 00 

rH CO 

CO I CO 

CM 



o 

00 
CO 



,Ti<OCMOCMOO^CO»HO»r>CO>OOb- 
|O^CO(MCOOOaiCMiHOOT}<CT>O^OCM 

. ^coc^1-lKooooo^^ooooooJ^>r5»H^CM 
" CO CO ^^^c^^H'T^' oo'cTod'brT^' oT CM CO 

*0c0Oi-(00OCMt^00C0*0C7>TH-*O 
r}<iHCOC?>Ti<»0 THTHa>i-(COO^r-<0 



h,00 
<0 CM C7i 

o cT 
<o 

CM CO 



h~OOO00rHiHrf<h,OOt^00C0b~ 
iGS(iHCMC000C0iHt-(00-^*O«OiH'^00 
.jV5V)OCMCOOOCOCM^OO(MCOCOCO 

§ ico aTorTjTtxr o^rH^TH^bT bT CM oTtc" CO *o 

§ -*00ai<OC0(MCMCM00OiHTf<CM<O'* 

2-^ co^cMvo OT-Hts.Ti«c7iaiOoco 



00 CM CM 
CO C7> O 
In. CO 

octT 

CM O 



CO tH lo <0 CM 




^ o 5 (U ^ .zi .■s o 5 <uj-"w 



I 

g. 



1 g 

Co t 

2 ^ 
S 00 



I 



i I 

>1 



55 

TABLE No. lU. 



.§3 § 

^ GO 



11 

" i 



I 



a»^^.ov^v)^o^olOlH'<^^ooooK^^ 
oTto'iH'^crtj^co bTi-n'o CO CO oCcN coco 

CM*DV) T-t CT) r-t IC) CO O 

(NrJ CO T-( Ti< 



0» to T}< O 



^'"^-^^ CO ^OiH-^tnc^o 00 

- CO 

O Tf 



<o <o a> >o --H 00 o 00 T-( 00 ^ 

VO^CO^O^VO^CN 00^ <0 '-J^CO CO 

o ici^d^c^ irTco ocT^cT o <o co oo 

CO CO T-T 



cNoi>.<o-<*i^cocooiotococft 6{"a> 
i^T-(is.h,-r}<Tj<c^c^poooc^i-({»OiO 



f T NJ- >-» X X ' ' '^^X Nte^ 

O OO^CO *O^VO^V5^rH^rH O iN. C>) '"^^ O 

T^TvTo *C in OVT^O r-TcN CO iCr^CO 
rHV)<N-r-(00 V5 V5 00 00 <£> 00 CO 
CO a>0^r-(T}< OrHCN CO i^- 



.-"^cot^oiooocoo^o-. ^■oo>--oco 

l00-*'*CT>h><O<O00rHt^00Oiv,r-( 
iOO O *0 '<^< O is. CO CO CO h^ CO V) 
' CO oT tC oC ^ rf 00 CO 



X ; CO c>) CO 
§ loo O Jr^ Oi p 



w. ^ V, CO O 

^ jCO iH V5^r-t 1-t OO^COCftr-)-^ 
TjrrH" CO CO O 



co*rj«ooocoocN^h**o*no^05Ni 
rHOOt^o^ooTHT-(*r>co<ooo^ot^i^ 
oo-^vo-^THooiHO*oa>ooo^Tf<a^to 

00 tCoO O O Ci-^cPc^ CO 
tH to CO O 0> 00 0> 00 V5 00 O tH O Tj< 

cot-T *o oT CO 



N. >0 »0 00 ^ 

*0 CO 00 

«o >o a» »-H CN 00 

CN *0 00 

o oo" 



r.O O O 'O ""O 

Ci Tf< T}< vo 00 *n 

O Cft lO CO rH^ 
r-T IsT O^" r-T O i-T 
»0 <0 iH tH 

CO <0 r-J^ 

CO co" 



tOVOC^QOi-(^0»000'0 

a>^o(N CO -^oitoooiN. 
TjT o »H 'H to'tNTirTc? 

O'*b,C0»0CsjT}«CNc0 
»0 CO r-( a> 

co" »-r 



^v>a>(rococ^tC!»oo oc7> 

'^CO O CO O rH^*n CO CO 1 <o 

r-T CO o^" oT T^ocT 

00 »0 CN CO CO • 




56 



1^ CO ^ 

^ a <ji 

CO i> G^^OS^ 

CO rf CO 



O GvJ 
00 



CO cn 

CO O 

o 



O CO ^ 
CO 

cico 



'^8 



CO 

00^ G^^ 

CO 
as '-I 



o 

CO CO 



lO iO 

Tt< CO 
CO^ rh^ G^^ 

i> co'co' 

!> CO 
G^ ^ 

CO'"'-^* 



IT-I 00 TjH 

CTS '-I CO 

I^^O^^^co^ 
I Gi irT CO*" 



O) CO 
CO CO 



05 G^ 

1-1 

Tfi CO 



CO t- 

G-< CO t> 
G^ 

^"co" 



O G^ 
CO 

!> 

CO O 

'!f CO 



OS 1> 
G^ 00 

-^co 
CO i-T 

00 G< 
!> iO 

GO 



O '^f CT5 

^ CO o 
cq_co^'-<^ 

oT^^co' 

CO 



■r-i GO CO 
CO G< O 00 

cq^"^>o CO 
co-r^^co 

G^ 

CO 



Gv> G< 
O GO 



CO 

GO 



o ^ o 
CO CO »o 
00^ as^ 



O G^ 

o ^ 
©f go" 

O t- 
CO T— I 



CT5 i> 
©< i-< 

Co'kO 

O CO 

T-H CO 

'co ©r 

CO 



CO CO 
05 O CO 
CO^'-^i^ 

crTco''^ 
©< ©< Oi 



^ iSi ^ 
^ CO i> 
i-H CO CO O 

CO i-Tco 

©< 
©^ 



©< CO 
CO t> 
rj^^CO 

CO 



o o 

CO CO 

>o co^ 

CO 



CO co^ 
©< CO 

^ OS 



O 1> 

CO^T-^^ 

CO co" 
CO i> 



o ©< CO 

u:) CO Oi 

t^iO GO 
CO G< 

to CO 



^, ^ „ 

CO CO 1> 
00 GO^ CO CO 

'^f ©f ixT GO 

CO 



©{ CO 
G^ 

Oi^GO 
©f 



CO Oi 

©i LO 

CD 
CO 



CO T-H 

CO ^ 

o"co" 
to 



O c- 

CO t- 

Go'k^r 

05 O 



O GO 
CO CO 

o ©^ 

CO 

^ GO 

GO 



"<*©<'* 

Tj* O ^ 

iO CO 05 

©r CO 

1-1 CO O 
^ CO 



05 t> ^ 
O 05 GO 

cq^ CO 05co^ 
-^T-Too t-^ 

GO 



CO O 
O GO 

GO GO 

GO 



o o 

CO '^t* 



8 



CO 

GO 



O CO 
1> CO 

Co" GO 
CO CO 
CO ©< 



O 05 

o ^ 
CO o 

CO CO 



©i ^ o 

GO CO 

Tf^CO ©1^ 

i> nTco 

GO 

©♦ ^ 



O G^2 CO G^ ©< O 

O i> ©^ -5^" 05 o ©< 

05^ CO^ 1> CO O 

co" CO ccT co" CO 

CO GO GO ©< 

i> Oi 1-< 1-H 1-^ 



rrO©JCOCOCOCOUDT-( COCOOGO 
C^iOCOCOCOGOCO-^CO ©-(O'^r-i 

rt< CO^ GO^ O CO^ CTS^ CO^ 03 ' G r)t 
■^GO'co'cOT-^'ri^Ot^^' xt^ -O" 

03 t- CO GO .CO 



iGO O G^ CO f-i OS CD 03 T- 
COI>>^©-J^!>t>'*O3C0O3 
lO©^G0kO03t^©<C0-* O 



COCO©<LO'-H©<OkO^ 
■T— t 03 CO O 



§03 
03 
OO^.-Tt" 

co" 

CO 
CO 



T-i CO !. - ZJ L,\ 1— t 

CO J> i> ©< O 

l> ©i^ GO 03^ GO^ CO 03_ 

i> go" crT ''^^ CO o 

CO 00 CO ©< 
t> 1-1 03 



.11 ^ 

>-. o 



-£3 . 



Si 



o o 

T3 -75 



o.S 

cft . 03 <=<5 . 

0) o »- o 



^ ^ ^ 

<y ,22 3 q; 3 O - - 



1) xn 
-3 V 



03 • 

c S 

O O 

op 



o o 

O j3 



o <u 
y <l> 
O -C3 



or 



T}<i-iG^coa)j>coco 

C- T-< CO CO 



O CO 

O) »^ 
CO 

co^co 

CO 



c; O 

CO 

o 



CO 

CO CO 
CO 03 
GO 



Oi CO CO 
CO >0 CD 
CO C5^1>^ w 

T-TcTco go" 

O CO 
O CO CD 



t-.LO'!tCOOG^t>G^p>-0 
»OI>LOOiJ>COCOCOC2COO 

iOk_ocoo50^i>a) 



CO'-'^OC-u^OGO 



CO 

co"o 

CO 



o 01 



CO O ^ 
Oi O 00 o 
O CO O 



CO O O 10 GO 
CO CO c- 
CO GO i 



©< '^f 

CO 



T-iCO-p-HCMrJ'COG^OG^COCO 
'-G0Ol>OCii-<05 ^ ^ 
r^^COt-COCOUtjCO CO»-< 



GO t-N CD CO 

GO 



O 

GO CO 



O CO 
'co CO 



CO rf 
O O) 



GO T- 

CO^O_ 

C5 '-t 



GOoTTooS 

^ CO CO GO 
'^'^^^ 
G^cT co" 
^ !> 
CO CO GO 



O'*G0OC0rJ^<3^»O^Ot- 
J>0101'^COGOl>COl>-^l> 

go" ©T cT ^ !>" Co" CcT 
O CO 



CO 

os^co^ 

CO 

gT 



CO CO 
GO GO 
CO l> 



CO GO 
O ©< 

co^co^ 



GO l> 1-1 

Oi 1> GM 
CO^ 'I, GO 
■^gTi> CO 
05 T-1 CO CO 
G^ CO G* 



|iOuOLO»OCiOG^J>aiiOrj<CO 
O^COG^OiCiG^C-COOiCO^'- 
C<^l>^CD^uO^Tt^LOC0i-^a5^Tti CO^CD 

go" i-T LfT ^ '-^'^ '■-o' 

CD CD C5 GO 



CO CO 

CD 

GO^ 

©T 



co^ 
co" 

uO 



GO 

CO 1> 
G^^O 

co"*-^ 

GO O 
CO 



CO 

O 

CD 
GO 



CO 

G^ G* 
iO^G<^ 

co^gT 

l> GO 
CO GO 



00l>G*C0t-'-'C0O5"<*CO^iO 
G^CDG^COOCOCOt^vOOjrtGO 
G|_G^C>^^GO^GO^O^^O^^ t-^^'-^GO 

i> i-T oT CO CO »o" »^ co~ ©r 



CO !> 
i-H GO 
O 

GO 
00^ 

©T 



G^ i> 

G^ 1-H 

CO CO^ 

CO 
CO 
CO 



©I ^ 

CO O 

T-i^G<^ 

co't-T 

CO 

©1 



CO 
02 G^ 

crTco 



O GO 

'-H^CO 

©r TP 

O CO 



Oi-iCOCO— 'lOOiG^'— G^i-« 
CO CD C5 --0 G^ 01 CO O CO C5^ 
l>G|_»0^l-^J>0^'^CO CO 

CD~-*" ZD -rf T-^ y-^ CO 
1— l> 00 CO 



l>^^OG*T-iO'?f 
CDC5CO-rG^G^-*CO 
CD-^t^COCOCOGOO 



G< G^ O G^ '-^ J> 

T-< 1- 1-1 o; 




O O O f« i-H 



O (D 



^ O 



o 



c ^ Ti :z 2 w o <i> 
< <CQ ffl ca CQ cq 03 CQ PQ eg w pq Q o p. o o o 



58 



O ^ 

O ^ 



1> CD O 



CO CO O 



CO CO ^ 



CO 



l>CO©ICO>Ot>'!*<CO J>CO G^l> 

rt CO '-^ CO^ , i>CO^ I '-^O 

gT to i> CO e^" rf 

CO CO ^ 



t- r}* CJi 
CO l> Oi 
G^'^tO 

■.-Tco o 

CO O 

CO G^ 



CO t- 

00 

co^oo^ 
!> 

G>< 00 



O O 1> O CO 
G^ i> T-t G^ O CO >0 

Oi^ a5_ iO^ 

ccT oT CO xrT CO co" 

CO 05 CO o t- 
rt CO^tO^ T-( Gt 

i-ToT CO 



*-< Oi 
1-1 05^ 

GO 

o 



o 



CJit'T-i^tOGO'-HCOOCDt^ 
COiiSG^G^t^rJ^OCO^O^CO 
G^tO^CO '^00 t^OS^Ui »-t |> 00 

^ ^ ccT CO CO CO co" t-^ oTt^ 

i-i'-iGOt-O'^ G^Tj* 



CX> !> lO 
CO CO ^ 
l> CO 
CO l> 

l> 

CO 



to o 

G^ tfi 
CO^ 
O 
OS 



rf G^ 
Tj« G^ 

gT CO 
no 

CO O 

G^ ri 

■r-i ' CO ' 
00 GO 

CO ^ 

CO CO 
gT O 

CO T-i 



O CO i> 

o CO 
to o 



GO G^ CO 
O 'Tf ^ 

^ G^ 

G^ a> 



G< 



G0i>t0OG005C0G^G0G<C0 

co©<coocoo:i»-i'*t»'*i> 

OG^'^OCOCOrfCO 05tO 



!>G0COT-<tOt^G<a> 
CJ 1-H CO CO 



CO to 
G< 



CO CJi o 
CO CO to 

, to T-( ^ 

o'to'' 

G< 
I CO 



MO G^ 
CO to 
G^^ 

to 

O 



CO 0< CO G^ 05 to 05 CO O O 
OiCOOCOi-itOOSi-iCOOO 
05_i> CO O co^'^'^*^ <^ ^ 

iOGf to^ocooTT^' T-T 

05 1-1 G< CO ©< ^ 



1-1 t> 

t> 

^ CO 
J> G>l 

00^ 

'co"^ 

01 CO 



GO O 00 

CO ^ 

GO^O_CO 

CO CO i-T 

CO ^ 



G^ CO 

1— o 

GO^O 1-* 
CO i> 

CO 
CO 



CO l> 

00 

G^ 

G^ 

to 



to CT) O 
OS CO 
G^^ O Ci^ 
OrjTco" 

T-H CO 

G*^CO_ 
GO '^l^ 

to ©< 



CD t- 

GO Q 
CO^OS^ 

oTco 

G^ 00 
O^tO 

gT 



r^t>OtOrti»-(OiCO GOGv( 
CDCDC0!>G^Oi><^( 

CO COG^^tq^i-^iO^CO^ I »-<G0^ 
r-T CO^orGf Oi-TcD 

1-1 ©1 G^ 1-H 



to 
CO 



©< CO 
Oi GO 
CO to 



CO CO o 
CO -Tf o 
CO o 



O CD 
CD CO 



OJ to CO CO CO 
CD ©< CX> T-< 
©< O^GO^ CO CO 



G^COt-tO'^Oii— it^CDCOCO 
tO!>©<COOiOCOtOC005©< 
C0l>G0i-il>G^'^'-< CO©l 



OGOtOt-T-i!>COtO';fi> 
C0tOG^CO©^C0!>©<©^ai 
^ O COI>!>tOT-itOCO 



ir)G><o:ir-iO'^©(c- 

T-1 1-1 CO O CO 

©» r-. 



-^f ©< 

G^ 



CO CO 
CO 

05 



CO ©< ©< ©I O Oi 

^ T-N ©< i> 

o cq^T-H^ to^co 

1-^" CO ©r 00 

CO 



. I 



It 



o ^ 



o a> 

2^ C- 



o . 

^ o 

^•3 



9- a> 6 1^ on 



3 03 0} 

CQ CQ CQ 



CQ 



aortSooo-cojs 
pqCQpQpqOOOOOO 



O <D 



59 



T-i ^ C<^^»-i G^iO 
CO 



GO CO kT5 1> O »^ 
CO ^ »> <3^ CO l> 

io »- CO o rj" 



»n ^ rf 
t- CO CO CO 
CO i-^G^iO 

i-T i-^' c6' CO <N CO 05 CO >^ 

r-icO'^CO COG^, »OCOO 
lO ^ 



CO r}< C5 rr 
CO CO CO 1> ©< GO 

t-^ t-^ OO^ CO^ I rj^ 

co" O CO '-I i> T-" 

GO CO , T-i 



•^CO<X>G^'-^'— 'CJ'^fO'^t^CO 
G^GO»-<00»002COI>OO^Q 
O^CO^O^t-^CO^O^G^G^^O^O^Cq^O 
cT CO cT C-^ G^" G^" TjT t>r ^ TjT 
'-I O CO ©< ©< rji CO 



OOCO<X»C01>»^OCO 
!>OC5COOCOOCO 
C5^ CO CO^ ®^ ^ 

Qj T-« CO 05 

Oi 



Ol'^GOCOCOGOO-^CJ5GOCOI> 

a)C5T-iio>ocooa5'-t'-^^i> 

^ ^ ®1 ^ ^ 

co">rr^^'^>i5'arc£rco©roi>'co 

'-iG^t-CO iOt-^ i-«i005 

1> CO ©< O 



O) O O Oi CO Ci 
Tt O O CO ^ C5 
1> G^COCOOi^ 

ctT j> cT ^ 

CO o »o 
CO 



O O O ^ O 1> 

CO G< O GO 00 05 
^ I> l> O CO CO 



^ ,0 O »- CO G>< 
J> CO G< 

^ ©< 



n 

H 

o 

I 



O ^ O O O 

O CO CO ©< CO O CO 

CO^ G^^ Oi^ 

CO O O O CO CO 

f-* 05 G^ iO 



O O O o:> O CO 

CO G< O C5 '-I 05 
O CO CO t^'-^ I GO^ 

»-i lO , 
©( CO ' 



O O 1> 05 
O ^ O ©< 

iO 0^05^05^ 

cTcO CO CO 
CO CO 
CO rfi 



O O ^ O G^ 10 ©» 
O ""^ CO O CO i> CO 
CO^ CO 1> G^^ ^ G^ 

CO o CO CO crTciTt^ 

l> ©< CO 

1- 



o o o o o 

©I O G^ CO O CO 

c:^ CO -j^ co^ -q^ 

" 10 ©r ctT 

CO 05 
©< iO 



^ 8 

!> CO 



o O) u:) o 

O CO G^ 
CO CO CO 

(S iS 

^ J> t> Tj< 

O CO 



t- O G^ O »0 CO 
CO t> »0 >0 CO CO 
CO >0 '-t CO CO 

C0~ Co" T-^" Gf O go" ^ 
iO CO O) T-l G^ 
G^ 



OOOG^COCOOCO 
CO o 05 O ©* 
05 »o o ^ ^ 00 



l> l> CO 



O O '^t^ CO {> 
O ^ CO 05 t> 
CO_ Ol^-^CO^G^ 

CO ^-^f "^CO 

T-l ©1 CD 

CO CO 



1- UO O O O O CO 

T-i O O ©< i-i o ^ 

T-1 C5 Oi^ CO ©< CO 

CiT »-t O 1> G^ J> ^ 

CO G^ T-i CO 



O O O CO CO ^ 

O O O CO GO G< 

'^t l> CO 

CO 



CO 



CO O 

CO O 

l> CO 

co" co" 



O T-l i> ^ 

O CO CO ©< 
O CO G^ 

CO oTgo i> 

1-1 CO >0 

CO CO 



CO O O CO O l> 

O CO O O O l> 

CO CO G^ T-i^ 

crT^T CO iff cjTgT crT 

r-i Oi G^ ©< 05 

G^ ©< 



J2 3 <U -r- 



O O CO V5 

^ £ 



^3 



^ p « 



(U to 

6 ^ 



>-« fcH CD 



Cj-1 



1= « 

ooxx 



60 



cocoi>oi>o:iOc5 
i> a: T-( CO CO ^ 05 



GO ^ 



CO GO CO 



O CO'^t'-^vOOOG^CO-Tfi-tcO 
05G^(L0T-HU0O"C0C0OC5V0t-t 
CO^ G^t^-^CO^CTS^G^uOt^COOO 

0< C000C0COt-hi>lo G^'^O"^ 

j>u:) T-ico G^'^'-ito 



oiO(3^oa)©^oco 

OOCO-*Ot-ht-hCOCO 

CO 1-H 



I> 05COa50i>COC0005G^CO-^ 
£;» i>'-H^}>OOC0rr'C5C0a)G< 
©^>^iOCOG^01>^COCOas005 

J> 10 T-l T-( Tt" CO O) 



^ '-1 Co ©.< 

O 00 ^ G? ^ CO CO 
CD^O^ 1> 05^ 

i> (xT CO 

G* CO 

*-! G|^ 

gT 



C5 tococoG^LOco{>cooa5'!f'^ 

1> kX5OG<C0'^U0iC)C0G^a5l>C0 

o: J>ocoTfO»0!>05uO'^T--co 



T-4 TtOt>05C0C0r-. 
CO T-< ^ CO CO i> CO 

CO ^ o< 



O CO ^ 

rl O t- O 

^ CO 05 



lOr^t^CO-^CO^^co 



O CO CJ 
l> O 

i-Tco o" 

CO CO 

G< G< 



»0 02 05 CO 
00 G^ 05 CO 



CO OCOO'-i»^COOiC72i>0:c.jCO 
GO O5>Ot^C0CDl>>^G^CO.i>u:)-<ti 

G^ cococq^co^io^t-'^co^coojt-Hu:) 
CO*" oT r-T CO T-T co'' T-T gT j^r -^tT CO 

T-4C01>T-iiOi-< COCOG^CO 
CO CO CO CO 



ft 

£-1 

52; 
o 

I 



I 

s 



COL-^COO»^OOG^ 
00G^OGv<i>05T-(G^ 
CO 02^ 00^ 

co" ^ i> o" ^ go" go" 

CO J> ^ r-l 

'i-i o 



O »JOCOi00305G*COG^OOOGOi> 
O'i COrfGli-iG^'^tOcO-^T-iCOCO 
O G<G^05COG^COCO-^0505t-hGv< 



GOCOO^OCOG^UOi>G<T--r-iCO 
G<^^!>T-(O2U0 T-!OC000 



COCOOJCOOiCOCO'^ 
05C005'*COCOG^CO 1> 
COCO'-ilOOGOCOCO 



O CO rH O 
G< 05 T- T- 

G< GO 



CO 

CO Tt' 
Go'ci 

^ o 



CO u:) 

-^P GO 

o ^ 

r-1 CO 



Tti GO CO 
G* CO CO 

T-H 

o" o" 

r-( 02 CO 



COt-iG^COCOI> CO CO 
i-iG<0»OOt^ o o 
CO CO Tji O , CO 



CO i-^ G< 

T-1 CO »^ 



CO G^ 
CO O 

CO CO 
T-l uo 

CO 



CO CO 
G^ CO 

j> CO 
gT o 

05 »0 

CO 



CO T-< 
O Gi CO 
CD 

gT T-TaT 

T-H 00 oo 
G< 



O Gi CO CD O 
CO GO ^ CO GO 

CTj^ to ^ co^ cq^ 
co" co" co" t-" 

G< CO CO to GO 

o 

G< 

CO »0 T-i CO ^ 
CO CO l> "if 

to cO^ G?^ 

gT oT Co" gT GO 
T-t CO i> 

<^ T-H 



tOi-iT-itOC002t^i> to 

l>005COCOtO!t>CO to 

G<^ GO GO^ CO t-^ CO CO 

oT o" o" to co" co" 

'If CO ^ 1—1 to 

G^ O 



OtOtOG^OO'-ii>'?}^OG^COiO 
i>COCJ2'*05COtOOtOCT5COO 
^GlrftoOiT-icOCOCOt-iCOO 



G^0500C0t0t0OC0 
1-1 G^ CO CXi to 
to CO 



1> G^ 

^ O 

1-1 7-1 -^f* 



3 S 

^ 



a ^ o 



Oh 3 



o 



I — \ ^ o o ^ ^- 
QJ ^ .-O 3 j£ 



■P ^ «u o 

8 ^ 



C3 i2 



o 



O 

° i > 

03 IS 



CS 
Oh 



114 i 



o o > '-zi '-a . ~ 



o ^ 



a cti CTj 



Gl 



CO 

c: tc en- 

G^? O 

CO 



iCO 5^ O CD O =0 

rr lO Tt< Tj< 3s> 

>^ O ' c: I> 

CO o" '-^'^ 



GO CO :c 

so C5 o ^ o 

O ^ 



— to 



!>— ^COCOG^O ,t-{S^JOk^ 



CO CO 

CI GO 



O CO 



ocococooooco o coco 

Ott^GOCOCOCO O ■^Ci 

G^ CO_ CO^ lO ©{^ I CO 1 ^^^^ 

o~co"go ©r cT CO co't^ 

CO CO i-H CO . O 

©< ' ' CO 



^ OG^^a)COGOcoG^^G^oc^G^co 
-J. ^CDT-icorr-^G^fOJi-G^t-c; 

CO '3^'=i^OCOi--^G^^OuOCO^i-^uOCO 

gT g^" co" cT CO CO CO o cT g^ co" i> o:" 

'TTCOG^ TG^'-'CiCOG^©^ 

»^ CO t- 



CO 

CO CX) CO 
CO O CO 

-Tt-'co 

uO G^ 

©< o 



CO CO 
1> O >^ 
cr: ©< G^ C5 



G^ G^^ 1^ CO CO CO T}- O >-0 

tO^COi-iOSiO^O^iCOCOO 

©JOC0l>C0!>T-0^O«'-^00 



1-1 UO CO 

©} Tj- 

©< 



CiCO^G^'*-*uOCO 

O CO CO o CO 

CO CO G^ 



G^^'*'*TJ<COC5CO'^COOUO 
COG001>CO-*t-OCOTCOv-0 
!r^r^COCq^C2^'^LO^CD_CO 0,CO 

o CO*" o T-T cT co" crT cT o" CO 

^CiCOCO CO'^t^^t-'*^ 

l> ©< 1-1 ©J 1-1 ©« ©> 



H 

o 



o 

i 



■ CO O C75 '!f CO t> CO 
. IGO 05 CO CO >p O CO 

o 

!> 1> CO 
00 1-1 
1-4 CO 



co_ o_ ^ ®i ^ 

CO cT 



i r* r:}' 1> 

. . CO ^ 

IC5 ,0 CO 

.CO I ^ CO 
©) CO 



O ©J CO CO 
CO 1-1 ©» ^ 
CO l> CO 



t^C^COt^OG^'^t'COCOCOO 
CO-^'^t-COCO-r^OiCOCJG^T-. 
'-^ ©1^ CO 1> CO^ G^ CO^ ©J^ CO^ co^ Ci> 

t-'cOO'^j^cT^rirco OO--^ !>©i 
1> CO »0 l> uO CO 

T-^ ©> O 



o 

CO C'O 



CO O C5 
GO ©I 
CD i-^CO 

CO 
CO 



1-1 CO 00 ^ 

©< ©^ ©< '-^ 



C0C0C0i>CO^Ot>O 
rf<^O^"5C0C0C0C0©^ 
©iCOCOC^OG^Oi— ©< 



©I 



1-1 



CO O CO CO ©> ©< 
CO O »-< rj" o 
©J ^ CO ^ 



05 CO 
05 ^ 
CO^ 

cTco 

UO 

©» 



CO ©^ «> O O I— Ci 
•^CO^OOCOCOl- 

'-;,GOi-< t^^ coo 

©r -t" co" co" 

I- CO 

CO 



O Oi -Tf r- GO 1^ ©( 

C^) — < ©< ©^ 

CO^ CO CD^ !>_ lO ©J^ 

uo" cT Co" t-" CO CO 
©< i> O '-^ 1-1 O 
©I ^ CO 



O !> CO CO 
05 O uO 

co^ ©j^ 

CO CO cT^ 
CO CO — 
CO CO 



O o 



---(DO 

<u o tc o 

t-" J! "2 "2 

C« — Q - C 

^ ^ ■£ 



0^ ^5 o o 
' = ?s ;2 "3 

5 . 



rt cB ct; 



I • ^ - 

;^ o S 



C "3 



O c« O O 



c ^ '-^ = ?^ 
3 J2 J2 3 = 



15 g 

03 



o u ca ^fa c:^ o o g a: 



62 



CO CO 

05 



CO 

CO GO 



t- CO 

GO 



CO ^ 

Oi CO 

00 



^ C5^ 



O -^f 

Go^r-T 

^ GO 



CO CO '^f* rhi 

t- Tt CO C75 CO 

cq^ co_ 

CO CO '^i^ CO i-T 

T-' G^( 
CO -PH 



»> o GO a> 

vo Oi 

^ O GO^ O) r^^ 

CO ^ 



05 Q 
CD^O 
CO 



00 ^ 



OD Oi 
'^t uo 

go" 



§ B 



^ Oi 
05 GO 
O^CO 

GO CO 
G^ 



CT5 CJi O 02 CO 

^ CO CO 1> crs T-^ 

^ T-K_ t-^ G^ 

•-r ^-T CO CO 

GO CO O GO 
!> CO 



O CO 0:1 o 
CO CO ^ CO »-« 
OD CO O T-j^ 

GO ^ CD i-T go" 



CO CO 
CO 

O CO 
GO 



O GO 
05 CO 
O_G0^ 

©To" 



to CO 

©( CO 
CO ©1 



GO G^ 
UO O 



GO GO 
CO 'vj^ 



to 
C5 GO 
O^CO^ 

o to 

CO T-^ 



1— I Oi Tt CO CO 
l> GO CO CO $> 
O 

G^ 05 to ^ 

_ ^ UO 



O !> CO CTi 
"Si* UO ^ Tj* 
©( ©^l>^05^ 

to'^r ^-Tco" 



|OtOOtOOCO©JCOrt<OOCOTf-^T-HOtO 
OCOOCO-THG^G^-^-ij^OOG^tOGvjT-ii-tTf 
'*05©<COtOC0050'^tOCOOtO©^CT5'<^CO 

t^G^G^'<*T-<c^Gotoco^crar©rrt*~©r 



CO 

t> CO 



©< 



©< 05 01 '-I GO G^ ^ 
00 to 



O CO O 

O ©< ©< O 

to T-< GO^ 

^ O ^ 

©* 'T^ 



Oi •^tOtOtoir-CO»-*rfOOOCO©<OOtO 
CO y-< COCriOiQGO-<*ooO©^COOOt^l>0 
05_t-^ I tO^"^ri^J>^OCOCOCOC7S!>CJiCOT-HiOOO 

CO tcTco^GO tcr©r c^^ CO o" cT cT cT ^ 

1-103, CO ©(©JO'*G^©('* 
to 1-1 i> ©* 



CO t- O 

T-f t-l to 

©^^CO^G^^ 

i> '-T o" 



00 CO 
CO CO ' ©( 



CO 00 

©< ©< 



05 GO 
CO 00 CO 
C73 O 1> 



o o 
o to 

©^ ©< 



05 1> ©< 
CO 05 o to 

l> ©( to ©J 



©It^ ,OC0G005©< ©*OtOt>l>tO 
i-( ^ ^ l> 05 l> 

CO to 



to to o 

t> 1-1 GO 

ctToT 

CO 00 



CO to O 

CO o o 
}>^l--^©<^ 

CO t 1— t 

©I 



o o o ©< 
^ to ^ o 

to ©^ CD^ 
©r ©r rf lO' 



1— I CO 

to to 

to CO 



^ CO O 
05 CO CO 
©^ ©^CO 

^"co" 
©< 



©^ o 
o o 
©( o 



CO to CO CO 
05 GO to 
05 ©^ to i> 



CO CO CO to 05 CO 
lO ^ i-( ©? 
CO to 



COO'^'^t-tOG0050COOOtO^O 
J>tOi-iO©li:-OI>t0050©*i-i©(CO 
G^co CO c:5_ CO ^ GO to^ tq^ t>^ t> 05^ 

T-T CO ZO ©r CoTt^GjT tfT i-T 

y-i 05 CS^ Tt" 

to 



O to to 
GO O ©{ 
CO^r^ CO 

o'co'i-T , 

1> CO • 



O to o o 

r-H 05 1-1 CO 

CO^CO 1-^ 

o T-r©r 

©I to 
1- GO 



O CO O g 

©( GO o o 2 

T-H^Cqt-^^05 



O r-" O 

CO ©J ^ O 
i> ^ to 



^ O If o 
o g 



o o 



6 £^ 



^ 2S O O O 
^ ^ :£ 

I , '03 



^- o S 1^ 

ed o a; -Ji 
K Dh hin hIh 



000 



.S3 

o S 



C3 



CO 

. . . 

-a o o o 

^ X! 



CO Q, CO 

s 
s 



^ ^ "5 "1^ 



03 c/; CO U 



63 



i C5 



CO_ 1> <?5 0_ l> CO O O CO I CO t-^ CO 

crT ctT 



^ « 



uo CO CO 



CSCNTfOCO^^G^iOCSCOCO-^^COa) 
00^ ^ *^ ®1 ®1 "1 

rr ^ CO co" ccT oo" co" 

CO GO — 



•Tl* CO 
05 O 
iO « CO 

o TOTir 

CO ;^ GO 



o ^ "^t* 

i> CO 
lO CO 



CO CO 



CO 



CO 
CO CO 
^^CO 

CO 

CO 



O CO 



^ CO ^ »o 



05 CO 
CO 
CO «^ 



CO CO 

O) CO 
CO CO 

CO 



CT) 05 

CD 

CD ^ 



C5 J> CO 

CO 1> G^ •<:»« 

!> CO^ 

co' ^ 

r}' ^ 



T-i CO Ci ^ 

iO o CO 
O CO CO 



^"5 



CO so 



CO 

CO CO 



CO 05 
CO CO 
uO 



CO CO 
CO 



1> CO 

to 



Ci CO 

f o 

CO 



GO 

O 

co^o_ 

iO CD 

o 



CO CO CO C5 
l> O 
(N^ CO G^ 

co'co 

CO ©< CO 



lO ©* G< 
CO 

CO 

CO CO* 
CO ^ 



<N CO 

Tl« CO 

vO^CO^ 

of o 

CO 



O CO 

CO Ci 



05 t- 
GO O 
O CO 



O CO 



O CO 

o o 



©< 



LO O 

©< G^ 

co^©<^ 
i^'co 

CO 



O lO 
O 1-1 



CO GO 
05 



CO CO O 
I> C5 ^ CO 

c;^ ©1 CO. ©^ 

— " ©T co" co" 

Tt< CO CO 

©( ©< 



©^ Oi CO l> 
»^ vo O CO 
0^05 o o 

CO kO 
uo ^ 



--,,^^^C0»O©<C0OC0C0OOC0©<COOi>t-G000C0O 
i©<OOCOC5COCO^©<t'05-»'^0'-'t^l>iOO"^C5©<COO 
^|Ol>^iOCO^TrOCO©< 1>CO«OC005^©<^CO^C5^COO^CO"^05^ 

o ■ ifT o CO*" CO ^ i> ©f i-T CO o CO ©f cT ©r — 

C0;©<t«- ©^O^t- — C005-^ ©< ^ 

^ CO cq^©< lO CO 05 

I ©r 



I*" 

ICO 

o Ico 

CO I CO 



OOCOiOCO'^O'i''^ — CX>G^C0O£^C0G0J>O©<i-'lr- 
0'^0©<OC50aC01>C005COO©^l>005COCO©<>OC^ 

^ o CO ©* — iO'-i©<a5io^ocO'-' — — r-*^ 



T-* CO Oi 

CO 



T-iG^G^CO-^OCSCO 
— l>t^GOl>©<J>CO 

CO lo CO Ti« CO 



i-i CO C5 

CO 



CO O O CO O CO'vO CO CO tb Ci CO O 00 i-" >o 
"^COCO^OCTiCO^ — l>t^C0'C'-'C0C0©<»^OO'-iO©< 



fCOCO^OCTiCO^ — l>t^C0'C'-'C0C0©<»^OO'-i 
Q^lf-^CO cq^CO^G^C^^i-^CO^^— COOOCN©^l>©<COC5^ 

Ci !&f 00 ofiococrT CO ^ ©f »^ Tf" CO cT I-T f-T^ 
1> 



i 



CO — ©^ « Tf CO Ci 
1P-I I> ^ CO GO 

cn ^ ^ 



CO 



:2 ^3 ^ o o 3 
— u g -a -a 13 

■ i 



3-3 



5? o 



o o 



. J3 

o — 



"^Jlflj O 0).— o o o 

i=! n X K s x a: 



o o 



^ i 



o o 



a; -a 



^1 



64 



O CO O O CO CO 

CO T-i CD CO 1-1 CO 

CO go" CO" of CO 

l-H ^ 



CO l> CO O 
CO <o 



1> OS iO ^ 

i> CO 05 CO 



©<-^G^<COiOrfCOC5^ 

co^co as CO ^ 

<Ji i-H -"^ CO CO ^ CO 
t-1 T-i 00 l> l> CO »o 

o 



05 

O CO 
GO I 
r-T 



CO ^ 
co^co 



CO ^ o 

r-i CO 

l> T-< CO 



GOOCOt>l>'-<I>00 
C0»0'-)U3'-Hi— iG^CO'^ 
!>^CO^OThCO^CO^COCO^ 

— " CO i> CO GO o oT O 
CO CO CO CO CO 
©-< CO 



T-^ CO 
^ O O 

O CO 



T-iOG^GO'i^'-"t-CO^Oi-*vOU5cO)LOCT)T}'G^!>CO!> 
0©<0'OG<T-iTt"iOG^»0'^G^t>G^CO r-»C0CDCO 
COtO^CO^'* e^T-iTjiT-H^CDiOCO'!}^'-" i-iO0'-<l> 



(rjrrcjT-»u:3«3CO)LQCJ5-«fQ^I>COl> 

Tt"iOG^»O'^G^t>G^C0 r-»C0CDCO 

T-^ lO^ CO^ 'Jj^ r-i 00^ 

co" -T 'TjT jt-T crT lo" oT !> ' CO CO 

COt^G^COG^G^-"* 
lO CD CO i-t 





^ 




CO '-I 


d 




1—1 




CO 





OG^0iOC0C5OG0'-<G0C0"r5C0-n'»-t 
OT-(Oiif505G^i-iG5^C0''fC0!>'!j' 
G^^ CO^ G^ "^^ ^ 

g^logT cTaT'^to'orGr^ccr 

CO CO Ci CO 
CO CO G^ 



to m CO 

CO Tf 1-1 

Ci 01 »o 



Q^l>Ot>iO'-HCOO:)COG^COO 
C0!>C0!>i>05C0C0C0C0C0OC0 

go" Gi iC O ^ oT of i-i" !> 



CO GO O 
CD CO o 

T-T r-T 



iC o 

CO to I> CD to 
CO GO t-i GO 



GO O 1> 

rf G< l> 

CD^C35^<M l> 

i-TcO CO 

«0 T-l 



vDi>0 OOC0CD!>i00SG^C0C0C01>C0CD tOl>C0CO 
OiOiCO iOOtO CDCOCDO5J>^G^CO'-it0 tOC01>©< 

Oi^CO^ 'O^OOCD COtOr-iCOOi-'OO " CO^i-^CO 

T-T . i-T '-^^ to d" to i> o CO o , 

G< ' rj< CO CO CO GO ' 

1-^ to 



G^CDi-H030'-'';f0^rfCDG<CO'*J>l>00 
CDCOO'^tOGO'-iCOCDGO'5fCD'-H03CDCOGO 
rfrfiCO— 't-CO'-'i-iGOG^G^CDTfrfO'^ 



CO rt" -rt 



to — c^<tocO'-'o:lCo 

tO'^fCO — COG^G^GO 
CO CO CO GO 



i> 1> "^j* 
1-1 O G^ 
CO^OS^C £^ 



CO 



cO^ .wjOOO-r, 
^ CO 




65 



T-G^O-^CO ©^CO©< a> r-i to c> 



O) GO CO 



GO 



»o O 1> 

O 05 

CO cT 
CO CO >o 



i-iCO-^OC-OSOSCOOOOiOCO ^ 

oocooog^coco^cocog^coo g^ 
oooo>^j>oco'-hcoog^co go 



COCOvOCOCOT-HTf'^'^COCOt^ 
t^'-* O-^CO f-^ Oi CO 
T— I 1— 1 ^ CO 



lO CO 
05 

OD^ 00 
CO O 
CO 



iO 

©} CO 
lO CO 
O TjT 

^ CO 
CO 



C0O^'*C0C0C0OG<'!t"O'^ l> 

a)OcO'-^OG^OOcnj>oco co 

»-^G|^rriLOG^uO!>G^COG^CO^CO^ i-j^ 

CO cjT 00 00 CO '-h' CO TjT CO ^ 

CO G^i-^CO COCO 

1-1 CO '-^ 'Sf CO 



O t>GOCOCOG<GOi-tCO»OCOCOOCOCOOOO !> 
G< CX)OiOO'?fOGO^'-'COOiOOCOI>^iO CO 
C5^'^G^O^'^CO^i--j^CD^CO^r)^CO-^CO>OG^G^ 

(S coGi'cr^arco"io''-rt-^co' Grco!>GOGr co" 

i> CO C> ^ ^ cocoi-* ©(CO "Tft^ 



O CO CO 
00 lO 

©< ^ o 



o ^ 

CO G< 
G^CO 



cococooi>^»^io»-»j:)Oi> 
coco©Jcocoi-"0«co^Oo:) 

»OCO'^OCOCOC01>COG^COOO 



COCOC01>0^'-<'-< 
CO ©< ©< CO 



>0 CO 

T-H 11 lO 
1-H 



C0L0C0C0Tt«G^l>i>O'OOC0 »0 
C75rri-i'*GOCO©(CO'tCOOJ> 1-1 
O'-^COOCOt^t-COOCOG^G^ T-H 



C:^ CO 

c:5 CO 

CO^ 

co" 

CO 



CO CO 

G< CO 

CO OS 
CO 



ooa)i>coc:)^G*T-iLOOG^'* 

CO _ ^ r-H 00 

^ ^ CO 



CO o 



CO ^ 

©(CO _____ 

C0COl>C0©*'-<©lO5!>©(^l>©^C0 



^cot^©<cooj>oo©ii-<oa5 

C0^i-<C0C000C0G^a5OO^ 



i> CO O O ©< CO 

©< T-< ©( CT) CO 



1-t o: {> 

©< 



C/3 C/3 O 



^1 



o a 



.5 "f 



(A O (/} 



o 



o <y 
■3 S 



~ a a S oj 



c« ^ -t^ tn rt a* 



•ti b 
Oh Ph 



I 

u 

c o 
5 



9 



66 



COCOCOOit-'^CO'^COG^'—COCOO'^CO CO 

05^ 05 co^ CO CO CO O crs >^ CO 

cTGicOoTcOi^GiOGi'c^r t> y-^ G'i' CO Gi 

G^-^G^COGO OkOO 1-HCOi-iCO »0 

CO y-i 1 0< CO G* 



0"^CDO»^l>G^CO>jOO"^i>'^'5frfCO 00 
a5G^COOG41>OCOCT)COi>":)G<(-*''-iT-i - 
COCOO'^CTi^CDCOOOi^CO O^G^ CO'" G^ 

CO 



rf CO 

1-1 CO 



o 



PC 



l> O CO 0^ 
lO O CO 
kO^ lO^ 

oT lo ccT co" i-T 

T-i rf !> 1-1 
CO ^ 



G^ 

G^ O 



CO t- 
1- G^ 

gTco 



CO 1-1 

CO i> 



lO CO CTi 
1> Tj* GO 
CO^CO^ 

-^co'co" 

O CO 



'Tt* ^O 

iO oT 



CO ''t ^ G^ 
T-( CO CO 05 O 

CO ilO cq^ 

co" co" o" co" 
^ CO Oi 



CO ^ 
O O) 
CO co^ 



O i> 
CO^G^^ 

co'oT 



CO CO 

CO ^o 

CO 1> 

CO u:) 



05 6 CO CO OS 
02 J> l> i> CO 
O 05_ G^^ 

OiCOOiO CO 
!> J> t- 
CO 



T-I O CO 
CO CO O 

co^ •^c^ 
<ji CO 

Oi^ CO 
G^" 



rt* G^ 
CO CO 

GO CJ5 
1- G^ 



T-H CO 

CT5 CO 

O co^ 
co'co" 



iO CO 
G^ Oi 
CO t> 

d'o" 

O) 00 



G^ G^ 
G^ Oi 
CO^ 



02 

CO G< 
Co" G^" 

©< >o 



1—1 CO 

G^ »0 

o ©* 



G^ O 



I CO ^'*G<'*05G^j>i-iCOC001>Oil>CO>0 

1-t C0C0G<TtiJ>C0tOO5C0COi— lOJCO-^G^O 

O »OCOkO^»O^!>^CO^rt;^i^^'-iC0r-iC0^i-^'^iTi^;_G^ CD^ 

ctT T-r.-rLOOOGfco'co''<^^T-^G^Go'oOO o" 

coa)T--oi> iooo:>co »jog^cog^ ©< 

l-H^ G<T-( i-(^C0»OC0 

1> CO 



I 03 

CO 
co^ 

CO 
!> 

co" 



l>G^00COt-i-iOi-iC0C01>V^05C0^i-M Oi 
iOCOCOOCOCOOu:)»OU^G<J>-^uOr^icO co 
00^ t> CO^ rj'^ CO^ CO^ 00^ G^^ '^'^ ^ 

o^l-^T^}>u:^T4~co^^coG^"coc<^»o''?tcoTi^ t-T 

T-iG^O>0^ G^>Ot-i COG^G^OOO 

G^ G.? 1-1 CD GO CO ''i^ 



t-'::^05aiC0G^l--C0C00iOC0G^'*»0G^ 
G^CO-^kOCOOSC^OUDOiOiOSi-iCOt-G^ 
G^G^Oi^cq^G^^^iO^COCO^iOiLq^CO^CO^-^^i-^U^ 

rfT rjT t-" of ©r u^" j> o o T-T CO T-T co" lO crT 

G<i-lG*^^ ■^■"nT'i-i T-irfT-ilOO 

T-( rfl T-( Tf 05 



^ 0) 

O 0(3 

cu 



CO o O — ' 

^ ^ " 



^ ^ 



o I ^ .S I ^ *• 



•r^ 6 6 




67 



t-COO'-''— ''-'COCO lO 
CO ,CC'*'^'-^'-''-'»^t^ |CO 

T-J^ 00 >0 T-^ 



CO OiU01>0©<OCOCO-COl>0 005CO 
1> ,i>OGOt-iOODG^'*COC5COCO>^CO 
T-H^ 05^'-^^Gq^G^^'-^O^t>_0D^i-^O^C0'--|^C0^C0 



COC00505COL!:)iOOCOOiO"=fGOrfCO>0 MO o 

0'-icoco-^T-HO'-"Coa:ocooco0505 co co 

CO CO^ ^ t--^ CO^ CO^ C><^ CO t>-^ Oi^ '-^ CO 05^ O^^ 

OiC<^^o^(:^0^-'-^<^C^t^(^(:or-^coOt^ co 

COOrfG^ -^LOi>CO ©^COt-(COO 

T-i ^ CO <N 



asos-^-^OOco-^koocoG^cociirjoo xo co 

C5 t-rfCOCJSlr-l-^'-COuOU^jT-HT-iiOCOCOCO »0 i-^ 

3^ ^ CO^ CO^ CO^ C-^ C-^ CO^ CXD^ ri^ CO^ CO t> o:i 

tfrco'co''-^'^c^'-^^''ccrco'ar'^co'i>'G-rGo''c£r 

'-^ GOCOCOt-iGO'"-< C0J>'i-t'-l'-l»O'-HlO^ O 
CO 1— i^C5v( T-i O^-'^-^COiO 

CO co" 



co'co" 

3^ CO 



'JTi^aJCOG^OSCO^CO 
GO O X> O ^ 

-tr't^ t^" T-T ctT 

GO lO CO 

1^ 



CO CO !> 
CO CO CO 
^ CO C5 



J> o 

o o 

1> Ot) 



j> CO c:5 CO G^ 

G^ G^ 
Oi CO 



O I 

■X) I 



i-i'-'G^'-'G^GOG^*-iOJ>^03COT-Ha3CO 

i>j>co:OLOco>^050:iOcoo:i05cocoG* 
co_^O^G^) CO cq^.-^co CO co^Oi^'-^cs^O'-^^ 
tS rS LOi-T j>arco"i-^'coGiGo'j>"co' 

'-H»OG^G^rJi lO'-<'-i &<COCT5CO 

^ !> 1- G^ 



CiG^(C:COCO'*{>tOCOCOOOCOC01>G< 

t-T-ti-iast-G^cocoT-'G^coOt-cO'^fa:) 

CO OCO-^CO i> CO^CO^G^^iO OD O^CO^O^OS^ 

oo co" irT CO oT oT T-^" TjT 

aiG>*r-t tCO OCOCOG^ 



CO 



t>c:ir-c^i>C5'-i^rj<Gv(OG^cociCOi> co i> 
cococ:5i>fCDL.oG;a5ajuoococot>G^ »-< co 

CO t^^ G^^ G^^ Ci^ cq^ CO^ CO^ CO_ CO^ '-^ CO^ r-j^ C75^ 

o of >.o" G^ uo" TjT co" co" C-^ rr" cT G-f vrf 

■^cococo Q-* a a Oi>coG^co co 

Oi C5^ CO CO CO 1> 



o o 3 6 g 2:! 



§ 6 



„ o 



a3 



o o _^ 







01 




i-l 












O 


;m 




a> 


an 


S 




G 








o 


an 


c 






u 




l-c 









I 

I 



<y c i- 



^ ^ -5 cfi _<u ^ 



O O cd o .ti o 



^ o o o 



,0 



o *5 

s 

w O 



68 



GO 03 
to 

1-* CO 



!> CO 

o >o 



•rr00T-<-<:*«T-iO5}>O00 00 C01>iX>CO 
'OOOi'-itOCOCO'-iCDCOOOSCOO 
t-^^CO^U^G-^^F-^G^^iO^CO OO^T— CO^CO CO 

CO &r t-h" tj^ co" cd" co" O r-T o O i-T 

CO OT-'Tt<COT-iGO'*COl>^'^ 



T-H LO GO C75 CT3 
t> 05 O CO CO i-H 
O '^j^CO 



CO CO 
O 00 
1-t G< 



a:)T-HOG0t>»^j>©^i>T-(— HCT5O0GO 
oo05'^0>OOco'-<o:cT2>oocoo> 

1> 03^ t-^ G^ 00 T-^ CO^ G^^ '-'^ CO CO^ 

CO CO G< k^TcrTG^ Oo'co'l^^Crrrjrco'cOirf 
O COI>'-iuOG>^rf^^l> 
G^ 



GO 

J> O G^ 
l> G^^OO^ 

(^""co" 
G^ 



CO O) 

T-H G< 

CO t>^ 

T-Tco" 

in ^ 



COOCOCOCOt-^COCOOOCOC^t^^ 
T^'^OCO-^COi-tOOOiCS^rhG^CO 
r-H^^t^T-H^O^'-^O-^^CO^^'^^CO^^GO^iO 

"<^co'co'G^"t-''orc7r}>'^i--^co^crcr 

00 tOCOG^COOOCO-^G^l> CO 

05 G^ r-( 



OOO coo l> ©•^O^COGOO'^COOOOOO 
0»00 iOCO G^OlCO'-iCOCO'O'-COOG^O^kO 
O^G^^iOSi— I t— i0^>OCrirfG^O»J0OG^0500'*u:) 

UOO&< co'tcf t-" a^^i-^coO^<0'r^Oi<DC^ co^'^co' 
coco i-iG^!>CO COG^G^CO'^rOiCO Tl'G^CO 

T-H I CO GO t> 



CO O CO 
(Ji (O Oi 
•^^ CO^ 

©r ^T-T 

O 05 

^ ©< 



O O 
O} CO 

co"j> 

CO 
O 



iOJ>CO05^OC0G^OC0OC0C000 
UDt-OG^T-iLOG^r-iiOOiOOOi-iGO 
i-MiO'-HGO'?t'COCO©ICO»001>t^©i 

^^of'-^co"^>'cocD^^coOGoa^i>co 

©< ^COG^l>CO'*G^ 



©» O ^ O O 
O O CO O o 

o co" 

©< 



CO 



05 ■<t»-^G^!:-0:i^l>C0T-'t^Or-HOG< 
O LOCO'*0>^CO-*COCOtOG^G^G^t> 
CO 0^0!>r-^^U01>Oi^C0 05^CT5^t^^OCO 

oT GOG^"^^T4'»Ot>CT^O^^>COGo'l-^"GO^:^ 

GOTj't-H coco»oococo ©< ^ 

lO ^ CO 



OCOO^G^^-^COG^CDCOCOOOCO 
CO'-iO>O^I>©^G^t--*GvJOOCO 
l> G^ G^^ Cfi^ O CO^ ^ CO^ G^^ T-^^ CO^ O 

i-^^r&T'-rGrt^GrGf oTt^'-H't^co't-" 

Qv^T-HT-l T-lT-iT-*UDCOCO T-lG^CO 



CO O O O O 
GO O ^ to G^ O 
t^O tO^G^ 05^ G^ 

CO lifco ^ '-T 
05 CO 



o o 

CO 
G^ 



fOCOCOCrjG^G^tO-^t-G^G^CO^ 



CO CO O O 
©< to CO CO 

Oii-<T-iTj< to T-HCOCDG^CO 



O tOCOCOOCOG^J>CJ2'5tOI>i-'G^G^ 

^ ^G^T-lOT-HT-t-COCO 



CO 



r-OG^'*>^^'^l>'^C0i-*t0i-li> 

^i-H T-icOO'— <towo -^co 

T-H CO ^ 



b 



Cu ^ 



i ^ Sol ^ 



3 



R a 



1 :s -§ 1 1 



69 



1 ^ ' '■^ *^ ^ '^.^ *^ '-'^ 
CO ! Co" O Co" gT ir-" Co" Co" ^ CO' cT G^" Tj^ cT O cT CO 
O CO'^'-' CO O O'=rC0C0rJ<C0i>G^'-'^J> 


1806. 1 


-^•^O Cr> Qi. COi-ii—uOt^T-^G^t-OOt-ClCOCO 
coco-- COO J> C0C5Oc0G<^i0'*':i''5<'ri^»OOC0 
^ O ^ , CO^ G|^ G^^ CO^ «^ CO^ G^(^ CO^ t>^ CD^ GJ^ C:^ J>, '-'^ 

CO*" i>" co" irf i-T i-T co^y^xScf^rn-^Q^ gT o crT co" co" gT 

OCOG^ CO O '-iCOCOt-O^t^OSG^OiG^CO 

G^ 


1804. 1 


i>Cri!>- i-il> CO OCOCOi>CO»-<COO^»0'X>G^"<*0 
^OG^ 005 CO COOCOG^t-C-TfrtCOG^G^TfCOCO 

CO^ CO^ CO^ ' ^ ^^r, '^c, ^ "^.^ '"i. ^'^ ^ ^ 

"^Oo'c^ iS ^ G^"G4'G^CD'o"co'cOOC01>"orT-^'OT-^ 
COl-5 coco CO GO" G?G<t>COCOiOt-T-iCOCOO 

Co" rjT 


1803. 1 


T-it^-^ COCO C5 COt-G^COCOiO^t-CJCOCOi-Oi-OCO 

1-icot^ coo i:oi>-5j"'^G<T-<a3'-(coi>GOcocoo 

CT3C0O , '-^CO CO^ COCOCOirjC:^TtG^G<^O^T-iGO^O^CO^G< 
COgTj^ t'^o' go" cfGO^GTLffi^GfcOcTco'i-rT-rco'T-rio' 
G<CO CO G^ CD'-i G<T-iOC0u0C-C0^^C^C3 
O 1 G<^ T-1 '^^'^ 
1-^ GO '-T 
G^ 


G< 

o 

CO 


G<00 »OG^ O COI>T-(GiT-i,-ir-(GO!>'^OGOG^GO 
COCOCO coo G^ COOG^COCOC5G^COC5COC5CO"CO 

oT co" i>" oT i-T CO gT '-^^ Gf co" co" G^'' CO CO oT co" CO 

lO'^i-i COCOr-ii-i ■^•■*COl>COCOCO CO"i-i 
C0«!>O" G* COCOCD 

CO 


1801. 1 


OCiCO OCO G< Oii-<C01>I>G)<X>Gj'l>C0C0C0O00 
TfGOC* COCO CO l^G<COCOCiCOuO'^CO"COOG<'*' 
O^OCi^iCOO 

go" I-T I-T go" co" ^ co' T-T 1-^ o'^ G^T G^'' go'' 1> !>" ^ crT i-T ccT 
coco ocococot-< i>ot-ocococo Oi-ico 

'-•Gl •G^CO^O'-i "^tr-i COG^-* 
gT 1> 


o 
o 

CO 


G^G<COG^»-OCO CO C5uOG<COCOCOOC50C50CO>OCO 
G^COG^OJ-^fO " C0-^C0OO"00t>i-HG^Ct^Oa5 

G^^ '-'^ tq^ '^.^ ^ '"^ ^„ 
co" co" ^ O gP cT oo" ^ t-"" oo" uo cT co" CO Gr gT 

COO OJCOCOG^ CO'*'Ol>'«uOGO COrj'iO 

CO 'H, cr> 1-1 
gT co" 

»-0 


1799. 1 


oi-f'-' cn-i — < CicO'Ci— <G<cooco-*G>c:i>oo5cr 

1> G^ -T G^ G^ >-0 CO CO en Ci CO l-^ I- G< L.O CO Ct) CO CO 
C0_ l^^ '-^ • CO^ *^ -T^ l-^ UO C: CO O O C5 GJ CO^ CO — Cl 1— 

co" CO CO CO G^" cT oT crT CO co" oT CO O CO o" CO c 

C005 G<CO Gt CO i-N050-<aiT-<iO-*COCOi-'Tf 
1-1 ^ • CO CO G< '-H 
^ CO 


Species of M erchandize.\ 


Shoes & slippers, pairs 
Skins and furs, dolls. 
Saddlery, - - do. 
Silk, raw, - lbs. 
Starch, - do. 
Soap, - - do. 
Sugar, brown & > , 

other clayed, \ 
Do. refined, - do. 
Sheep, - numbers 
Ship stuffs, - cwt. 
Salt, - bushels 
Snuff, - - lbs. 
Tobacco, manuf. do. 
Do. unmanuf. hhds. 
Tallow, - lbs. 
Tar, - - bbls. 
Turpentine, - do. 
Do. spirits of, - gls. 
Tea, bohea, - lbs. 
Do. souchong, - do. 
Do. hyson, - do. 



70 



1X5 O rt' 

!> CO CN O O 

CO '-j^ CO -"f 

cT CO ^ CO 



CO uO 

r-H lO CO 

i> CO 
10 



O 1> 

CO CO 



CS^ Tt O 10 GO -OS 

t-( r-1 O CO CO 

10 CO GO O '-l »0 

co">£ 

CO 



o co co 



CO 03 

GO 05 
C0^CO^l> , 

t-Tg^ crT 



o a> 

GO CO 

05^ 

CO 
GO 
CO 



Oi(3^»X5T-»000'^COt~COOCOt>>^ 
CO!>i-i CO^OCTlOCOCOCOG^OCM 
CO©^0"«f05C^05CO>OCO 



t- TT 

O^GO" 



cocococo!>i>'-<u:)>^i> 

CO CO ^ CM 05 »0 

^ GO 



GvJ ^ !> 
O t- 

0,05^ CO 

^ CO 
rf T-H T- 

CO 



©< CO 
r- 10 

CO^CO^ 

T-t CO 

o 
o 



CO'-^O^CO'^COCOiOltOC^COCOG^O 
T-HO'-<02O»-'©<I>0l'st*G0'-'O'«^' 

05C0 ooo:t>coi>t>G^'-icoco^ 



05©^iO'T}»050GOGO'Nf''~« 
*-iG0C0'*'^O'^»OO©< 
I> 1^ CO GO 



)lO l-H T-l 

CO CO CO ».o 

G^_^ Cq^ , CO >i5 , 

co" !>" go" t-T ccT 

U:) I- T-( r-l 1— 



C0G0i0t-Ot-'*05OG^C0C0O'* 

a:i'-Hi>LO-to^GOcxi'-*T-(Oco'-'''-' 

T-i^CO^CO COO-^l^^G-J^GOOll^ GO^ CO^ 
03' '^'^ £^ Co" iO T-T }> G^" Iff Co" oT 
rj* TtiO5C0C0C0C0i-<iOG0'* 

l> T+l T-H 1-4 kO CO 



1>LOO'^>^OCOGOG^C;5»— 

O5^C0©<^OiCn)(3^^!>l> 
XO 05^ CO 05^ ©j^ GO^ O^ ^ CO^ 

LcT '^"co''^ co" ^ go" 

CO^tO^G^t- COOS'^ 

CO c^( '-I o GO 



Ctl CO "^f CO O 

10 O 

^ UD^CO^ I CO '"^ 

o" ^ TtT ltT 

T-( CO T- 1 CO 

CO I GO^ 



CO 

O ©I 
GO ©J 

5" 

GO 



Oi CO CO CO 
T-^ T-l 05 
CO^G^GO^ , 05_ i> 
(S^i-Tt-T CO 

CO CO ©< 



i> G^T- CO^COCOG^'^t'^OCOtfCO 

©< ^GO ©<T*kOJ>G^CDCOG0T-^'*«> 

Oi <^ ^ I ^ '"1. 

}>~ i-^ Co" kO Co'' oT i-^ go" t--" T-T Tj^'" oT CO*" 

j> ^G^(^ COt-^t-h OilO 



O 03 ©< 
CO o >o 

GO^ CD^ G^ 

co" t-T 

CO to 1-1 
1-1 CO 



O GO 
CO 

10 o 

G^ 



COOOO'OCO-^G^G^G^'-iCOiOOSOJ 
COOSCOCTiCOOGOOOCOiOrf'^CO'-' 
tf^ CO^ ^ '-^ G^^ G^^ Tt'^ 03^ GO 

©T ^ of ctT co" ©r oT oT go'' CO co" ctT 

©< O^U^JGOCDCOKJLO T-<©<0 



(V 



. a 



o o 



r—\ VI m m m o 1} 
I • 3 t3 



o o 



c 

^ i 

o o 



J5 ?d bJD O ^ -=^^ = 



cJ^q^^q^ Q c/3 c/3 cT) c/!} H Q H H H O H 



o o 



71 



o 

I 



CO T-H »0 CO C® 

O O l> l> 00 

CD^ O CO !> CO CO 00 

Co" i3<r oT ^ 

ii »-i CO CO CO »0 



l> «> 

i> 

G^"?J"^0^ 

(S^ CO 

1> G^ 

co" o" ©f 

G^ 



G^ rj' 

CO lO i> 
ccT 

O T-i 
T-l 

©T 
uo 



©< CO 

r-l CO 

cq^ 

©T 

1> CO 



O »^ l> !> G-< lO l> 
00 to G^ G^ CO >0 Oi 

CO^ ^ !> to O 
lO tfTc^ Oo"co cTlr^ 

T-N iO CO 1-1 



^ CO O 

G^ OS 
tO^ CO CO^ 

co" co" 

t> O to 

O^CO^O^ 

CO uO 



CO 1> 

co^co 

CO Oi 

o 



GO 

tO^ to 

Co" 00 

CO to 



ICO CO I-" to !> OO 

I-" CO ^ ©< o 
03^ GO 00^ CO '-^ 

cT go" co" tcT 

©< CO O T-l CD O CO 
CO CO i- to 



©< ©< 

O CO 
05^ T-^ O 

co't^-^" 
CO O 
tO^CO^t-^ 

rj-" r> co" 

CO 



CO tO t> 

j> CO cn 

tO^ 
•r^ CO O 

©< 

OO 

co" 
to 



CO CO 
to rt* 
00 



O CO f to — 1 CO 
©* J> CO CO ©^ O 
CO^ ©<^ CO^ 00^ i-J^ co^ 

aT'^^o ©r »> !> co" 

^ Tj» r-i »-l to »-l 

»-< CO 1-1 to 



03 ^ CI 
GO ^ O 
O^CO co^ 

co'oo go" 

CO CO ©( 

CO 

T-T CO co" 

GO CO 



T-" CO o 

CO 

tO^ O GO 

to 6S 

GO 1-< 

i> 1-1 



t> 1-" 







l> £^ 1-1 


CO CD GO 




to 


o: ^ i> 


1-1 CO CO 




©<^ 


i>^CO^ T-H^ 


t^GO^rr^ 


Oi 


co" 


CO -^"t-^ 


o o"©r 






03 to 


T-t UO 1-1 






CO CO GO 


CO 



O i> to 
CO rt* 

CO r-^^CO^ 

©ToT 

Tf CO to 
GO CO CO 

ccTco ©r 

©< ©* ■ 





o o 


03 


Oi 




O CO 








l-H Tj^ 


CO 






co"©r 




co" 


to 




CO 













to to O O O 03 o 
©< l> ©^ O CO GO 

^ 

j> ©r co" oT cT T-T 

tO O !> CO 
©< ©< i-« 



CO O l> CO to G) O 
CO c?3 O to r*< CO O 
to^ 1-H^ G^^ to 

t> GO r^" oT ©r crT 
to to C3 C< GO 
00 — ( ©( 



t- CO 
Oi to uO 
C3^G0 CO 

O^CO -rj^" 
CO 1- O 

CO^CO^CO 

o o"©f 

CO C O 
03 CO CO 
O CO 03 
GO^CO CO^ 

l-^ J> GO 
03 CO CO 

i-^^co to 

CO 



CO O 








CO ©^ 


T— t 




oq^GO 




G^ 


to" 03" 




©T 


©< 






1— ( 







CO 03 

CO GO 



000 

r-l O 

©f cq^ 03^ 
co" ccT 

o i-< ^ 



©< 03 03 O CO CO CO 
to GO ©^ !-< CO GO 
03^ CO^ 00 CO^ Tji^ GO^ 

rjT CO -t" co'co" ©r 

»-i 1-1 ©^ ©< «> CO 

O ©< 



c« o O 



o CO to 
CT3 r> o 
to^03^cq^ 

i-Tto to 

CO o ©» 
CO G^^ rj^ 

oT -q^ i-T 
_©< 1> 



CO O 

to CO 
co" 

GO T-H 



CO o o 
J> o o 

CO 03 CO 



1-1 
O 



cn <n o 

"o 

n3 n3 



CP C 
4) O 

-T a; ns X 



CT3 . 



a . . 

o o 



3 ^ " 



.8 S SJ 



72 



>o o J> 

CD 00 02 l> >0 CD 
i> »^ 

-Tt" CO o cd" CO CO 

O CO rf rf O 
^ CO 

CO 



000 
000 

q, 

cd'oT 

CO 

CD^ 

gTcO 
CO 



CO 









J> 


GO 




GO 












ccT 








CD 




CO 








CM 



GO »0 CO CO 
O CO 02 1> CD 
O O CO^ 00^ CO 1> 

T-H CO T-T ccT CO CO 

(JT) ^ rj^ LO l> 02 

Tj. co^ 

Co" 



000 
000 

gT-^go 

CD iO Gl 
O 00^ 



CO 

^ 00 
CO 

CD i> 
G^ 



<3^ CO OS 05 CD 1> 

^ G* O CO O) CD 

»0 O O CO CO CO — ^ 
l> T-T 

G< CO Gi G^ 

^ ^ T-l lO 



,Tf lO G< CO G^ O O 

CD T-* O GO rti 

GO r)^ CO T-^^ CO 02^ ©J^ 

1 CD CO CO ©T Co" 

CO 00 (75 Oi G^ CO — ' 

I CO CO »-t G^ 



000 
000 

■"^t" CD 00* 
i-i 10 G^ 
CD^ G^^ 

CO 



O CD 
O G* 
O CO 



o »o 

CO crT 

CO o 



000 
coo 

9. 9. 9> 
o"co 

C5 ©? O 

lifco crT 

CO l> 



O G< 
O 1> 
O^ ^„ 
o" 
G< G< 



©» o 
CO o 

G^ 



O '* G^ --^ »^ CO 

CO 00 CO CO 

CO G^^ GO 02^ 05 CO 00 

CO cT o crT »^ CO gT 

!> CO CO G< GO 
G^ G^ Gi G^ 



O) CD CO CO CO 
l> G^ O >0 O »^ 02 
G<^ Gi^ CO CO^ 02^ 
C2 02 CO i> C2 }> rj< 
CO CO ©< l> G^ 

G< 



O GO 02 

CO '-I o 

CO 

00 o 
O ^ GO 
CO^r-j^ CO 

cyTGf crT 

G< C O 
CO CD CO 
02 »-» CO 

co^ o^ 
oT o 

CO -Tf GO 
O^ }> 

1> ^ CO 

GO CO 



CD^ ®1 
1> O 
CO 

o" 

CO 



l> 

O CO 
CO 00^ 

O '=1^ 
O CO 



1> 





CO 










G* 


cq^ 





0^ 





oT 






0" 






GO 





CO GO CD CO i> 

CO O CJ2 CO O 

G< CO^ CD l> >0 G^ CO 

t-" CD gT CO J> »J0 CO 

G^ CO C3 — • CD 



»-H CO Gl G< O Gi 

CO ^ CO GO -O CO 

lO q 02^ o<-i 1-^ 

O CrT Gf oT gT 
1-1 CO !> GO 00 CD 
»— * CO 



02 

G< G< 00 
CD CO 

»o i> -T 

!> G< G^ 
60^ O^ 1-^^ 
cT CD gT 

u:)' o 02 

CO O CO 

G^ iq 
00 o 
q S 02^ 
co 'gT 

GO 10 



o ^ 
CO 02 



CO 00 
02 GO 
O O 



C:2 r}< 

cn o 

o" co" 

CO CD 



S5 rr 5? O O N 
, « . " 



t« o o 
O -73 ^ 



0) 



<V 4— 

-^tS o 

,cz ■x ^ a . . 



too . ^ 

Q) 
C 

o 

03 ns 



bJO 



CO 

"O C^ 

!=J0 



C O ffi PQ 



c3 rt <u cj 
-a ^ CO 



OJ re 

< O < 



2 



^ 1 



T* CO 

00 

S a, 



rs 



lOOOiO t-OiCO ©^t- 1> CO 

1> 1-1 C0_0^ COt-h^O CO '-^'=0^ ^ 

c o 6 6 



»0 
CO 

CO 



^ CO CO 
i-i CO lO O 

oT 

CO 



O i-i OS 

O CO 05 



8 



000 
000 

o CO oT i-Tco" 

i> o CO cn 

1—^ i> CO co_ 

i> o~ ^ o" 



CO O 05 O 
O CO CO 05 

CO CO T-i G^^'-' G^ 

o~ co'^ co" ccT co" oT oT 

■<5^ CO CO 



GO CO O CO CO 

O GO ^ ^ »o ©< 

GO^ CO CO GO^ '-^^ CO 1> 

co" CO O cT Oi o 

^ ^ (j.^ GO ^ 

^ G^ GO 



o o 
o o 

CO ©} 
O^GO 
CO O 

jr 
o'o 
o o 

CO 05 

CO CO 



G^ CO 



G^ ^ ©J lO 
05 :0 '-I 
GO ^ T- 



G^ C0_ 



00 o 

G^ CO 

<^ 

CO 

^ G^ 



10 CO 1> »> 

1©^ ©» ^ O C5 o: CO 
. i 0_ O CO O O 

2 1 1> >-o" ©r 

ri^ OiG^rtiC^CO'-iCS 
2 ©< GO ©< ^ 



1 C; »-0 CO CO C5 CD 
00 ©I ©^ rf ©^ ©< 

C5 ri^ ^„ ^ ^ ^ 
00 co" CO CO co" ^ 

CO C5 J> O 
©I CO GO CO 



IGO O O O 00 O) 

;0 GO CO g- I-* ^ CT3 

O CO 00" GO cT CO 

CO t> CO 05 



CO uO CO ^ ^-H GO 

to « CO CO CO O 

t-^ 00^ CO CO CO ^ 

©r crT CO CO go" cT 

CO O '-^ GO O 

O !> ^ GO 



c/5 ^ 



go" 






Sol 


gal 




1 



« O 

O crs ©< 
i> co^co 

f^CO CO 
CO i> 

d d 6 
c 



CO O 
C5 



CT3 s ii; ^ c . . 
c »^ o o 



!> - O TO « 
rt •;3 O o " 




000 





10 03 




CO 


000 





to CO 


CO 




000 





CO 





00 



-3 2 

S °5 



10 



74 



2 ?i • 



oooooooooooooo oooooo 
oooooooooooooo oooovoivj 



oooooooooooooo 
oooooooooooooo 

O W^O C^O O^O^O O 00 »ri K o 

*0 T-1 



o 



OOOKOOOOC^VIG^^CNOOO 



CO O O O 00 
00 ^ Ib- 



000*00000000000 
OOOCOO(£>«0-^0000^^'0 

O^O^ CN CO 00 --^^CN r-( CO i-f 
"OCO th't-T tH 



o o o o r. 
»o o o o in 
V5 cr> CO 1-1 



ooioa>oo<o«o*n^c^a>^o 

O^OiHtHCNt-IVSCO CO 



tH O V5 O CO 
1-1 CO CO 



'3« CO 



O <U M 



OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 

o''c^''o''vd'c^G^>0'^0 rH tH CO r-TiH VO CO r-T 00 CNOO" 
t}< T-( tH tH 



OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO o 
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO o 

ooooooooooooo-<*ooocoo*ooooc^ |oo 

tH CO t-T t^Tth'^ 



o ooo 
o 00 o - . , 

CN 00 C<> tH 



OOOOOCNCNOOO(NOi-(OC^O^OvO 
^■^VOO^C^^^-^KC^^OOC^OOCO^yOCOrH 



OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 
OCOOVJOOOO^'^O^O^OO^OVOOC^OO 

io *o *o t^- ^ a> T-( -^f iH CO o T-t 

tsT vT T-T i-T c? i-T 



J2 

cn c« 

k i 



be 



-g-Ffli^ o gt^ §^ d^.S J S « i 



76 



o , 



1 w I Oi 



O <C CT> O |0 
CI 05 i-t W CN i a> 
(N 00 O. ^ <! I J>- 



1-1 *0 



CO 



o 



sir 'C^t^ 



•O t to 




Hi 'III 




iO 00 
O CO 



00 OO-^OCOt^OCOOtv-CNO 
CO Ti 00 th <0 <N O 

Or-l "^^CO C^Cft 



>o oo>oiHt^o5T}<a5C) 

'O ^ O CO 1^ 



O <0 V5 
CO 



o 00 Tj- io 



i-O CO *0 00 CN CO 

o? 00 i-t 



1^ I 



CO ;:h-r 



V5 lio a> 
00 , 

■ CO 

'CO ^. 



o o X 

CO o o CO CI c<t 

«C CO CO ' CO CO to 

-r-l 



Tj. 
CN Cft CO 
00 »o 



O CO Tj* CO 

CO -r^ 

'-^<0 CO 



1^ I ir:J 

|,-( jlCN 



X T}. 



*^ 

00 
X 
to I O) 

00 



1^ 



a' 



7(j 



^ . C2 
to ' ^ 

00 CN 
' CO 
CO 

h-'co <o 
00 «o *o 

O CO Tf< 

vT 



00 

CS) CO 

QO 

o " 



C0CTib^»O>OV5CX>V5 
CN CO tH ■ 
O CO *o 



CO CS> Tji 
CO 00 
CO 



<N lO CO ' CO 

CO ^ ■ tH 

00 CS) O tH tH I 
Tj< >0 In. O V5 
O C7) kN 



SIS' 
SIS 



1>- vo Oi 

»o 

b~ rH CO 



a> 1-1 »o o CO 
th o cr> K o 
«:> 00 "H 



iv- O CO 00 
CSJ CN Cft C7> 
CS) rH is. 



V(D O 
1-1 CO C<) 



00 (M cr> 
to CN 

O^'O^'^ CO 

CO T-TcN isT 



CO j 



|0 <0 00 i-( rH 
«0 CO tH CO 

Uo a> CO 



iH a> 

iO V5 o 
<0 CO r-l 



tH o o o ■ 

rH I to O CN 00 CO 
00 O ^ K 00 

ciirT^jT CO 1^ 



CO 



c» <o K o 

CO *o ^ 

th th o'oTto 

rH CO V) 



b^OitO^Oi^CNOOOOOOO 
rJ<C^vO-^" — ^ 
CO CO 

oTto"^ 

T-t 



3 

.S ! 



lCT>00h-^D -"^CNtHVSOW^OtHCO 
CO V5 b, , O ^ O O) C5 <0 CO 

00 T-^od"vrvr I Co'yD irToi «0 th't-i 
CO *0 1n.^CNtH 

tOCO>OiHtOOCOCOC^ 

voco^'^^oooaso 



lO CO o^oo^ 
CO vDoTo" 
to b- 



. , CO 00 to 

CO ;oo 00 

O rH en 



•rH rH C^? O 

O) Oi Ti< ai 
tj< a> o 



'O Is. b- 
Oi C<? CO I Oi 
O CS> lO to (O 

1— I tH 



a> b- o o-^ 

fvj O 00 to b. 



b- to to 

to to 

o ^ a> 



CO Oi to ^ to Oi I 
to to 00 00 CO CO 
OOCOiH CN 
' to CO CO to tH I 



K to to r-( 
00 to 1^ to 
<0 tH CO 00 

iH to"-^ cn 

to tH tH 



Tj< tJ« 

o <o 

rH^tO 

bTcN to" 



to to 

CO 00 
CO 



'|'»0 CO 00 o 



CO ^ 00 o to 

O 00 00 1>- tH 
b_ iH CO to rH to 



l2 s2 



00 



Si o o 



^fc. Oh a 6 l5 > ^ 



77 





1811. 


I ^ CO O ^ O 
CO ■ ' O ' o «o 
^ °° ^ 
ctT ' ■ o^vf • vfocT 


p 




• . 

o 

00 
iH 


4,742 

12,208 
423 

8,34'' 
3,412 


«C 




g 


18,976 
11,98.. 

11,187 

I 1,19«J 


iO 




o 

CO 

■I-l 


2,121/ 

1,18; 

497 
9,301 
2,034 

363 
2,698 


V5 




n1 

00 


-O C9 CN CO 
^ CO X ' CO o 

CO to" ' i-Ttn 






o 


O ^- *0 CN X 
CTi CO CO ■ 
O 0> CO o 

o ■ 

' CO -—I 


o 


•A 


o 
oc 


XN.— t'OOiTfXts, 
OC<>OiO^XXO 

'I ^"^ '^'^ '"I 

1-H »^ 




Ij 
3 

I-) 


o 

00 
1— 1 

CO 

o 

00 
1-1 


i-H t-, CO *o cn »o o r? 
1— • CO >— 1 c. ^ CO 
^« ^ ^ ^'i ^ 
r-T cT T-T CO 

~Kr o» CO d» 'cs 

^ CO C^} ' 'CO 
CO V5 CO O 

i-Tco'cNocT^cr ' ' 

^ rs) w ^ 


— 


el 


i 


X CTi ^> CO !>J 
X '-^ -O CO X 
CO CO O CO 

C9 vT c?r of 




fa 


—J 

i 


<Oi-(XiOOC7i^a% 
O O CO CO O ^ 
*0 CO^ C0_ 1-^ 00^ 

i-T c>r oT ^ i-T CO c>r 

CO CO 






o 
o 

00 


O X Cl V5 lO 

X O t-- CO «o ' 

lO I-" t^- VO b., 

o? ^ 








1 1 ■ 


1 




s 

t. 

i 


ISwedish Wcsi-liulics, 
Danish AVesi-Indics, 
Dutch Wcsl-liidics, 
Ri-itish West-Indies, 
j French West-Indies, 
1 Spain, 

Spanish West-Indies, 
West-Indies, (g-enei-al 


1 



TS 



o 

J?; 

PQ 



i 



oo 



g ^lo p o 



III 



- - - _ O O 

O »J0 O O O ' o 

O^G^^-^^i-i CO CO 

Tf i-T , 



ooooooooo 

OiOOOO-fOOO 

'-^r.®!'^,,®^ ^ 



h § 



o f= 



O O T-1 



O O O O 
O O O 



LO O O 
CO T-M G^J 



xOOO^OOOOO 
t-OOi>G^^OOO 
00CO>^ l>i-iCOCOCO 



Lh oj 2 o 

> a c 



CO CO T-i T-H 



OJ +1 



> a; 



PQ 



3 S S c 



>-> 1— rn 



03 C cti ^ 



r9 



O CO 

^ i 

- Si 



t, « <y « 

3^1 = 



o « y >. 



o o o o 

CD O O 

Oi l> 



O , O O O O 
O ' O CO O 

1> ©I CO CO 



2 



O CO GO 03 CO Tj* 
O G< GO 1> O 

<:^J CO 



h 5 



O O O I O 1 o 
O ^ »0 O 05 
^ !> CO . ^ . 



> 2 3 

cS O ^ 

C ^ ^ . 

3 (y o 
O ,£3 



h 3 



o o o , o o o o 

iO O ' CO 

GO t> l> ^ 



073 ^ 



o 

3 ■xa 



M C t- 

u j: O 



a, 

S s 



GO G^ >jO , 1— C-< CO t- 

y-^ ^ ^ * 



•2 

a 



- 

Oh- 



2 < 



r 

80 



k1 

fa 



1811. 




11,123 
7,358 




15,822 


C^»OOOOi00(N-<f 

' O>t--lr-(C0Olt--OO 
O CO 00 »-0 1>> 0% yO CN 

CN CO 


40 cts.l 


1810. 1 


^^ 


00 ^ o 

. »0 O >0 00 

' is. ^ 00 


7,205 


o 

, CO 
r-( 


Oi 00 o h» 
, , , O 00 iH , 

, , , KvTtO ococ^ , 
»o b.. 


CO 

•♦-> 

o 


1809. 1 


22,535 


CO a> o 

' O 04 • 

CO 


»0 O is. 

CO CO 

O O <0 «3 
tH 1-1 


O O O 00 Oi 
' ' tH CO to rH ' ' 

00^^^-^O^CO 
' ' 00 vo ^ -o ' ' 

CO c<> 


140 cts.l 



V5 
I O 
i 00 



CO o to 
0> O O) 
t^TH^CO 00^ 

CO rH Ol 



T-( O 

00 CO 



*o O 

O tH 00 

CO to o 

tO^i-H O 
CO rl 



0> 1-1 

»0 05 CO 
Oi 0> CO 

tH to 



to 



CS} ro 
^ CO 
00 ^ 



O V5 



b~ 00 CO 

CO o^ 

00 CO 

oT 

^ CO Oi 

CO 1—1 



O ^ V5 
CSf CN 
tH 00 00 



»o *o o 

00 Oi r-( 

"^^^ 

to" lo 



00 tH o 
to CO CO 
CO O]^ 
»00 CO 
(N CO 00 
CO 



to 

1-1 lO 

irj o 



CS> rH O 
CO CO 
CO 04 C<} 



o CO 
a> 

CO CN 
'CN to 
tH cm 



1^ to 00 

»n 1>- r}< 
^oq^rH^co 
'ocTtrTod'' 

00 rH CO 

CM 



*o CO 

CN CO O 
10 0*0 



1^ CTi ' 

OCM , 
to CM ■ 



lO to T-( 
iH O »0 
O to 
'iJ^'* to 
K >0 to 



K O 
04 00 
lO CO 



CM 04 O 
1-1 00 K. 
00 00 00 



tO00t0C0*0C000h,r-tOCM00CMOl 
■<*C0*0-^K.CM(Mi^00C0C0CM00O i 
*O^T-^0C^00 O CM iH^ to 



to *0 CM 1>- ».0 04 iH 

,C0 .iH^O ,000*0^ 

CM CO tO^O^ tO^tO^CM *0 

, , CMoTisT , coto''o''tC 

T-( iH iH tH -<^< tH 



V5 

00 i^ 



iH CO to i^ 

CM 1 CO O CM 

O b~ K 

CM I tO^oCo 



oi CO K 04 

^ rH CO I Tj< 

CO -^CM N. 

oT-* O , (M 
rH 00 CM 



-i Eh 



2S 



« t4 



S I § 

p P K Q O mffig.^^c» Ph ^ ^ h 



81 



CD CO Gv( CD O CO 
!> CO CO — 1 05 O 
CO CO »-i »- 1 CD 

T-f i> i-T oT crT 



l> CO 

O OS CO 
CO rl^t^CO^ 



SO CO CI 
GO ^ »0 O 
t^CO "^co 
CO ^ 



o 

CO 

o n- 



lO o o 

^ CO 

^ o 



^O O CO 
lO 

©< LO G^ 



CO o 
1-1 CO 



IS 

O 

00 



o 

CO 



G^ 



Oi CO ^ O 
©< 05 CO 
CO^G^^>0 05 
1-^CO 



©( 05 
to 



I O OS 

- ©< 00 CO O as 

t- l> OO T-^G^CO 

CD ccri> 

CO 



l> O l> CO O O) CO 

CD O '^f , ©» i-i 03 

©T-^oT . oTco'co 

o ' 



I" ' 

^ Si 

C CO 

CT3 a> 



a a 
QQ 



PQ 



11 



2 

«^ <^ i; rt 
CQ Cii Cjh CO c/D Om 



C " 



S2 



iS 

Q 
-< 
m 

> 

H 

CO 



i> r- ai 

O CO CO 
^ 



Oi >Xi CO 
CC 

1> GO T-l 





CO 


CD O 05 O 




"Tfi 05 GO 


GO 












1 CO Oi Oi 05 O 




, _ ^ 






CO 




o 


1—1 


t-^ lO ■<^' "^CO, 




CO GO^CO 
1 ©f 


©< 








CO 






1 



























O T-l o 

05 Oi lO 
O O5_C0 



GO O 
iX5 1-1 CO 
GO 05 ©I 



CO 

J '^'^ 

co' 



GO O Oi 

CO o ©< 
a> 



CO ^ t- !> 
CO rj< Tji CO i> 

)^ CO 



O ©< CO >0 G^* 

o< 00 o ©< r- 

T-H O l> CO 



i> rt* CO ©J »o »j:> 

CO O 1> G^ CO 
rt^ ^ CD Gsf 



1> CD CO CO 

I CO 1> GO O O 

T-i O G^ 

I ©T oTuD 



O CO Tfi l> »^ G^ 

CO I CO G^ -^f C5 -^f 

00 i> '-^(JO^co 

I 05 



CO CO CO CO ^ 
CO 1> O o 

o© T-i <» CO "O^ ■— ' 

CO ccT 



l> O ^ t- G^ 
00 CO CO !> O 
irj rj" »- 1 

v-t Tj^ ccT 



'Tf ©< r-i T-( J> 
©< I ©< CO kO CO 
1-1 05 CO CO T-N 



. 05 CO 1> 1> , 
• »0 1> 00 
O O 0:1 00 

' ^'^^^ ^'^ ' 

GO ^ , ^ I CO 
©< C5 ' ' CO 

GO ^ 



CO 1> CO ©( O i-- O 

T~i 1-H CO O ©< OS CO 

l> CO CO G^ G|^{> 

i-r©r -r-T ^ 



CO CD O O CO CO 05 
'^f »0 r-|^ CO I 

G^T i-T t^r ; 



CO o 05 i> CO CO 1 

G^ ©J O CO CO CO CO 
CO ©> CO GO CO) »0 >0 



t> tO 05 J> ©< ^ I 

10 j> »o o:) 1-- CO ^ 

CO T-^ CO 
©r r-T i-T 



■rf 10 i> GO u:^ 

CO CO ©< CO CO 
T-< CO UO 1> 



CT5 ©( CD CD 1> GO 1 

t> I t- CO CO 05 
CO CO CO CO C-< r-i 



GOCDOT-iCOt^COI>G^O 
COCDG^C01>01>t>CO»0 
CO'-i'-'OO C5^J>COG^»-i 



l> GO ©< ^ 05 

CO T-l 05 TX 

CO ©< CO ^ -co 



to 



o 

so 



£ ^ ^ 
'S c« c; CD 

C« 03 rn " 



C/3 C/2 



I .| J ^ I :g I ^ g .s -s 3 1 



S 

Sis 

r 



83 



o 

S 



vO Tj* O CO <H CO I 
03 r O 1-^ T-" I »- I 

»-i o >o 



>o 1> CO 
CM » CO 

gT CO 



i 

CO^ 

I CO 



OS cc 
CO t- 

C5 -rf 



l> ^ CO CO 

ir- 1 CO • rt* ^ 

03 00 1-1 



• lO 05 ■"^ ^ O o 

l> 00^t>O'*T-"CO 

05GO^»0»OiOcOCO 

2 j> -^'co" co" 



1-t CO 

CO CO 



CO J> CO CO 
C CI O CO 
^Gs( »-^CO 
Gf CO 



©« 

r-i CO 
U5 ^ 



rj< CI CO 
CO C5 

J> no 05 



O CO 
CO l> 



O cx> »0 

--^ »^ 

GO l> ^ G^ 



lO G* 



C3 



CO 



O I 
00 



CO 



1> 

co" 



C5 CO 

o ^ 



T-H CO O G^ 

CO CO l> 
G^'-^ CO 

!> gT 



O 00 I 

lO o^ 
G< J> 



CO ^ 
CO 

CO 1> 



CO l> ©< 
CO I I> G^ 
©* C£> 



00 O 



O I o 

©* 

CD G^ C5 O 
G< G^ CO "O 
CO ^ G^ G* 



CO CO »^ C5 '-^ 

CO 



^ to 
CO T 



CO uO 
^ 00 

o^co CO co^ 
o gToT 



C5 
. CO 



S ^ C i5 



^ S 



"t^ "33 <^ '3 -ill 
ffl ec C« S ^ 



84 



I 



I 

o 

iz; 
•< 

Q 
O 



05 ^ 

CO e< 



CO O O O) I 
iC CO CO 1> CO 1> 00 
O GO O CX) »0 



GO J> (M 



!> 1-4 GO 



'-iois^c::>T-a)(^«iooo| 

iT-Ht*CO»OOCO'-Ht-* 
rtlO'?fOOCOGO'-<OCOCO 



l> CO 



1> 1-1 



COGOG^COi-HOO «G^O 
(r- it-it:)<CO OG^ 
^CD ^ , CO ^ 



05COOCO'^COC0005CO| 
t}h^t-hOt-<00 00O''-<CO 
F-tU^Cq^G^^GO^r-tlO^COGOGO^ GO 

1— 1 1— 1 T^l 



GO 



CO >0 G^^ 
GO l> 1— < 
CO CO O ^ 



O) CO CO l> 1> 
GO CO r- 

o a> CO 



G^ G^ 



CO 



T-4 CO t> 
OJ C i— ' O 
CO i> 



CO GO CO CO 1-1 CO I 
05 . — ^ - 

O 



1-1 O) rt» O 
0^»0 GO O rt» 

1— I 05 t- i-h" ifT 



r-H GO 

CTS CO CO O 
CO CO !-< G^ 



CO O G< 1" 
lO »0 ^ O !> 

os^io T-H^co co^ 

G^ ^ 



GO CO 
O 0> O CO 
CD G^ O 



CO l> G^ CO CO I 
O CO CO 00 I 
O l> O CO 



i-<G^O5C0iOC0TfLO CO 
CO 



CO »0 '^f 05 
J> 1-1 »o 
O CO CO 



rj* lO CO '-t O 
O G^ 05 J> CO 
O t- rf CO 05 



CO crs CO O 
!> o o u:) 

|> CO CO 



00 G^ G^^ CO I 
CD 0:1 00 GO 

1-1 CO 05 rj* 



G^ GO i-< G>< 



»0 !> G^ »^ 
O O CO 
!> 0^0 00^ 

CfT^'-^" 



CO ^ CO rr 
(O <X) ^ 
0\ ^ y-< CO 



|G< |> CO 
^ CO CO 
GO^i-^T^G^ 
i-T "^jJ" rj^" i-T 



!> GO CO G^ 00 I 
GT) 1-1 CO 1> 
1> CO 1-1 G< i-« 



7.3 c 



c< o »> 

c ^ -s ^ 

Ifilll 

Q Q O CQ eQ 



85 



XI 
® 



. 105 CO 
O |C0 O 

CO _r 



^ CO 
l> CO 



Ci CD 
00 « 
lO^CO CO 

!> C0'"'-h" 



Oi 05 
UO CO 

CO — " 3^" 



lO u:^ 

^ GO 
CO T-"co" 

G^ 



lO o o 

O CO 
O CO CO 
CO 



CO o; o 

CO I 
CO 



G^ 1> 

O O 
G^ O 



05 CO o< 
>0 CO -^f 

CO CO 



05 CO O O CO 
GO CO ^ l> 

CO ^ '"i. ^ 
^ uO Co" Co" 
GO 





CO O O »0 


CO 






CO 


1 1 1 lO CO CO ' ' ' 


■ ■ ■ ym 






o 


CO CO »0 00 

' ' ' co" c'f &r ' ' ' 

CO 


CO 






CO 


1 1 1 







CO 



rj< Ci !> 
CO 03 05 
OO^i-^^CO^ 

'-"co'co 



CO 1> G^ 
GO CO 
O CO t-^ 

y-^ Co" Co" i-T 



T-H CO TJ< 

O G< ^ GO 

CO G^J^T}" t-^ 

CO CO CO 



05 !-( CD l> l> i> CO 

»-i lO rti 05 CO 

CO 05 r-^ ^O^ G^^ 

T-T G^*" ^ GO ^ 



CO O 

CO 

oT i> CO 



^ -X) 00 l> 00 

F-1 GO GO CO ^ ' <yi 

go^g^^gT ' ^ 

^ _______ 



GO r-< 
^ CO 



CO 

CO 



GO 05 

CO -^r 

^ CO 



CO 

^ CO 
05 



S3 

a; c; 



GO ^ 
GO ^ 
CO CO 



3 C C ^. - , 



86 



lO o 
T-^ £- 



CO 

O) • o 

CO^ CO 

co" I 

10 



CO 

I CO 



05 O 
C3^ I CO 



CO G>< ^ 
O 



I05 !> O 
i> CO O 
G^kO O 



It- !> 

O CO CO 

CO^©N» 

go" 
'as 



rj^ 

CO CO 

CO 



CO CO CO 
O O 
rt< 7-1 

CO 



CO 
05 



05 CO >^ 
tfD 05 G^ CO 
CO O 00^ CO^ 



0< »^ !> 05 

O CO T-l 

lO rt^ (^^ 

co" G^r 



H> T- CO 

I©* O ^ 

CO^G^ 

CO 
!co 



1^ G< O 

1©^ CO 
|05 CO CO 

co" 

'CO 



CO O 
O CO 05 

ilO 



'a ' 

o 



'3 ^ 



CO 
CO CO 
CO ©< 



CO 



GO 



©< 



1^ 



a 



0) 

S 5 2 ^ -S § 
m fa gL , S ^ a 



r 



87 



00 



CO 



J> 

l> O CO 







, o 


CO 


<^ . 1 . 1 1 




' ' ' • CO 






CO 




o 

CO 














' ' ' ' 











^ CO ' O 

iO CO 



^ t- CO CC' CO 
CO — 
CO O 



CO 



CO 3^ 
O CO 
O t- 



CO 
CO 1> 



CO 1> 



CO 'sf 



CO , O 
^ CO 



O CO C5 O CO 

o CO 

O CO ^ 



T?> CO o o 
G^ 



ococorjcicr^coco 

CO G< i-i 'CO CO ^ 
O CO CO 



coi-iG^oorroo 
o G^ (s-i ^ cn 
CO lO ^ o 









2^ . 




. ^ . 1 




o 


' ' ' ' O CD 






CO 






o 

CO 




G? 


G< 










III. ^^'^ 













> CO 



<u ^ c .2; 



I- 



M — 3 V- o 
.5 S ^ ^ 

^4 CD CD Ox S U 



88 



6 

I 



CO J> 
O 



CO CO 
1-1 05 
©< 



CO CO 
CO CO 



CO T-H 

^ GO 



CO OS 
CO 



CO • ' 



11808.1 


1 1 1 1 O , 

CO 05 


CO 
CO 


. crs . . . 1 1 


' 200. 1 


1807.| 


1 1 . , ^ ^ 

' • ' ' ©r 




' o 


d 
o 


1806.1 


283 
1,162 




' CO ' • • ' ' 


d 

CO 


,1805. 


- - 

" 64 
1,336 




1 • . 1 1 1 




11804 


1 1 . • • 

05 




, OS , , , , , 
1— ( 





G^ 05 00 , O 
1-1 T-t 05 ' O 

CO 05 



O O O 

CO G^ CO O 

CO 0< 00 



CO 



G< ©< i-t CO 
G^ CO O 
G< ^ 



GO O »0 

T-H G< 



I J ^ I S ^ ^ .S f 



CHAPTER IV. 



The produce of agriculture divided into that, 1st, which constitutes veg- 
etable food, as wheat,flour, rice, indian com, rye, &c. — 2d, tlie products of an- 
imals, as beef, pork, butter, lard, cheese, and cattle, horses, &c. — 3d, tobacco, 
—4th, cotton, and 5th, otliers of less importance, as flax-seed, indigo, wax, 
&c. — The quantity and value of each of these exported at different periods — 
Value of manufactiu-es exported — A comparative view of the value of the 
products of the sea, of the forest, of agriculture, and manufactures exported 
in each year from 1803 to 1814. 

The principal employment of the inhabitants of North- America, 
from its first settlement, has been that of agriculture. The first emi- 
grants soon found, that nothing promised such important advantages, 
and furnished such easy means of subsistence, as the cultivation of 
new lands. The labour bestowed in clearing them, not only furnish- 
ed the surest means of subsistence, but also added to the permanent 
value of the lands themselves. The immense tracts of vacant, unclearecj 
lands in the United States, has always rendered it easy, for those who 
possessed an ordinary share of industry, to obtain more than sufficient 
for cultivation. The ease with which families can be supported, by 
this mode of employment, has induced early marriages ; population 
has increased with the means of subsistence ; and wealth and happiness 
have generally attended the independent cultivator of the soil. 

The surplus produce of the agriculture of the United States has 
been exchanged for those articles, either of necessity, convenience, or 
luxury, which they did not manufacture, or which could only be pro- 
cured from foreign nations ; and the productions of agriculture, both 
before and since the American revolution, have constituted much 
(he greatest portion of their domestic exports. Tiiese productions 
iiave been classed into those — ^* 

1st, which constitute vegetable food, such as wheat, £our, rice, in- 
dian corn, rye, peas, beans, potatoes, kr. 

}2 



2c!, the product of animals, as beef, tallow, hides, butter and 
cheese, pork and lard, or the ahimals themselves, as live cattle, hor- 
des, mules, sheep, &c. 

3d, tobacco. 

4th, cotton. 

6th, others of minor importance, as indigo, flax-seed, wax, &c. 

Wheat, the most valuable of all vegetables, was brought into Amer- 
ica bj the first settlers, and has been cultivated with success, from 
the first settlement of the country. For a long time, it has been the 
staple of the middle states, and was formerly produced in great abun- 
dance, in the eastern states. For some years past, however, the 
growth of wheat in New-iEngland has, in a great degree, failed. The 
states of Maryland and Virginia, have, long since, exchanged part of 
their tobacco lands, for wheat ; and lately, in the more southern states, 
the cultivation of wheat has been substituted for cotton. Wheat and 
flour have always constituted a large proportion of the exports of this 
country. 

In the year 1770, the quaritity of wheat exported from the North- 
American Colonies, now United States, was seven hundred and fifty- 
one thousand two hundred and forty bushels ; of this eleven thousand 
seven hundred and thirty-nine went to England ; one hundred and 
forty-nine thousand nine hundred and eighty-five, to Ireland ; five 
hundred and eighty-eight thousand five hundred and sixty-one, to the 
south of Europe, and nine hundred and fifty -five, to the West-Indies. 
During the same year^ forty-five thousand eight hundred and sixty- 
eight tons of flour and bread were also exported, of which two 
hundred and sixty-three tons went to England ; three thousand five 
hundred and eighty-three, to Ireland ; eighteen thousand five hun- 
dred and one, to the south of Europe; twenty-three thousand four 
hundred and forty-nine, to the West-Indies ; and seventy-two, to 
Africa. The official value of the wheat, was estimated at 
£131,467 10 sterling, and the flour and bread at £504,553 6 1 
making £636,020 6 11 or about ^2,862,190. The amount export- 
ed from the United States, from the peace of 1783, to the commence- 
ment of the present government, cannot be ascertained with any 
degree of precision. 



91 



The quantity exported from 1791, to 1814, with the value since 
1803, was as follows:^ 





Wheat. 


Flour. 


Value of both 






ScUTels. 


Dolls. 


1791 


1,018,339 


biy,bol 






853,790 


OCt A Ad A 

oz4,4o4 






l,4oU,o7o 


l,U74,b5y 




1794 


096,797 


o Ad. f\\r\ 
o4b,UlU 




1 rfQK. 
livb 


1/11 OTTQ 

141, i/o 


DO / ,ooy 




1 'JQC 

llvb 


Q i ooa. 
ol,z^D 


TOK 1 QA 




1 TQT 

I iv i 


lO,DOO 


010,000 




t I70Q 


1 K rkoi 


OD/,000 




1 "TQQ 
1 luif 


in c\!^R 

1U,UOO 


C1Q oar. 
oiy,/coo 




loUU 


ZD,C)00 


ooo,uo2; 




loUl 




1 ino 
1,1U*,444 




1 Qno 
loUs 


OOA OQ1 


1 1 KfJ OaQ 

l,lob,z4o 




loUo 


/^Qf; At a 
Dob, 410 


1 Q1 1 QCiQ 

l,oll,ooo 


Q Q 1 fi nnri 


1 DA/I 


1 OT rko ,< 
1x7,024 


O 1 rk AAO 

olU,UUo 


7,1UU,UUU 


loUo 


lo,U41 


777,510 




loUb 


ob,784 


7o2,7z4 


a Qd't AAA 

D,ob7,UUU 


loU7 


7bb,ol4 


1,249,819 


1 A & Q AAA 


1808 


87,330 


263,813 


1,936,000 


1809 


393,889 


846,247 


6,944,000 


1810 


325,924 


798,431 


6,846,000 


1811 


216,833 


1,445,012 


14,662,000 


1812 


53,832 


1,443,492 


- 13,687,000 


1813 


288,535 


1,260,943 


13,591,000 


1814 




193,274 


1,734,000 



The years of greatest exportation of these articles, since 1791, were 
1793, 1801-2 and 3, 1807, and 1811, in the last of which, the value 
of wheat and flour exported amounted to the sum of ^14,662,000, 
exceeding, by nearly four millions, that of any former year. Thi.^ 
great increase, however, Avas owing, principally, to the enhanced 
price of those articles, during that year. In 1807, the average price 
of wheat, at the principal places of exportation, was ^1 25 per bu^h > 



93 



el, and oi flour, $7 per barrel ; in 1811, the price of wheat was ^1 
75, and of flour, p 60* 

Tables No. 1. and II. annexed to this chapter, shew the different 
countries and places, to which these articles have been exported from 
1800, to 1811. The West-Indies, Spain, Portugal, and Great-Britain 
have been the principal consumers of our wheat and flour. The West- 
India Islands have always furnished a market for a large proportion 
of them, and in times of scarcity in Great-Britain, and in the southern 
parts of Europe, the United States have come in competition with the 
grain countries of the north of Europe. In 1801, in a time of scarci- 
ty in Great-Britain, the United States exported to that kingdom two 
hundred and sixteen thousand nine hundred and seventy-seven bush- 
els of wheat, and four hundred and seventy-nine thousand seven hun- 
dred and twenty barrels of flour. In 1807, six hundred and sixty-nine 
thousand nine hundred and fifty bushels of wheat, and three hundred 
twenty-three thousand nine hundred and sixty-eight barrels of flour 
were also exported to Great-Britain. The late unfortunate and dis- 
tressed situation of Spain and Portugal, has called for a large propor- 
tion of our grain, not only for the ordinary supply for the inhabitants, 
but for the support of the allied armies, in those countries. In 1811, 
no less than five hundred twenty-nine thousand one hundred and five 
barrels of flour, and fifty-five thousand and thirty-three bushels of 
wheat were shipped to Portugal, and three hundred six thousand and 
seventy-four barrels of flour and twenty -one thousand one hundred and 

* The prices, by which the value of wheat a,n.d flour exported has beeii 
calculated at the Treasury Department, since the year 1806 (being the aver- 
age prices at the principal places of exportation,) were as follows : — 
Wheat price Flour price 

per bushel. per barrel. 

1806 - - - ^1 33 - - - ^8 

1807 - - - 1 25 - - - r 

1808 . - - 1 25 - - - 6 50 

1809 - - 1 25 - - - 6 

1810 - - - 1 50 - - - 7 50 

1811 - . - 1 75 - - - 9 50 

1812 - - - 1 94 - - - 10 00 

1813 ... 1 75 - - - 11 00 

1814 - - 9 50 



93 

iiiuety-nine bushels of wheat, to Spain, making in the whole, to the 
Peninsula, during that year, eight hundred thirty-five thousand one 
hmidred and seventy-nine barrels of flour, and seventy -six thousand 
two hundred and thirty-two bushels of wheat, the value of which at the 
places of exportation exceeded eight millions of dollars. If to this 
is added the enhanced price, in the foreign market, the value cannot 
fall much short of twelve millions. The following quantities of wheat 
and flour were shipped to Spain and Portugal, during the years 1812 
and 1813, viz.— 



To Spain. To Portugal. 

Wheat. Flour. Wheat. Flour, 

bushels. barrels. bushels. ban-els. 

1812 8,865 381,726 33,591 557,218 

1813 74,409 431,101 214,126 542,399 



Making nine hundred seventy-three thousand and five hundred bar- 
rels of flour to Spain and Portugal, for the year 1813. The value of 
wheat and flour, therefore, which went to tliose countries in that yeai 
was g 11,213,447, at the places of exportation. In a foreign market 
their value could not be less than fifteen millions. 

In Great-Britain, various regulations, at diffierent times, ha^ e been 
made, relative to the exportation and importation of grain. The 
limited extent of that country, in proportion to its population, and 
the employment ci so many of its inhabitants, in commerce and man- 
ufactures, have, for many years past, rendered a foreign supply of 
grain necessary, in case of any considerable failure of their crops. 
To encourage the production of domestic grain, and to remedy the 
evils, arising from a scarcity in consequence of bad crops, the British 
government have given a bounty on the exportation of grain, when 
its price was below a certain sum, and have allowed its importation, 
with a very small duty, when it has risen in price to a sum which is 
fixed by law ; and for many years past, in times of great scarcity, a 
large bounty has been given, on the importation of foreign grain, lo 
1773, when the price of middling wheat in Great-Britain, was under 
44s. rye 28s. barley 22s. oats 14s. a bounty of 5s. per quarter on 
wheat, 3^. on rye. 2-. 6d. on barley, and 2«. on oats was given on 



94 

lis exportation. When the price of middling wheat was 44s. or more, 
its exportation was prohibited, under a forfeiture of 20s. per bushel ; 
and when the price of wheat was at, or above 48s. rye, peas or beans 
32s. barley 24s. oats 16s., the high duties on importation ceased, and 
wheat was allowed to be imported, on paying the trifling duty of 6d. 
per quarter, 2d. per cwt. on flour, 3d. per quarter on rye, peas or 
beans, 2d. on b^ley and 2d. on oats. These prices were altered at 
subsequent periods. In consequence of a scarcity in 1795, a bounty 
was granted of 16 to 20s. per quarter, according to the quality, on 
wheat, and 6s. per cwt. on flour, from the South of Europe, till the 
quantity imported should amount to four hundred thousand quarters, 
and from America, till it should amount to five hundred thousand quar- 
ters ; and 12s. to 15s. from any other part of Europe, till it should 
amount to five hundred thousand quarters, and 8s. to 10s. after it ex- 
ceeded that quantity, to continue till the 30th of September, 1796. 
In 1800, in consequence of a deficiency in the harvest of the prece- 
ding year, the British government, by an act passed the beginning of 
April, granted to the importer, the difference between the average 
price of English wheat, the second week after importation, and 90s. 
on wheat from the South of Europe, Africa, and America ; 85s. from 
the Baltic, and Germany ; and 90s. from Archangel, if imported be- 
fore the 1st of October of that year. In December of the same year, 
the prices still continuing high, by another act, the difference between 
the average price of foreign wheat, the third week after entry, and 
100s. was guaranteed to the importers of all wheat weighing fifty-three 
pounds per bushel, or four hundred and twenty-four pounds per quar- 
ter imported after the 1st of December of that year, — two hundred and 
eighty pounds of wheaten flour, except American, to be equal to a 
quarter. American flour was to be sold by auction, and to receive 
the difference between the price at which it sold and 90s. per each 
barrel of one hundred and ninety-six pounds. In consequence of 
these acts, the bounty paid, on the importation of grain, in 1796, 
. amounted to £599,834 sterling ; and in 1801, it amounted to the 
sum of £1 ,420,355 sterling, or about g6,38 1 ,000. The quantity of 
grain of all sorts, imported into Great-Britain in 1801, was two mil- 
lion twenty-seven thousand five hundred and fifteen quarters, or more 
than sixteen millions of bushels, and the quantity of meal war, one 



95 



'million one hundred and twenty-five thousand seven hundred and 
four cwt. The average price of wheat in England in 1795 was 
74s. 2d. per quarter, and in 1796 was 77s. Id. ; in 1800, the aver- 
age price per quarter was 113s. 7d. and in 1801, 118s. 5d. In 
1803, the price was reduced to 56s. per quarter, and the growers com- 
plained of the inadequacy of this price, and in 1804, a law was pass- 
ed, granting a bounty of 5s. per quarter on the exportation of wheat, 
when the average price of it was at 48s. per quarter, and when above 
54s. not to be exported. By this act, also, wheat, if imported from 
Qiiebec, or other British Colonies, when the average price is under 
53s. pays the high duty of 24s. 3d. above 63s. and under 56s. pays 
2s. 6d., and above 56s. Cd. ; when imported from any foreign 
country, the average price being under 63s. pays the high duty of 
24s. 3d. per quarter; above 63s. and under 66s., 2s. 6d., above 
66s. 6d.* By the report of a committee of the house of Commons, 
made in July, 1814, on petitions relating to the corn laws of Great- 
Britain, it appears that, in consequence of the advanced price of 
rent and labour, and the increase of taxes, particularly the proper- 
ty tax, 80s. per quarter, or 10s. sterling, (^2 25) per bushel, is 
the lowest prices which would afford the British grower of wheat, an 
adequate remuneration. This report is founded on information, ob- 
tained from every part of the kingdom. In consequence of this re- 
port, the British Parliament have lately passed a law, prohibiting the 
importation of foreign wheat, unless the price of English wheat is 10s. 
sterling or more per bushel. The law, however, was not popular in Lon- 
don, and its passage occasioned serious riots in that city. This brief 
sketch of the com laws of Great-Britain, about which a diversity of 
opinion has prevailed among the political economists of that country, 
cannot be uninteresting to the American farmer, merchant, or slates- 
man. It is difficult to ascertain what price will remunerate the grow- 
er of wheat in the United States. In 1806 and 1807, when great 
quantities of wheat and flour were exported, the average price of 
wheat was only $121 per bushel, and the average price of j9our 
$7 50 per barrel. 

The population of England and Wales in 1801, according to an 

" See Comber's Enquiry, 1808, and Oddy's European Commerce 



96 



enumeration then made, was about nine millions three hundred and 
thirty thousand, and Mr. George Chalmers estimated the consumption 
of grain of all sorts, at that time, in England and Wales, to be as fol- 
lows, viz. — 

Quarters. Bushels. 
Bread corn, one qr. each, 9,330,000 eight bush, per qr. 74,640,000 
Corn made into drink, 4,665,000 db. do. 37,320,000 
Corn for cattle, poultry ,&c. 4,665,000 do. dOw 37,320,000 

18,660,000 or 149,280,000 

How far the United States have come in competition, with the 

grain countries situated around the Baltic, in the articles of wheat and 

flour, will appear on comparing the exports of those articles, from 

those countries respectively. 

The whole quantity of wheat, exported from all the ports of the 

Baltic in the years 1801 and 1802, being years of great exportation, 

was, for 

1801 .... 994,609 quarters* 

1802 . . . . 1,032,941 do. being, on an ave- 
rage of these two years, about one million of quarters, or eight millions 
of Winchester bushels. The average quantity exported from the Uni- 
ted States, during the same years, (allowing five bushels of wheat to 
a barrel of flour,) was about five millions nine hundred thousand bu- 
shels, falling about two millions short of the quantity exported from all 
the extensive grain countries situated around the Baltic. The value 
of grain of all kinds annually exported from the Baltic, in common 
years, amounts to about two millions sterling, or about nine millions 
of dollars. In some years, however, it has amounted to eight mil- 
lions sterling.! The value of grain, including rice, shipped from 
the United States, on an average of the years 1805-6, and 7, was about 
twelve and a half millions of dollars, and in the years 1811-12, 
and 13, was as follows, viz. — 

Dolls. 

1811 * . . . - 20,391,000 

1812 17,797,000 

1813 19,041,000 



* 2 Vol. of Oddy. 



t eVol. ofOdd,y. 



97 

m 

This increase, it is well known, was occasioned by the great de« 
ihand for grain and provisions of all kinds in Spain and Portugal du- 
ring these years, and the enhanced prices of the articles themselves, 
la 1811, th« year of the greatest exportation, the value 



of wheat, flour, and biscuit, was g 14,662,000 
of Indian com and meal, 2,896,000 
of rice, 2,387,000 
of all other, rye, oats, pulse, potatoes, kc. 446,000 

Making $20,391,000* 



RICE. 

•The culture of rice was introduced into South-Carolina about the 
year 1694. Different accounts have been given as to the manner of 
its first introduction. The account, however, given by Dr. Ramsay, 
in his valuable history of South-Carolina, published in 1809, is proba- 
bly the most correct, and which we shall give in his own words : 

" Landgrave Thomas Smith, who was govemour of the Province 
in 1 693, had been at Madagascar, before he settled in Carolina. There 
he observed, that rice was planted and grew in low and moist ground. 
Having such ground, at the western extremity of his garden attached to 



his dwelling-house in East Bay street, he was persuaded that rice 
would grow therein, if seed could be obtained. About this time a 

• The value of grain exported fi\)m the empire of Russia, in 1802, was as 
follows :t 

Rubles. 

Wheat 4,055,907 

Rye 5,604,422 

Barley 1,004,144 

Oats 206,056 

Other com 99,754 

Wheat and rye flour .... 157,809 

In spirits made from native com - - 368,153 



11,496,245 



* Oddy's European CoTnmerce 
J3 



98 

v.e^l from Madagascar, being in distress, came to anchor near Sulli- 
van's Island. The master of this vessel inquired for Mr. Smith as an 
old acquaintance. An interview took place. In the course of con- 
versation Mr. Smith expressed a wish to obtain some seed rice to plant 
in his garden, bj way of experiment. The cook being called said 
he had a small bag of rice suitable for that purpose. This was pre- 
sented to Mr. Smith, who sowed it in a low spot of his garden, which 
now forms a part of Longitude lane. It grew luxuriantly. The little 
crop was distributed by Mr. Smith, among his planting friends. From 
this small beginning, the first staple commodity of Carolina took its 
rise. It soon after became the chief support of the Colony."* 

Its introduction was an object of great importance to that country. 
It was valuable, not only for the consumption of the inhabitants of 
that Province, but it soon became the staple of the country;, as an ar- 
ticle of exportation. By an act of Parliament of the 3 and 4 of Ann, 
(1706) rice was placed among the enumerated commodities, and could 
only be shipped directly to Great-Britain ; but afterwards, in the 
year 1730, it was permitted, under certain limitations and restric- 
tions, to be shipped and carried directly from Carolina, to any part 
of Europe south of Cape Finisterre. In the year 1724, eighteen 
thousand barrels of rice were exported, and in the year 1733, thirty- 
six thousand five hundred and eighty-four barrels from South-Carolina, 
and in 1739, seventy-one thousand four hundred and eighty-four bar- 
rels, and in 1740, no less than ninety -one thousand one hundred and 
ten barrels. From November 1760 to September 1761, one hundred 
thousand barrels were exported.! From the table of exports of the 
North- American Colonies, for the year 1770, it appears, that during 
that year, one hundred fifty thousand five hundred and twenty-nine 
barrels of rice were exported, and that seventy-four thousand and se- 
venty-three were shipped to Great-Britain, thirty-six thousand two 
hundred and ninety-six to the South of Europe, forty thousand and 
thirty-three to the West-Indies, and one hundred and seventeen to 
Africa, the value of this, as estimated in the custom-house books, was 
£340,692 16 sterling, or about g 1,530,000. 

* Doct. Ramsay's History of South-Carolina. 

f Macpherson*s Annals of Commerce and Ramsay's History. 



99 



The quantity exported from the United States, from 1791 to 1804, 
and its value since 1803, was as follows, viz. — 





Tierces, 


Value. 
Dolls, 


1791 


96,980 




1792 


141,762 




1793 


134,611 




1794 


116,486 




1795 


138,526 




1796 


131,039 




179T 


60,111 




1798 


125,243 




1799 


110,599 




1800 


112,056 




1801 


94,866 




1802 


79,822 




1803 


81,838 


2,455,000 


1804 


78,385 


2,350,000 


1805 


56,830 


1,705,000 


1806 


102,627 


2,617,000 


1807 


94,692 


2,367,000 


1808 


9,228 


221,000 


1809 


116,907 


2,104,000 


1810 


131,341 


2,626,000 


1811 


119,356 


2,387,000 


1812 - 


77,190 


1,544,000 


1813 


120,843 


3,021,000 


1814 


11,476 


230,000 



INDIAN CORN AND MEAL, RYE, &c. 

Indian corn, or maize, was found among the natives on the first 
discovery of this country, and from them, has received its usual 
name ; and has always been considered indigenous in America. It 
was cultivated by the Indians, for food, both in North and South-Ame- 
rica. It seems adapted to the climate of all the state.^, except 



100 



in the extreme parts of the north, where the summers are sometimes 
too short and cold, to bring it to maturity ; and where it is also liable 
to be injured by early frosts. It is exported in large quantities, in a 
raw state, or when manufactured into meal. 

When manufactured, it is, principally, shipped to the West-Indies^ 
though in times of scarcity, it has, occasionally, gone to Europe. In 
1770, five hundred seventy-eight thousand three hundred and forty- 
nine bushels, were exported from the North-American Colonies ; of 
this, one hundred fifty went to Ireland, one hundred seventy-five 
thousand two hundred and twenty-one to the south of Europe, four 
hundred two thousand nine hundred and fifty-eight to the West-In- 
dies, twenty to Africa ; and in the custom-house books, it was valued 
at £43,376 4 2 sterling, or about gl94,000. 

Of late years, before the corn is manufactured into meal, it is dri- 
ed by a fire, in a kiln prepared for that purpose. By this process, 
the meal is much less liable to become sour on tht voyage, and can 
be preserved much longer in a warm climate. 

The following is the quantity of Indian corn and meal exported, 
annually, from 1791 to 1814 — viz. 



Bushels. 



Com. 



Bushels. 



Meal. 



Value. 



1791 
1792 
1793 
1794 
1795 
1796 
1797 
1798 
1799 
1800 
1801 
1802 
1803 
1804 



1,713,241 
1,964,973 
1,233,768 
1,505,977 
1,935,345 
1,173,552 
804,922 
1,218,231 
1,200,492 
1,694,327 
1,768,162 
1,633,283 
2,079,608 
1,944,873 



540,286" 

254,799 

211,694 

231,226 

338,108 

919,355 

266,aiG 

133,606 

111,327 



351,695 1 
263,405 V 
189,715 ^ 
241,570 > 
512,445 ( 



2,O25,00C' 
2,500,000 



101 





Corn. 




Value. 




T)imhels 


Barrels. 


Dolls. 


1805 


861,501 


116,131 


1,442,000 


1806 


1,064,263 


108,342 


1,286,000 


1807 


1 018 721 


136,460 


987,000 


1808 


249 533 


30,818 


298,000 


1809 


522,047 


■ 57,260 


547,000 


1810 


1,054,252 


86,744 


1,138,000 


1811 


2,790,850 


147,420 


2,896,000 


1812 


2,039,999 


90,810 


1,939,000 


1813 


1,486,970 


58,521 


1,838,000 


1814 


61,284 


26,438 


170,000 



The West-Indies, Spain, and Portugal, are the principal markets 
for Indian com and meal. 

The other articles of vegetable food, exported from the United 
States, are rye, oats, peas, beans, potatoes, kc. These, however, 
constitute but a small part of the value of their exports. Most of the 
rye in the United States is used for bread, or is made into spirits, at 
home. The distillation of grain has, within a few years, increased 
very rapidly in this country. In 1801, the quantity of spirits, distil- 
led from grain and fruit, was estimated at ten millions of gallons. 
By the returns of the marshals, giving an account of the manufactures 
of the several states, in 1810, it appears that the quantity distilled 
during that year, from grain and fruit, exceeded twenty millions of 
gallons. Much the greate-it part of this, probably more than three 
quarters, was from grain. It is calculated, that a bushel of rye, or 
corn, will produce from two and a half to three gallons of spirits. In 
1810, therefore, between five and six millions of bushels of rye and 
com must have been made into spirits. In Pennsylvania alone, in 
that year, there were three thousand three hundred and thirty-four 
distilleries, producing no less than six million five hundred fifty- 
two thousand two hundred and eighty-four gallons of spirits, princi- 
pally from grain. The whole, or nearly the whole, of this is con- 
sumed in the United States. When we add to this the quantity dis- 
tilled in this country from molasses, and that which is imported and 
consumed here, we find the annual consumption of spirits in the Unit- 
ed States amounting to thirty-one million seven hundred twenty- 



102 



five thousand four hundred and seventeen gallons, as the following 
calculation will shew :— 

Spirits distilled in the United States in 1810, Galls, 
from foreign and domestic materials, as by the 
returns of the marshals, (about five millions from 
molasses) . . , . 25,499,382 

Exported during that year, spirits 
from foreign materials - - 474,990 
do. do. from domestic materials 133,853 

608,843 



Leaving to be consumed - - 24,890,539 
The average quantity of spirits imported and 
consumed from 1801 to 1812 inclusive 6,834,&78 



Making .... 31,725,417 
about four and a half gallons for every person. Very little rye is ex- 
ported from this country. In 1801, the year of scarcity in Great-Bri- 
tain, three hundred ninety-two thousand two hundred and seventy-six 
bushels of rye meal were exported, which was more than three times 
the quantity exported in any one year since 1791 ; and the average 
number of bushels of rye exported, annually from 1791 to 1811, has 
not exceeded six or eight thousand. Much greater quantities were 
exported in the years 1812 and 1813 ; in the former of which, eigh- 
ty-two thousand seven hundred and five, and in the latter, one hun- 
dred forty thousand one hundred and thirty-six bushels were ex- 
ported. 

Vast quantities of rye are produced in Europe, and particularly in 
the northern parts. The bread of the common people, in the northern 
Kingdoms of Europe, is made of rye meal, and great quantities are 
also exported from the Baltic. In France, one of the best wheat 
countries, rye is also common. It is said, that more of it is gather- 
ed there than of wheat, and that half of the people in France use 
rye bread.* 

* See Peccohefs Statistics of France, digested and abridged by James 
N. Taylor, Esq. printed in 1815. 



103 



The average quantity of oats exported, for twenty years, has been 
ahout seventy thousand bushels, annually ; of peas, about ninety 
thousand, and of beans, between thirty and forty thousand. Potatoes, 
which constitute such a valuable part of our agricultural productions, 
especially in our domestic economy, are also exported, but the ave- 
rage quantity will not exceed about sixty thousand bushels a year. 

The following is the aggregate value of all the exports, the produce 
of agriculture, constituting vegetable food, from 1802, to 1814 : — 





Dolls. 


1802 


12,790,000 


1803 


14,080,000 


1804 


12,250,000 


1805 


11,752,000 


1806 


11,850,000 


1807 


14,432,000 


1808 


2,650,000 


1809 


8,751,000 


1810 


10,750,000 


1811 


20,391,000 


1812 


17,797,000 


1813 


19,041,000 


1814 


2,179,000 



PRODUCE OF ANIMALS. 



Beef, pork, tallow, hams, butter and cheese, lard, live cattle and 
horses, have long been articles of export, of no inconsiderable value. 
They have generally been shipped to the West-Indies. 

The colonial custom-house books shew that in the year 1770, there 
was shipped to the South of Europe, two hundred and forty-four bar- 
rels, and to the West-Indies two thousand eight hundred and seventy 
tons of beef and pork, making about twenty-eight thousand nine 
hundred and forty-four barrels, and which was then valued at 
£66,035 I 10 sterling, or about ^277,000. Beef and pork, with 
live cattle, have been among the most considerable articles of domes- 



104 



tic export from some of the Northern states, where the lands are bet- 
ter for grazing than for grain. 

The following quantities of beef and pork have been exported an- 
nually from 1791 to 1814, viz. — 





Beef. 


Pork. 




Bbls, 


Bbls. 


1 noi 
livi 






1 *7QC> 




oo,uyo 


1 '70^ 
1 loO 


/0,1UD 




1 7Q/1 


inn RfiR 
1UU5ODO " 




1 1 ijO 




" 00,1 DO 


17Qfi 


qo KOI 




1 7Q7 


ull jO 1 At " 


40 12ti 




CO 000 


" Otj, 110 


1799 


91 321 


62 268 


1800 


75,043 


55,467 


1801 


75,331 


70,779 


1802 


61,520 


78,239 


1803 


77,934 


96,602 


1804 


134,896 


- 111,532 


1805 


115,532 


57,925 


1806 


117,419 


36,277 


1807 


84,209 


39,247 


1808 


20,101 


15,478 


1809 


28,555 


42,652 


1810 


47,699 


37,209 


1811 


76,743 


37,270 


1812 


42,757 


22,746 


1813 


43,741 


17,337 


1814 


20,297 


4,040 



In the year 1770, one hundred sixty-seven thousand six hundred 
and thirteen pounds of butter, fifty-five thousand nine hundred and 
ninety -seven pounds of cheese, and one hundred eighty-five thousand 
one hundred and forty-three pounds of tallow and lard were exported. 



105 



Large quantities of these articles have been exported, averaging be- 
tween one and two millions of pounds annually, and in some years 
exceeding two millions. In 1804, two millions eight hundred and 
thirty thousand and sixteen pounds of butter, and two millions five 
hundred sixty-five thousand seven hundred and nineteen pounds of 
lard, were shipped from the United States. Tables No. IV. and V. 
annexed to this chapter, shew the countries and places to which our 
beef and pork have been carried, from 1800 to 1811. Beef and 
pork, butter and lard, as well as live stock, have generally found a 
market in the West-India Islands. During the late war in Europe, 
the British West-Indies, for certain periods, have been open for our 
beef and pork, and large quantities have been shipped directly to 
British West-India ports. In 1 804, no less than forty -five thousand 
six hundred and fifty -six barrels of beef, and forty-seven thousand 
nine hundred and twenty-six barrels of pork went to those parts. 
In the year 1811, ten thousand four hundred and thirty-two barrels 
of beef were shipped to Spain, and fourteen thousand three hundred 
and eighty-one to Portugal. 



The value of the exports, the produce of animals, since 1803, as 
ascertained at the Treasury department, has been as follows, viz. — 





Beef, tallow. 


Butter and 


Pork, bacon. 


Horses and 


Sheep. 




hides, and 


cheese. 


lard, and 


mules. 






live cattle. 




live hogs. 








Dolls. 


Uolls. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


1803 


1,145,000 


585,000 


1,890,000 


460,000 


55,000 


1804 


1,520,000 


490,000 


1,990,000 


270,000 


30,000 


1805 


1,545,000 


415,000 


1,960,000 


220,000 


1,500 


1806 


1,360,000 


481,000 


1,096,000 


321,000 


16,000 


180r 


1,108,000 


490,000 


1,157,000 


317,000 


14,000 


1808 


265,000 


196,000 


398,000 


105,000 


4,000 


1809 


425,000 


264,000 


1,001,000 


113,000 


8,000 


1810 


747,000 


318,000 


907,000 


185,000 


12,000 


1811 


1,195,000 


395,000 


1,002,000 


254,000 


20,000 


1812 


524,000 


329,000 


604,000 


191,000 


9,000 


1813 


539,000 


95,000 


457,000 


8,000 


2,000 


1814 


241,000 


59,000 


176,000 


1,000 


5,000 



14 



106 



The following is the aggregate value of these articles 





UOllb. 


1803 


4,135,000 


1804 - - - 


4,300,000 


1805 


4,141,500 


1806 - . - 


3,274,000 


1807 


3,086,000 


1808 


968,000 


1809 » 


1,811,000 


1810 - 


2,169,000 


1811 


2,866,000 


1812 " 


1,657,000 


1813 - 


1,101,000 


1814 


482,000 



The national legislature have heretofore encouraged the exporta- 
tion of salted beef and pork, by allowing a bounty on each barrel 
exported, by way of draw-back of the duty on imported salt. This 
bounty was supposed to be equal to the amount of the duty on the 
salt used in a barrel of beef or pork. It was discontinued on the re- 
peal of the duty in 1807. It was not again allowed by Congress on 
salted beef and pork on the renewal of the duty on imported salt, in 
July, 1813, although allowed on pickled fish. The policy of the mea- 
sure, however, is too obvious to admit a doubt, that, on the return of 
regular commerce, this bounty on salted provisions exported, will be 
again allowed, as well as on the exportation of pickled fish. It is 
obvious, that unless it is allowed, the merchant or exporter of this 
country cannot be on an equal footing with others in a foreign mar- 
ket. The amount of the duty on imported salt will be charged in 
the price of the provisions, either at home or abroad. If other nations 
allow a drawback, on the exportation of salted provisions equal to the 
amount of the duty on salt, and the United States do not make the 
same allowance, they can undersell us in a foreign market. 

In that case, our salted provisions must either remain at home, or 
the price of the provisions themselves must lessen in proportion to 
the 'amount of the duty on salt. This loss will fall on the farmer. 



107 



TOBACCO. 



Tobacco has been the great staple of Virginia and Maryland, from 
their first settlement. This plant is a native of America, and was 
found here on the first discovery of the country. It was introduced 
into England, by Sir Walter Raleigh, about the year 1584. It soon 
got into general use, and became the subject of regulation, by royal 
proclamations and by acts of Parliament. King James I. was violent^ 
ly opposed to its introduction, and issued proclamations against the 
use of it, and against planting it in England. About the year 1624 
it became a royal monopoly, and afterwards, in order to encourage 
its growth in the Colonies, and thereby derive a revenue to the crown, 
an act of Parliament prohibited the planting of it in Great-Britain. 

The average quantity imported from the North- American Colonies 
into England, for ten years preceding the year 1709, was twenty- 
eight millions eight hundred fifty-eight thousand six hundred and six- 
ty-six pounds.* 

From 1761 to 1775, the quantity imported annually into England 
and Scotland, and the amount exported during the same period, was 
as follows : — 





Imported. 


Exported. 


Imported. 


Exported. 




Pounds. 


Pomids. 


Pounds. 


Pounds. 


1761 


47,065,787 


36,788,944 


24,048,380 


23,525,326 


1762 


44,102,491 


36,445,951 


27,339,433 


26,694,999 


1763 


65,173,752 


40,940,312 


31,613,170 


30,613,738 


1764 


54,433,318 


54,058,336 


26,310,219 


25,902,170 


1765 


48,306,593 


39,121,423 


33,889,565 


33,379,201 


1766 


43,307,453 


32,986,790 


32,175,223 


31,723,205 


1767 


39,140,639 


36,400,398 


29,385,343 


28,871,522 


1768 


35,545,708 


30,864,536 


33,261,427 


32,488,543 


1769 


33,784,208 


23,793,272 


35,920,685 


34,714,630 


1770 


39,187,037 


33,238,437 


39,226,354 


38,498.522 



* -Macpherson's Annals of Commercp. 



108 



ENfiiANI). I 

Imported. Exported. | 

Pounds. Pounds. | 

1771 68,079,183 41,439,386 | 

1772 31,493,622 49,784,009 ' 

1773 56,928,967 60,349,967 j 

1774 56,048,393 44,829,836 I 

1775 66,966,463 43,880,864 1 



SCOTLAND. 

Imported. Exported. 
Pounds. Pour^ds. 

49,312,146 48,488,681 

43,748,416 42,806,548 

44,485,194 43,596,102 

40,157,689 39,633,562 
66,927,642 



In 1770, eighty-four thousand nine hundred and ninety -seven hogs- 
heads of tobacco were exported from the North- American Provinces, 
which were valued in the custom-house books at £906,637 18 1 sterl- 
ing, or about ^4,060,000. This article constituted about one third 
in value of all the exports in that year, and exceeded the value of 
wheat and flour exported during the same year, more than one mil- 
lion of dollars. 



The following is an account of the quantity exported from the Uni- 
ted States, from 1791 to 1814, in its raw, and manufactured state^ 
and its value since 1802 : — 







Manufactured; 


SnuflP. 


Value. 




No. of hhds. 


Pounds. 


Pounds. 


Dolls 


1791 


- 101,272 


81,122 - 


15,689 




1792 


- 112,428 


- 117,874 - 


10,042 




1793 


69,947 


- 137,784 - 


35,659 




1794 


76,826 


23,660 - 


37,415 




1795 


61,050 


20,263 - 


129,436 




1796 


69,018 


29,181 - 


267,046 




1797 


- ' 68,167 


12,801 - 


73,267 




1798 


68,567 


- 142,269 - 


114,151 




1799 


- .96,070 


- 416,076 - 


109,682 




1800 


78,680 


= 467,713 - 


41,453 




1804 


- 103,758 


- 472,282 - 


62,297 




1802 


77,721 


- 233,691 - 


43,161 ■ 


. 6,220,000 


1803 


86,291 


- 152,416 - 


17,928 ■ 


- 6,209,000 


1804 


83,343 


- 278,071 = 


20,678 


- 6,000,000 



100 







Manufactured , 


Snuff. 


Value, 




2Co. ofhlids. 


T^fW 1 n rl c 


Pounds. 


Dolls. 


loUo 


/ 1 ,zoz 




00,1-4/ 


0,041,UUU 




1 C£? 

oo,loo 


3oo,/2/ 


/t O 01 o 


D,07z,UUU 


1807 


D2,lbo 


236,004 


oy,7Do 


o,4/b,0uu 


i cr»o 
IdUo 


y,57b 


2b,6o6 


OK o ,1 r 

zo,o4o 


Q Q AAA 

000, UUu 


louy 




314, ooU 


oo,yoo 


Q rriT i AAA 
0, / /4,UUU 


1810 


84,134 


- 495,427 - 


46,640 ■ 


. 5,048,000 


1811 


35,828 


- 732,713 - 


19,904 


- 2,150,000 


1812 


26,094 


- 583,258 - 


3,360 ■ 


- 1,514,000 


1813 


5,314 


- 283,512 - 




319,000 


1814 


3,125 


79,377 - 




232,000 



Tke above value only includes that exported in its raw state. 

Tobacco has been one of the greatest articles of export from North- 
America from its first settlement. Previous to the American revolu- 
tion, it constituted in value, between a quarter and one third of all the 
exports of the American Colonies, now the United States. The 
quantity exported since 1791 has not exceeded, if it has equalled, 
the quantity exported from 1761 to 1775; although, with other arti- 
cles, it has increased in price. From 1802 to 1807, the average an- 
nual value was about six millions of dollars, and from 1808 to 1813, 
in consequence of commercial restrictions, and the war between the 
United States and Great-Britain, the average annual value has not ex- 
ceeded §2,300,000.* 

♦ The average price of tobacco, at the places of exportation, since 1806. 
!\as been as follow s, viz. — 

Per lihd. 
Dolls. 



1806 79 

1807 88 

1808 87 

1809 70 

1810 60 

1811 60 

1812 70 

1813 67 

1814 74 



110 



The principal markets for tobacco are Great-Britain, France, Hol- 
land, and the North of Europe. (See Table No. VI.) A great part 
of that shipped to Great-Britain is sent to the Continent of Europe. 

COTTON. 

Cotton is a native of the tropical regions, in every quarter of the 
world. It is mentioned by Herodotus as growing in India, at the 
time he wrote his history. It was found among the Mexicans and 
Peruvians, on the first discovery of America ; and among the latter, 
the manufacture of it was carried to no inconsiderable extent. Pre- 
vious to the American revolution, it was cultivated in the southern 
states for domestic use. 

Soon after the peace of 1783, small quantities were exported from 
Georgia.* It was not, however, cultivated to much extent, for ex- 
portation, in' the United States, until about the year 1791 or 1792. 
Since that period, it has become the great staple of the states of 
South-Carolina and Georgia, and next to grain, the most valuable 
of all the exports of the United States. 

American cotton has been generally known by the names of sea- 
island and upland cotton. The former grows along the sea coast, 
has a black seed, is of a long staple, and is easily cleaned or separat- 
ed from the seed ; the latter grows on the upland, at a distance from 
the coast, has a green seed, is of a short staple, and until the inven- 
tion of a machine for the purpose, was so difficult to be cleaned, or 
separated from the seed, as to be scarcely worth the trouble and ex- 
pense of cultivation. This machine was invented by Mr. Eli Whit- 
ney, a native of Massachusetts, who wa^.accidentally in Georgia, in 
the year 1795; a gentleman of education, and distinguished for his 
mechanical genius. This machine has enriched the southern planter 
by enabling him to cultivate, to the greatest advantage, one of the 
most valuable staples in the world. 

Before its invention, very little upland cotton was cultivated, and 
scarcely a single pound was exported from the United States ; after- 
terwards, the culture of this species of cotton became the principal 



* Ramsay's History of South-Carolina. 



Ill 



object of the planter in South-Carolina and Georgia ; and in the yea^ 
1807, more than fifty-five millions of pounds of upland cotton was ex- 
ported, and which was valued at more than eleven and a half millions 
of dollars. It has rarely occurred, that the invention of a single ma- 
chine has, at once, changed the employment of so many thousand 
people, and has added so much to the wealth and resources of a na- 
tion. In the year 1792, the value of the exports of the United 
States, was only ^20, 733,098, (upland cotton, the growth of the 
United States, constituted very little, if any part of these exports,) 
and in the short period of fifteen years, a new article of export is 
produced, amounting in value to more than one half of that sum.* 

The rapid increase of the culture of cotton in the United States 
wiU appear, from the following account of the quantity exported from 
1791 to 1814, and the value of that of domestic growth since 1802 : — 

Cotton of all kinds exported Value of cotton of 
from 1791 to 1804. domestic growth^ 

Pounds. Dolls. 

1791 - - 189,316 

1792 - - 138,328 

1793 - - 487,600 

Mr. Whitney obtained a patent for this invention, at an early period, 
under the laws of the United States ; and has been liberally rewarded for 
the right of using it, by all the cotton planting states, except the state of 
Georgia. South-Carolina gave him, and Mr. Miller, who was concerned 
witli him, the sum of §50,000, for the right of using the machine in that 
.state. In the state of Georgia, his right to the invention was disputed, 
and his machine was used, with the exception of a lew individuals, witliout 
making him any compensation. He was compelled tlierefore, in that state, 
to have recourse to tlie judicial tribunals for redress. Owing, however, to 
a defect in the first patent law, and to the powerful interest opposed to 
him, he was miable to obtain a decision in his favor, until thirteen years of 
his patent had expired. This decision was had, before the Circuit Court of 
the United States, in which Judge Johnson, of South-Carolina, presided. 
Ti\ his charge to the juiy, on the ti-ial of the case, the Judge did ample jus- 
tice to Mr. Whitney, as the original inventor, we)l as to the importance 
and utility of the invention itsetf 



112 





Cotton of all kinds exported 


Value of cotton of 




from 1791 to 1804. 


domestic growth. 




Pounds. 


DoUi?. 


1 7QJ. 


i,dU1,7dU 




1 / aO 


D,:a/D,oOU 










1797 


_ „ ^ 7QQ AQQ 




1 7QR 


Q QfiA r»np; 
y,oDU,uuo 




1 7QQ 






1800 


17,789,803 




1801 


- 20,911,201 




1802 


- 27,501,075 


5,250,000 


1803 


- 41,105,623 


7,920,000 


1804 


- 38,118,041 


7,650,000 



Cotton of domestic growth exported from 1804 to 1814 : — 





Sea-island. 


Upland. 


Value. 




Povmds. 


Pounds. 


Dolls. 


1805 


- 8,787,659 ■ 


- 29,602,428 - 


9,445,000 


1806 . 


- 6,096,082 ■ 


• 29,561,383 - 


8,332,000 


1807 


- 8,926,011 


- 55,018,448 - 


14,232,000 


1808 


949,051 • 


9,681,394 - 


2,221,000 


1809 


- 8,654,213 ■ 


- 42,326,042 - 


8,515,000 


1810 


- 8,604,078 ■ 


■ 84,657,384 - 


15,108,000 


1811 


- 8,029,576 ■ 


- 54,028,660 - 


9,652,000 


1812 . 


- 4,367,806 ■ 


- 24,519,571 - 


3,080,000 


1813 


- 4,134,849 ■ 


■ 14,975,167 - 


2,324,000 


1814 


- 2,520,338 ■ 


■ 15,208,669 - 


2,683,000* 



* The price of cotton at the places of exportation, according to which the 
value has been ascertained at the Treasury, since 1804, has been as follows, 
viz.— - 

Sea-island. Upland, 
lb. lb. . 

1806 . - - 30 cents. ... 22 cents. 

1807 ... 30 do. - . - 21 do. 

1808 - - . 30 do. - - - 20 do. 

1809 ... 25 do. - - - 15 do. 



113 

Tables No. VII. and VIII. shew the countries to whkh cotton has 
been exported, from 1800 to 1811. Great-Britain has been the 
principal market for this article. In 1807, before the conimencement 
of our commercial restrictions, more than fiftj-three millions of pounds 
were shi{^d directly to that country, leaving about thirteen millions 
for all other parts of the world. 

During the continuance of those restrictions, the greatest part 
reached Great-Britain, by the way of the Floridas, the Azores, Ma- 
deira, Spain, Portugal, and Sweden. 

The value of cotton shipped to Great-Britain, in 1807, according 
to the American custom-house books, was §11,953,378. According 
to the English custom-house books, and a valuation made by the in- 
spector-general of imports and exports, the real value of cotton, im- 
ported from the United States into Great-Britain, (exclusive of Scot- 
land) in the year ending the 10th of October, 1807, was £3,036,392 
sterling, or §13,481,580. If we add to this, the quantity imported 
into Scotland, the value cannot be less than about fifteen millions of 
dollars. The increase in the culture and manufacture of cotton, of 
late years, has been astonishingly great, and to trace its rapid pro- 
gress is not a matter of idle or useless curiosity. From 1768 to 
1779, the average quantity of cotton annually imported into England, 
from all parts of the world, did not exceed about five millions of 
pounds. From 1784 to 1787, the quantity imported into Great- 
Britain was as follows, viz. — 

Pounds. 

1784 - - - - - - 11,280,338 

1785 17,992,888 

1786 19,151,867 

1787 22,600,000 



Sea-island. Upland, 
lbs. lbs. 

1810 - - - 28 cents. ^ - - 15 cents. 

1811 ... 26 do. - - - 14 do. 

1812 ... 20 do. - - - 9 do, 

1813 . - - 20 do. - - - 10 do. 

1814 - - - 28 do. - - - 13 da 

15 



114 



The cotton imported in 1787, is supposed to have come from the 
following places 





Pounds. 


British West-Indies, 


6,600,000 


French and Spanish Colonies, 


- 6,000,000 


Dutch, - - do. - - 


1,700,000 


Portuguese, - 


- 2,500,000 


East-Indies, procured from Ostend, 


- 100,000 


Smyrna and Turkey, * 


5,700,000 




22,600,000 



In 1800, the quantity imported into England, 

was - 42,806,507 
Into Scotland = - - . - 13,204,225 



Making 56,010,732* 

In the year 1807, the following quantity was imported into the 
ports of London, Liverpool, and Glasgow, from different parts of the 
world :t — 

Bags. 

From the United States, = . = - 171,267 
The British West-Indies, - - - 28,969 
The Colonies conquered from the Dutch, 43,651 
Portugal, - - - - - 18,981 
East-Indies, . - . - . 11,409 
All other parts, - - - - 8,390 



282,667 

* Macpherson's Annals of Commerce. 

I Sir Alexander Baring's inquiry relative to the British orders in coun- 
cil, &c.— 1808. 



115 



The number of bales imported into Great-Britain, and the coun- 
tries from where imported in 1810 and 1811, were as follows, viz.— 





1810. 


1811. 


From America 


240,516 


128,482 


Portugal and Colonies 


- 142,946 


118,514 


Spain and do. 


14,589 


7,881 


East- Indies 


- 79,382 


14,646 


Demarara, Berbice, Surinam, 




and Cayenne, 


- 40,291 


34,838 


West-India Islands, 


33,571 


19,295 


Mediterranean, 


3,592 


974 


Ireland, 


- 6,082 


1,300 


Heligoland, 


182 


274 


Africa, - 


22 


37 


Baltic, 




40 




561,173 


326,281 



In the year 1810, the number of bales from the United States, was 
two hundred forty thousand five hundred and sixteen. As these 
bales would average three hundred pounds each, they contained se- 
venty-two million one hundred fifty-four thousand and eight hundred 
pounds of cotton. The bales from Portugal are said not to average 
more than one hundred pounds, making fourteen million two hundred 
ninety-four thousand and six hundred. During this year, therefore, 
from one half to two thirds of all the cotton imported into Great- 
Britain, was from the United States, notwithstanding seventy-nine 
thousand three hundred and eighty-two bales were, during that year, 
imported from the East-Indies. The foregoing was taken from Brit- 
ish accounts. 

The following is the quantity of cotton exported from the United 
States to Great-Britain, as appears by the American custom-house 
books, from 1800 to 1811 

Number of pounds 

1800 16,179,513 

1801 - 18,953,065 

* See Tables No. VU. and Vm. annexed to this chapter. 



lU 





Number of pounds. 


1802 




1803 


- - 27 7^7 S07 


1804 


26 770 748 


1805 


32,571,073 


1806 


24,256,457 


^807 


53,180,211 


1808 


7,992,593 


1809 


13,365,987 


1810 


36,171,915 


1811] 


46,872,452 



As the direct intercourse between the United States and Great- 
Britain, was open but a part of the year 1810, only about thirty-six 
millions of pounds was shipped directly to that country. During that 
year, however, more than five millions was shipped to Sweden ; more 
than fourteen millions to Denmark and Norway ; about nine mill- 
ions to Spain, Portugal, and Madeira ; four millions, to the Azores, 
and ten millions to the Floridas ; the greatest part of which un- 
doubtedly went to Great-Britain. 

Europe is, and always must be, dependent upon other quarters of the 
world, for a supply of cotton. The climate is, for the most part, too 
cold for the production of this valuable plant. Some small quantities 
have been raised in the southern parts of Spain and Italy. The 
French government, under Bonaparte, attempted to introduce the 
culture of it in France. In 1807, a distinguished agriculturalist, 
Monsieur Lasteyric, was employed by the French government to give 
instructions, relative to the culture of the cotton plant. He accord- 
ingly published a treatise on the subject, entitled " Du Cotonnier, 
et de*sa culture," in which he gives an account of the various kinds 
of cotton, in different parts of the world, and the modes of cultivating 
it. The Minister of the Interior also, at the same time, sent a cir- 
cular letter to the Prefects of all the Departments, requesting their 
particular attention, to the cultivation of cotton, and informing them 
that he had sent for cotton seed, to Spain, Italy, and North-America, 
to be distributed to the different departments, and offering a premi- 



iir 



um of one franc* for every killogramme (two pounds English) of 
cotton raised and cleaned ready for spinning. It is understood that 
the experiment, if ever made, did not succeed. France has received 
a great part of her cotton fabrics, particularly those of the finer kind, 
from Great-Britain. Monsieur Lasteyric himself states that the value 
of cotton goods imported into France fronj England in 1806, amount- 
ed to 65,000,000 francs, or about ^13,000,000. 

He also states the quantity of cotton imported into France, from 
the year 5 of the republic, (1796) to 1806, to be as follows, viz. — 



Year 6 - - - - 

6 - - - ^ 

7 ... - 

8 - - - - 

9 . . - . 

10 ... - 

11 ... - 

12 - T - - 

13 - - - - 

Three months and ten days of the 
year 14, and the whole of 1806, 
making 15 months and 10 days 

Total of ten years 
Annual average 



9,000,000 killogrammes. 



5,145,000 


- do. 


3,363,000 


- do. 


5,504,000 


- do. 


7,560,000 


. do. 


7,890,000 


- do. 


8,600,000 


- do. 


9,205,000 


- do. 


10,857,000 


- do. 



C Four millions of 
1 1, 850,000 < which came from 
^ Portugal. 



78,974,000 killogrammes. 
7,897,400 - do. 



The annual average of cotton, therefore, imported into France 
from 1796 to 1806, was only fifteen million seven hundred ninety- 
four thousand and eight hundred pounds. The whole quantity im- 
ported into France during this period, did not exceed the quantity 
exported from the United States in the years 1810 and 1811. 

* A franc is about twenty cents, raakinj^ a premium of about ten cents 
for a pound of cotton. 



118 



The following is the quantity exported from the United States to 
France, from 1800 to 1811. 

Pounds. 

1800 - - 

1801 - - - - - - 844,728 

1802 ... - . . 1,907,849 

1803 - - - - - - 3,821,840 

1804 6,946,848 

1805 - - - - - - 4,504,329 

1806 - - - ■ - . . 7,082,118 

1807 6,114,358 

1808 - - - - * - - 2,087,450 

1809 none direct. 

1810 do. 

1811 ----- - do. 

The manufacture of cotton has increased, and is still increasing 
very rapidly, in the United States. The quantity consumed in this 
country, on the average of the years 1811, 1812, and 1813, cannot 
be less than twenty millions of pounds. 

FLAX-SEED, INDIGO, &c. &c. 

The other articles of export, the produce of agriculture, are flax- 
seed, indigo, wax, flax, poultry, &c. The principal of these are flax- 
seed and indigo. In the year 1770, three hundred twelve thousand 
six hundred and twelve bushels of flax-seed were exported from the 
North-American Colonies, of which six thousand seven hundred and 
eighty went to England, three hundred five thousand and eighty- 
three to Ireland, and seven hundred forty-nine to the South of Europe. 
The custom-house value of it was then £31,168 18 1 sterling, or 
about g 139,000. 



119 



The following is an account of the quantity exported from the Uni- 
ted States from 1791 to 1814, with its value since 1803, viz. — 

Value. 







Dolls. 


1 '7Q1 

i7yi 


zyz,4bU 




1 TOO 


2:bl,yUo 




1 1 ifo 








07n in 




17QCi 






1 7Qft 
1 ivO 






1 7Q7 


QQQ QfiQ 






OO^ /17^ 




1 7QQ 












1 PHI 


401,^00 






100,000 




loUo 


Q 1 1 A r^Q 

oii,4oy 


4do,UUU 




OQ1 7r;'7 


4zU,UUU 


1805 


179,788 


360,000 


1806 


352,280 


529,000 


1807 


301,242 


452,000 


1808 


102,930 


131,000 


1809 


184,311 


230,000 


1810 


24#,579 


301,000 


1811 


304,114 


380,000 


1812 


325,022 


455,000 


1813 


189,538 


265,000 


1814 


14,800 


31,000 



Flax-seed has been generally shipped to Ireland. 

INDIGO. 

Indigo was one of the principal articles of produce and export from 
South-Carolina and Georgia, before the planting of cotton in those 
states became an object of so much importance. 



12b 



The culture of it was introduced into South-Carolina about tlie year 
1741 or 1742, and that state is indebted to a lady for the introduc- 
tion of this valuable plant. An account of the manner of its introduc- 
tion is given by Doct. Ramsay in his history of South-Carolina, and 
serves to shew, among other instances, how much a nation oftentimes 
is indebted for its wealth to the exertions and perseverance of a single 
individual. 

" The second great staple of Carolina (says the Doctor) was Indi- 
go. Its original native country was Hindostan ; but it had been na- 
turalized in the West-India Islands, from which it was introduced in- 
to Carolina by Miss Eliza Lucas the mother ofMajor General Charles 
Cotesworth Pinckney. 

Her father, George Lucas, Governour of Antigua, observing her 
fondness for the vegetable world, frequently sent to her tropical seeds 
and fruits, to be planted for her amusement on his plantation at Wap- 
poo. Among others he sent her some indigo seed as a subject of ex- 
periment. 

" She planted it in March 1741 or 1742. It was destroyed by 
frost. She repeated the experiment in April ; this was cut down by 
a worm. Notwithstanding these discouragements she persevered, and 
her third attempt was successful. Governour Lucas, on hearing that 
the plant had seeded and ripened, sent from Montserrat a man, by the 
name of Cromwell, who had been accustomed to the making of indi- 
go, and engaged him at high wages to come to Carolina, and let his 
daughter see the whole process for extracting the dye from the weed. 
This professed indigo maker built vats on Wappoo creek, and there 
made the first indigo that was formed in Carolina. It was but in- 
xlifferent. 

" Cromwell repented of his engagement, as being likely to injure 
his own country ; made a mystery of the business, and, with the hope 
of deceiving, injured the process by throwing in too much lime* 
Miss Lucas watched him carefully, and also engaged Mr. Deveaux to 
superintend his operations. Notwithstanding the duplicity of Crom- 
well, a knowledge of the process was obtained. Soon after Miss Lu- 
cas had completely succeeded in this useful project, she married 
Charles Pinckney ; and her father made a present of all the indigo 
on his plantation, the fruit of her industry, to her husband. The 



m 



whole was saved for seed. Part was planted by the proprietor next 
year at Ashapoo, and the remainder given away to his friends in small 
quantities for the same purpose. They all succeeded. From that 
time the culture of indigo was common, and in a year or two it be- 
came an article of export." 

In the year 1748, (21 of George II.) a bounty of six pence on the 
pound, on Plantation indigo, when it was worth three fourths of the 
price of the best French indigo, was granted by the British Parlia- 
ment. This increased its culture in South-Carolina, and in 1754, 
two hundred sixteen thousand nine hundred and twenty-four pounds 
of indigo were exported from that Province. From November 1760 
to September 1761, three hundred ninety-nine thousand three hun- 
dred and sixty-six pounds were exported ; and shortly before the Amer- 
ican Revolution, the export amounted to one million one hundred and 
seven thousand six hundred and sixty pounds.* 

In the year 1794, one million five hundred fifty thousand eight hun- 
dred and eighty pounds were exported from the United States, being 
the greatest quantity exported in any one year. Probably a consi- 
derable part of this was foreign indigo. 

Since-the planting of cotton has become general in South-Carolina 
and Georgia, the culture of indigo has been in a great measure neg- 
lected. 



Manufactured articles constitute a part of the domestic exports of 
the United States. The manufactures exported are : — 

1st. from domestic materials. 
2d. from foreign materials. 

The value of both these kinds of manufactures, exported from 1803 
to 1814, was as follows, viz. — 



MANUFACTURES. 



From domestic From foreign 



Total of 
both. 
Dolls. 



1803 
1804 



materials. materials. 

Dolls. Dolls. 

790,000 - 56.), 000 

1,650,000 - 450,000 



1,355,000 
2,100,000 



See Ramsay's History and Macpherson's Annals of Commerce. 
16 



122 





X J. villi Vl.v/lll^i3 I'Xv.* 


P'rnTVi fnfAio"ti 

X XUlll lUlClgil 


Total of 




naterisils. 


materials. 


Doin. 




Dolls. 


Dolls. 


Dolls.1 


1805 


1,579,000 - 


721,000 - 


2,300,000 


1806 


- 1,889,000 - 


818,000 - 


2,707,000 


1807 


1,652,000 ■ 


• 468,000 - 


2,120,000 


1808 


309,000 ■ 


35,000 - 


344,000 


1809 


1,266,000 " 


■ 240,000 - 


1,506,000 


1810 


1 ,359,000 


658,000 


1,917,000 


1811 


- 2,062,000 . 


314,000 - 


2,376,000 


1812 


" 1,135,000 - 


220,000 - 


1,355,000 


1813 


372,000 - 


18,000 - 


390,000 


1814 


233,200 - 


13,100 - 


246,300 



The manufactures from domestic materials are soap, tallow candles, 
leather, boots, shoes, saddlery, hats, of grain (as spirits, beer, 
starch, &c.) of wood, (including furniture, coaches, &c.) cordage, can- 
vass, linseed oil, iron, and various other articles, such as snuff, silk 
shoes, wax candles, tobacco, lead, bricks, turpentine, spirits, wool 
and cotton cards, &c. 

The manufactures from foreign materials, are spirits from molasses^ 
refined sugar, chocolate, gun powder, brass and copper, and medicines. 



The value of each of these for the years 1806 and 1811 was 
follows, viz. — 



DOMESTIC MATERIALS. 


1806. 


1811. 




Value — dls. 


Value— dls. 


Soap, and tallow candles. 


652,000 


- 371,000 


Leather, boots, shoes, and saddlery, 


276,000 


- 176,000 


Hats, - - - - 


105,000 


55,000 


Wood (including furniture, coaches, &c.) 


418,000 


- 361,000 


Cordage, canvass, linseed oil, 


118,000 


- 274,000 


Grain, (spirits, beer, starch, &c.) 


94,000 


- 506,000 


Iron, _ . . - 


132,000 


- 101,000 


Other articles, (snuff, silk shoes, &c.) 


94,000 


- 218,000 




1,889,000 


2,062,000 



1^ 



FOBSI&K tf ATERlAliS. 


1806. 


1811. 






Value — dls. 


Value— dis. 


Spirits from molasses, 


- 


630,000 


241,000 


Sugar refined, 


- 


66,000 - 


13,000 


Chocolate, 




- 2,000 - 


4,000 


Gun-powder, 




42,000 


29,000 


Brass and copper, 




- 23,000 


9,000 


Medicines, 




53,000 


18,000 






J818,000 


^314,000 



Many small articles exported are not ascertained, although their va- 
lue is returned to the treasury department. 

Some of these are manufactured, and others are in a raw state. 
We have now completed our view of the domestic exports of the Uni- 
ted States ; we add the following table, exhibiting the value of the 
produce of the sea, of the forest, of agriculture and of manufactures 
€xported, for each year, from 1803 to 1814, by which the proportion 
of each can be, at once, seen, during that period. 





Of the sea. 


Of the forest. 


Of agriculture. Of manufactures. 




Dolls. 


Dolls. 


DoUs. 


Dolls. 


J 803 


2,633,000 


4,830,000 


32,993,000 


1,333,000 


1804 


3,420,000 


4,630,000 


30,890,000 


2,100,000 


1805 


2,884,000 


5,261,000 


31,362,000 


2,300,000 


1806 


3,116,000 


4,861,000 


30,123,000 


2,707,000 


1807 


2,804,000 


5,476,000 


37,832,000 


2,120,000 


1808 


832,000 


1,399,000 


6,746,000 


344,000 


1809 


1,710,000 


4,383,000 


23,234,000 


1,306,000 


1810 


1,481,000 


4,978,000 


33,302,000 


1,917,000 


1811 


1,413,000 


5,286,000 


33,336,000 


2,376,000 


1812 


933,000 


2,701,000 


24,333,000 


1,333,000 


1813 


304,000 


1,107,000 


23,119,000 


390,000 


1814 


188,000 


370,000 


3,613,000 


246,300 



From this, it appears, that on an average of eight years, from 1803 
to 1811, the produce of agriculture, constituted about three quarters, 



m 



in value, of all the domestic exports of the United States, the produce 
of the forest about one ninth, of the sea, about one fifteenth, and man- 
ufactures, about one twentieth. For the year 1812, the whole va- 
lue of the domestic exports, was ^30,032,109, of this, the value of 
the produce of agriculture, was ^24,555,000, leaving but five and a 
half millions for the rest ; and in the year ending October 1st, 1813, 
about sixteen months from the commencement of the late war with 
Great-Britain, the whole value of the domestic exports was 
^25,008,152; of this, the value of the produce of agriculture, was 
^23,119,000, consisting, principally, of flour and provisions, sent to 
the Peninsula; in the year 1814, in consequence of the blockade of 
our coast, the whole exports of the United States amounted only to 
§6,927,441, of which §6,782,272 was of domestic produce, which 
found its way, through certain ports, which, for a time,, were not sub- 
ject to the blockade. 



125 



o a\ 

CM CO 



, V5 00 





CM 












1 1 to 



■I 



(>) o o> 
Oi »o o 
C7i Cft O 

o 

to 

o t>. 
b~ to 



a> CO 
a> , CO 

r-( o 



(N , 00 to 



t}« V) O 
^ O »o 
d to '-H 



00 o 



00 CN 

o o 

T-i^'-i^to 

CO ocToo" 
to 



CO ^ 



to -H O 

00 CO CO 
CO CJ^OO^ 

CO r-f 

<N 

in , 
o in to 
i-ToT , i-T 

CM 

o to 

to^isT , , 

tH rH 

(N 

o »o I • 

O V5 



00 rH 

to cr> 
CO tsT 

CO 

"oo 00 
^"co 
ID 

to o 

to 00 
CO 



O CN 
O CO 
O 00 

CO 



If 



01 t»3 

3 O *j 

;h u 

= 4- :> 



126 



PQ 



00 CO 

, 00 CO 

T-< 00 

, 00 vT-T 

CO O CO 

CO 



to- Oi V5 

to 3 CO 

00 o tjT 

O CO 



»r5 b« 

O 00 

CO ^ 

in 



CO 00 

<o 
"O o 



<0 T}< 

CO ^ 04 

iH Oi CO 



c^ <o c^ 
CO CO en 
CO 00 



^ 00 



lO to 

vo CO 



r-* CO 00 
00 00 
rH CO 



CO 1-t. 
^ 00 CO 

O 00 tH O 



Jn. CO 00 T3f< 
O , CO r-< 
tH CO to V5 

to , T^c^d^ 'S 



CT> 00 >H t}* 



a» ^, 00 to Tj* 00 

in o 1 CO "-o o r}< o 

00 a> i-H^o^K^CN CO 

■<il' InT , oT CO i-T 

O 'n rH 

CO CO 



iv. o CO CO :> 

CO in CD 

i-H 00 CO c?> »o 



CO ^ cn o o 

CO to T-( '-0 o 

a> 00 o 'O^-* o CO 

"-tT kT oo" CO 
CO i-H CO CO CO 



CO CO 'O OO 
rH ^ ^ O 
to N. 00 to 



CO to 00 CO o to 

a> 1^ CO TO , 

C^rH rH COCO-^ 

CO oTco T-J"!o oo" , 

00 »H a> CO 

"co'tb 00 CO 00 >n~ 

^ CO CO CO CO CT> 

01 '.O^ :3 o iH »o CO 
JsT CO r-T CO CO -t^" 
o ;-:> -o CO c^ 



CO O 'O 
K X) 00 

ts. 1-f iO 

CO CO CO 
CO 



00 CO -"i* tH 
v> to 

o CO o 'O CO a> :d 



»H t^. o in 

■-H in CO 
K T-i in ^0 00 
CO co" "^T ocT 

O to CO 
C^ CO 



^ CO CO F-( r-t c?i oi 

.r> 00 CO in CO 00 



tJ* ri< CO 
CO O CO 
CO b^-^ 
trTocTin'cr 

CO O CO 

c* c* 



oooooioo'spin-^in 
coooocooo'Dinin 

tOb-'<*<C0t^C0jt^O 



CJ> O rH CO 

r-( c<? in in 
o b- 00 
o oTco in 

r-l b, in CO 



o a> CO i-( 

b^ is. 0-> to 
00 o in to o 



O ij-j CO 
1^ 1-1 CO 

o 00 



CO O Oi CO 00 00 

CO in th CO b- 'O 

to 'n CO tH ■<:}< 



-d 

OO CO 



■in O 



i § S 



'I 



o 

S 
ho 



ffiPOCPcqffiPtffN c» cB S ^ W 



127 



eo CO 

00 ^ 
3^ 



05 

CO 

CO >o 



CO o CO ' ' 



CO CO 
CO 
CO CO 



^ CO 



uO Ci 
CO O O 
O CO ^ 



CO 



CO CO CO 

crs o CO 
r-^ l-^ CO 



CD CO 



O O ^ CD 
CO ^ ^ 

O CO Oj 



O 



1> CO 
CO CO 

i> o 



GO 

CO CO O CO 

C5 T- CO 

l> CO O 



GO CO 

CO Ci'^rco" • t-h' 



CO as 

t- CO 
— 05 



O CO 



G^ ^ CO 
CO t- O 
O 05 O 



rt CO 
CD CO 
G^ — 



CO u:> O 

G-J CO CM CO 
t- O CO 



CO O 
G^ — . 



"O -f t> CO G-f ,-H 

O Gs< r-, O --H 

_^ O CO CO 'O lO ^ 
Co'g^ gI CO 





G^ 


G^ GO 








CO GO 






G^ 




GO ^ ' 

1> Oi 

1 


r 



uO 

T-( CO 

CO 



G^ .0 CO Oi 

G^ 3^ rp 

G^^ 3^ C» 00^ 

G^'cO 

CO G^ 



O CD -O 
:o O CO 



Ui CO 

GO^ C>}^ CO CO 
CO" gI" gT rjT 



G^ lO 
lO O 
CO CO 

GO 



^ jlO — f CO 
1-1 CO GO CO 
CO 05 G< lO T-i 



^ G^ GO 

O CO CO CO 
CO O CO CO 



05 



CO t> I> GO G< 05 'CO 
O CO O >-0 t> O CO 
05 ::o i> lO 

O -o" '-^ ^ O 



GO ^ G^ T 

"cO -Tf rf l> T^i T-H 

CO ^ CO t 1 G^l O CO 

CO 0_ CO CO 'CO_ GO^ G< 

GO -o T-T crT G^" T-T ^ 



CO O Cs^ «> 
0< CO -rr ^ 
>0 >^ 05 



CO CD O 
CO ^ ^ T 

^ r-. lO ^ 



lO O CO CO DO 05 f.^ 

t^>f 'COT-iJs^^uOOCO-^fCO 

CO^ 'O^ CO^ <-<^ CD CO CO G< T-J^ G^ CO 

crT co" < go" go" '-^ -r^ 

G^ ^ 

lOOO '^COt>G^C0TfC^i005 

CO O • > 00 CO CO ^ J5 {> G* 

CO^ O >> O CO^ CO CD t-;^ 

of CO ' o~ ©r G^r crT ©i 

C^ l-H 



G< 05 i:^ CO CD 
O O GO O 

1-1 CD CO c:5 CO 



CO CO G^ G< 
rr ©< G< 00 --f 
CO G^ CO CO 



Oi > 



©} CO "O CD ©< 05 
CO G^ O ©I GO 

c:5^ «> t-^^ CO CO ^ G^ 

CO G-r J> 

~^ C0""C0 CO 1-1 »> 
>0 ' •rf CO -t G^ 

CO^ 

co" ' oT ©r 



1 1 



'■a -a 

CO C/2 



c his 



^ o s 

"S ^ " " .S '3 3 ^ ^ 0^ 



ac;o3iMj_,u-t'-i_ii-ri,ci-Oi_r^^ -' 



128 



CO 



ll> O CO O O CO 

OS 1-H t- ^ ^ 

CO 

co" 



O i-H CD 

CO GO 
CO G^^'sj^ 



'*G^Gv(air-ico>OTt>io 

C0J>C0C0COC0'*O5G^ 

'-('-('^aicOLOcO'-"'^ 



CO l> CO CO 
CO ^ CO 
^ GO 



CO 



CO 

co" 



•^lOCOCOG^COOCO 
»-<'=tl>Oi>aDr-lC0 

CO O G^ 



CO G^ 

G^ TJI 

!>" 

G^ 

. G< 



lO Tt< CO CO O 
CO 1-1 »0 CO 
CO 



GO CTJ 
CO ' G^ lO 



O o 

»0 CO I-" 

CO CO '-I 

CO ^ CO 

T- CO CO 

to GO G^ 



as CO 

T-. CO 

CO 



O CO 
T-i CO 
lO 

Gi 

CO ^ " 
Oi 

CO to 

gT 



!> CO I 

S2 ^ 



lO 



rt to ^ T-t O 

CO O G^ CO i>- 



G9 



G^ 



to 

go" 

G< 



T-H GO G< 
O C75 
rjH o ^ 

1> 



"^P to 
CO CO 
CO J> 



CO 
G^ CO 



CO CO 
G^ y-i 
to 



G^ G^ to CO 
1-1 to i> 02 

CO _ 

CO to"" 

CO^G^ 
CO 



i> 1> 

to CO 
CO 

G^ 



CO CO 
uo O 
CO CO 



CO 



^ CO CO O 

s> o o to 05 
CO i-;^a5 CO 00 

rt" T-T tcT 

Gs( 

©» CO CO T-H 
G^ CO to 05 rT< 

co^ i> O CO 05^ 
i-T co" T-T ^ o 



O !> 

CO CO 



CO Oi 

o 

T-t CO 



o to J> 

CO J> 
CO^GO^ 

'*"go" 



CO CO 
to CO 

CO^O 
to'r-T 



r-l 00 
CO 



©> CO 
G< 1> CO 
CO CO 



CO 

o o 



I- G^ CO ©< tO G^ 
to O GO O) l> to o 
GO '-(^ G^^ CO^ CO CO CO 

CD go" go" ©f ro'^ 

©* 

CO tb" GO^O CO CO CO' 
GO O 00 >-0 to CO 

T-< OS T-H oi as io CO 



CO CO 
CO CO 



©( I 

CO 03 i 



O to 



©^ T-H 1-1 T- 



GO tO ©< 



©^ 



CO 
I CO 



to CO GO to ©i 
03 O J— 1 OS CO 
^ CO CO to 



CO Gn( Oi O CT3 rj< 

O ©^ ©^ i> GO 

©< CO^ Ot! CO 1^ GO CO 

i-T to T-T CO 



©< y-i 

O CO 

CO ©^ 



CO 
I CO 



CO CO t> CO to 

TJ< ^ ©^ ©^ CO 

CO CD U0^©<^ 
■<;^' go" ^ 



GO'^'*!— 'i>tOCO'^f< 
©< G^ i> CO 03 {> 
O O ©^ CO o 



O GO GO 
GO ^ ^ 

^r-t CO^©}^ 
to" O" r-T 

GO 



CO i-" ©< O CO 03 
I C- GO 1> O CO 

CO 't}^ GO 0_ GO 
I 1> i-H^o" 



O I 

to 

CO 



^ <v <v a 

^ > >■ Qi 



-TO *^ CQ . « 



03 • • 

G O O 

fcJD 



c| III Is 



-TO 

c 



r 



129 



^ o t> o 

CO t- CO 

of 



O CO O GO <3^ 
CO CO rfi CO GO 
05 



OSCOCO G^Ol>00a)O CO 
ZD y-^ iOCOOlLOOiOO CO 
CO^CO ' '^'^OOOO^ CO 



CO ^ CO T-. 
<S^ CO 
O C< 



t-G^COtOG^OO^COl 
00^©<C0COO5&<CO 
■"^LO^T-^t^OO^COi-t CO 



CO T-i CO 
CO 00 



CO ^ CO a: 

-tf CO O T-H 

CO^'^ 

co" 



Ot-OG^CO'-<t>00| 
OOJG^kOOiG^COG^J 
I— 0^ '-^ 

tjToTgo go" 



CO l> 05 
CO . »-« CO 



»-H i-H 0< 

G>< CO CO 
""^OS CO 



t^OOCOOCOCO-^t^ COOOiCOCOiO 

CO -n^iOt^ y-i en ^ (73 CO 

>0 CO^CO^'t-iI>i-h^COG^CO 

of ^ CO T-T Iff ^ erf 



u:)cocoooooi-('-it>- coi>oococoioo 

OOi-it^ OlG^G^G^ OCOCOCOO"^ 

CO GO^ 05 Gtcr> , CO '-^ G^c^ ^ ®1 



CO 



o»coa)coco>^coT-icoGoaia)OG>icooo| 

G^G^OkO-^CO -^t^iOOG^CTSCOaiGO 

co" '-T t^i-T i-T co" CO 



CO CO 
CO 



O O 02 
1-1 05 G^ 

CO 



O CO CT) 

O CO ©< CO 
I> O 05 CT2 



CO iO 



t> GO 



■^i^OCOG^kOOsCO'TfOl 
T-iG^G^COCOrfr-irfCO 
G^ vO^I>CT5^'^ l^C:^'-! GO 
*-^Gf CO T-T 



t-M lO >0 CO 
»-i CO 

CO 

co" J> 



I o ^ 



CD CO 
CO 03 
05 O 

GO ^ 



COO>OCOCOCOCOOt^ 
O5G0'-i'-iCOO5l>G^©( 
i> C0^05^0^rj-^G< 
t-" CO 



CO 
CO 
I -f 



CO 

05 



CO 05 
05 -t 

CO to 



GO 05 
cr5 G< 
^GO CO 
'oT iO 

o^ 



05OC000O5O5G^CO-*l 
COOt>»'-'COG^C75G^' 
i>L0O5COrfCDL0i-< 



O ©< 

CO 



O CO 



GO GO 

CO 

CO 



'I rtLOO©<«>GOCO l> 
OrPt^'-HO-lTt' GO 
CT) rt 05 T-i CO CO I G-l 



CO 'f 
05 ©< 



CO 05 G^< ^ 05 
05 1-1 CO 

CO cjTof 



SCO »-< >0 CO CO 

CXi CO CO l> 

t-^CO O^GO ■<:r 

©T rjT 



GO 



rt 0) 

li 

c 5 



a> c? 6 



4 



j= ^ ^ 



O =! 



u o 
C c 

ct O) oi 



+-« -n c« 



PQ CQ ffi CO yj ^ !^ H <: 



ir 



130 



o 



CO O t- 

T-i O 
l> O 



i> u:) i> Tt 

CO CO 02 CO 05 'to 
CO OS 1> CO 



CO ---H ' <55 to CO '-^ l> 
O l> ' CO Oi to 
■^G^ - to i-H t0^t> ^ 



CO I 
CO CO J> . 

O 
CO 



G^ to 
CO • o 

^ 01 



CO GO OS CO CO 
CO rl' CD 1> i-< to 
G^ to 1— i-( ^ 

CO T-^ i-T 



CO 



GO O 
O CO to 
T-H^CO Oi 

o"^"to" 



CO to O 
to 1> o 
CO ^ !> 



CO 05 CO G^ G^ ''f 

GO O T-* ' tO CO 

CO tC^CS^ O ^ CO 

Co'^-H^Gfor I 



^ GO 

a ' CO 

^ . CO 



CO to 

» ©» T-1 

to GO 



CO G^ 



CO o ^ 
CO crs ' 

to GO i-H 



to i> 01 

CO CO ^ 

T-H CO ^ 

GvJ 



GOI>OGO»-<CO-^rt<i> 
1— irftOi>T—t>OCOG^ 
COO^'-^»-"C35_CO_t005Tti 

CO I-"" rf^^r 



to 
o 

©< 



TftOr-itOCOGO COQ^GOC01>0 !> 

O5C0tO'<*J>G0 'G^COGOCOGOO 'G^ 

l>!>COG^(^^{:><^ tO^OiG^^G^^ (3^1 

_ . <^ . <^ 

GO CO CO tO to T-H 0i*0 ~ t-i to G^ 6o"g^ OS 

CSGOCOGO^GOCOtO 'G^GOCO^CD'^f 'O 

CO ccT • oT^r O^" I 



CO 
to 

G^ 1 



CD 



©^ 



CO CO 

©< rtl 
i> CO 



OS CO 
to 

to to 



CO GO 
TTi CO 
CD CO 



O CO 
O !> 

GO 



i> GO CO CO 
CO ©< O »^ CO 
CO to CO o 



i-H GO 

I 00 

to 



O CO 
CO O 
GO "^f 



I-* 1> 
©* 

!^CO 

©r 



CD to 
©^ GO 
00 GO 



CO to ©( OS i> 

1-1 t- CO 

GO CO C:5 Tfi 



CD 
©{ GO 
CO CO 



O CO 
1> to 
CO 

cd" 



00 CO 
CO CD 
CD GO^ 

cTi-r 

©< 



COCOOi-" 1^ coo©< 

•CD'-H'*l> «0 'COCOCO 

CO G^ GO CO r-* T-t GO i-i 

• o'co T-T I I 



to 

!> ©< 
to 



to ©< 
GO t> 
to ©^ 



O GO 
O ©} 
GO to 



CO t- 
tO to 

to'i-T 

to 



to CO CJ5 CO O 
©^ O CO CO GO 
CD O CD Ti 



CD Tt< 

©^ 

,-. CO 



GO O l> 

©< to CO 

©< CO 1> 



J> CO 
CO O 
O GO 



CO CO 
CD 1> to 
i> l> to 



CO CO CO to o 

to "^i^ to 1-H T-H 

1> T-l rf< to 1> T-l 



00 



b» tfi 
^ ^ .« 



1 VI 

<V 


1 








1 

CO 


[ndies 
can C 


ndies 


•Indie 


West- 
Amerii 

for Til**: 


CO 


iWest- 



loo 

S 



CO ^3 ^ *^ 5 
» OJ C CO ■>-' '7a 

i i -I ^ S .| J -g .J I ^ ^ .S c 2 ^ 



"'' -Ha •> 



r' 



131 



iO CO 
CO X) 
'rr CO 

GO oT 



^ — < CO 

J> O CO 
J> ' C?^ CO l> 



C2 CO 

o ^ 



O Oi O >0 <N 
»-i GO 

coo O 
^ . CO . GO »- 



00 CO i> O 

CO CN O 
G^^ G^^ 

co" co" o" 

CO 1> CO 
O '-« 



OS CO O 05 

CO O CO CO 

'^C- ®^ "t, 

t-^ cT CO ©r gT 

C5 O CO lO i> 

CO — o CO CO 



G^ 

CO 

CO 

&i CO 

i> 1-1 



CO^'*^ 
G^" O 
O C- 

o 



CO G'< 
G^ 1> 
CO^ 

^CO CO 

CO CO u:) 

i-< 



•3:2; ' 



;7 ^ != 



fS ^ cn 5 I' 
u. c3 ^ 

*^ 03 N 



1S2 



s 

O 



CO 

CO CO 
CO 

O iO 



O Oi 
CO !> 



CO CO CO O 
r}* 00 O 
'-^CO^'* 1-^ 

CO O 
T-t lO CO 
CO Oi^©< 

iff 



GO 



00 CO 
y-i GO 



1-1 o ^ 
I> ^ 

CO CO^Oi^ 

CO G^ CO 
CO^ 

go" 



05 
I 00 



^ as G< 

CO 

>o OO^i-J^ 
CO !> 
CO O 

as 



CO 
CO 

CO 
CO 
I CO 



G^ CO UO 
G^ CM !> 
CT5^!> CO^ 
LO Tj*" oT 
CO 

CO 



CO ^ 

05 CO 

CO ^to^ 

l> 05 

ZD 



5 ^ 



(/3 rn 



3i 



a 



113 CjiH 



1 • 



cv:) CO Ph g Cm W 



133 



^ CO 



CO 


1> CO 


o 




CO CO 


CO 






co^ 




CO CO 


CO 




CO GO 




l> 


1 O i» 












CO 





O CO 
O C5 

!> CO 

T-t CO 



!> Gi 
CO 1> 
'-^^^ 

oT CO 
CO CO 



CO o 

CO 

CO CO 



C2 

G^i CO CO CO 
CO O 

T-^ CO 



lO O G^ CO 05 G^ ^ 

CO CO Ci 

O t-^ J> o 

gT lO cT CO oT g^ 

Ci - O CO c^' G< 0:> 

G^J^ CO CD CO G^ 
G^ Gf O 



O G^< CO 
G^ 05 CO 
CO^ 0_ 

ccTco" cTir^ 

CO CO 05 CO 
G^^ O 

of T-T T^" ^ 



■■^ CO O CO O CO 

05 CO CO CO 05 CO CO 

O G^^ G^ CO G^ 

CO rlT CO gI" oT oT 

05 CO CO G^ >0 1> CO 

1> t> 1> O 1> '-'^ 

^ co" T-T co" 



o 



o 

H 

O 
O 



G^ O O 
^ CD CO ^ 
CO u:) CO rf 



C5 uO i-i 



G-( 



rf OS Oi G^ 
CO O 

""i. ^i, '^r. '^r. 

G^'' Co" &r CO 
1> rt< O 05 
(N ^ 05 



CO -t 

CO "o b 

^ ^ O 

T-l CO 



CO 
CO 

CD I 



05 CO ^ 
»0 uO 
'-H^G^^CJJ 
CO CO 



C3 CO 
00 O 00 

i-T i> ©T i>" 

CO o o< ©< 
00 O I 



8- 



o 

1^ 



m CO 



, 3 a> 
^ -o o 

03 G C 



0) <y 



O ffi c;*^ c^g^pH s fa M fa 



CHAPTER V. 



EXPORTS OF FOREIGN PRODUCE. 

Nectbal trade of the United States increased by the wars in Europe — Their 
trade in foreign produce gi-eater, than in domestic, in 1805, 1806, and 1807 
— Quantity of sugar, coffee, cocoa, pepper, and goods paying ad valorem 
duties exported, in each year, from 1791 to 1814 — Quantity of sugai' and 
coffee, and goods subject to ad valorem duties imported from different 
countries in 1807— Quantity of sugar and coffee exported to different 
countries, in different years— Average quantity of wines, spirits, teas, co- 
coa, and pepper, exported in the years 1805, 1806, and 1807. 

The war between England and France, which began in 1793, 
soon after the establishment of the present national government, and 
between England and Spain in 1796, and which continued, with but 
a short inten al, until it involved all the nations of Europe, threw in- 
to the hands of the American merchant, no small proportion of the 
trade of the world. 

The vast superiority of the naval force of England, rendered the 
intercourse between the European powers at war with that nation, 
and their Colonies, extremely difhcult. 

They were, therefore, obliged to depend, in a great measure, up- 
on neutrals to carry on the trade between them, and their distant pos- 
sessions. The valuable productions of the French, Spanish, and Dutch 
East and West-Indies, had no other mode of finding their way to Eu- 
rope, without great risque and expense, but by the aid of a neutral flag. 
The local situation of the United States, in relation to the West-India 
Islands, and their long accustomed habits of intercourse with them, 
naturally threw a great proportion of this trade into the hands of the 



136 



Americans ; and the great increase of the tonnage of the United 
States, and the spirit and enterprise of the citizens, led them, also, 
to engage in the more distant trade of the East-Indies, and every oth- 
er part of the world. The valuable articles of colonial produce, such 
as sugar, coffee, spirits, cocoa, pimento, indigo, pepper and spices of 
all kinds, were carried, either directly to Europe, or were firstbrought 
to the United States, and from thence exported in American vessels. 
These and other articles imported were allowed, under certain regu- 
lations, to be exported from the United States, with a drawback of 
the duties, paid or secured to be paid upon them, on their importa- 
tion. The manufactures of Europe, and particularly of Great-Bri- 
tain, as well as the manufactures and produce of the East-Indies and 
China, have also been imported, and again exported, in large quanti- 
ties, to the West-Indies, to the Spanish Colonies in South- America, 
and elsewhere. This trade, which has been called the carrying 
trade, has, in some years, exceeded in value the trade of the United 
States, in articles of domestic produce ; it has been the means, not 
only of increasing our commercial tonnage, but of enriching the pub- 
lic treasury, as well as filling the coffers of individuals. The value of 
the exports of domestic and foreign articles from 1803 to 1814, is 
stated in Chapter III. 

From this it appears, that in the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, be- 
ing years of trade unshakled by commercial restrictions, the value 
of exports of domestic produce and manufacture, was ^134,590,552, 
being on an average ,^44,863,517 a year, and of exports of foreign 
produce and manufacture, ^173,10,5,813, on an average §57,701,937 
a year, making a difference of g38,5 15,261 or g 12,838,420 per 
year. During the late war between the United States and Great- 
Britain, this trade has been annihilated. We were unable to pro- 
cure supplies of foreign articles, for our own consumption, much less 
for exportation. 



137 

The progress of this trade from 1791 to 1814, may be seen from 
the following account of the quantities of the principal articles of for- 
eign produce or manufacture, exported from the United States in 
each year, viz. sugar, coffee, pepper, cocoa, and goods principally 
paying duties ad valorem : — 





Sugar. 


Coffee. 


Pepper. 


Cocoa. 


Goods paying 




lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


ad val. duties, 
dolls. 


1791 


74,o04 


962,977 


492 


8,322 


2,840,310 


1792 


1,176,156 


2,134,742 
17,580,049 


5,046 


6,000 


3,560,119 


1793 


4,539,809 


14,361 


234,875 


4,110,240 


1794 


20,721,761 


33,720,983 


23,884 


1,188,302 


4,976,120 


1795 


21,377,747 


47,443,179 


301,692 


525,432 


5,670,260 


1796 


34,848,644 


62,385,117 


491,330 


928,107 


6,794,346 


1797 


38,366,262 


44,521,887 


1,901,130 


875,334 


7,835,456 


1798 


51,703,963 


49,580,927 


501,982 


3,146,445 


8,967,828 


1799 


78,821,751 


31,987,088 


441,312 


5,970,590 


18,718,477 


1800 


56,432,516 


38,597,479 


635,849 


4,925,518 


16,076,848 


1801 


97,565,732 


45,106,494 


3,153,139 


7,012,155 


17,159,016 


1802 


61,061,820 


36,501,998 


5,422,144 


3,878,526 


14,906,081 


1803 


23,223,849 


10,294,693 


2,991,430 


367,177 


.^35 1,524 


1804 


74,964,366 


48,312,713 


5,703,646 


695,135 


9,377,805 


1805 


123,031,272 


46,760,294 


7,559,224 


2,425,680 


15,201,483 


1806 


145,839,320 


47,001,662 


4,111,983 


6,846,758 


19,016,909 


1807 


143,136,905 


42,122,573 


4,207,166 


8,540,524 
1,896,990 


18,971,539 


1808 


28,974,927 


7,325,448 


1,709,978 


4J65,72,7 


1809 


45,248,128 


24,364,099 


4,722,098 


2,029,336 


5,889,669 
8,438,349 


1810 


47,038,125 


31,423,477 


5,946,336 
3,057,456 


1,286,010 


1811 


18,381,673 


10,261,442 


2,221,462 


8,815,291 


1812 


13,927,277 


10,073,722 


2,521,003 


752,148 


3,591,755 


1813 


7,347,038 


6,568,527 


99,660 


108,188 


368,603 


1814 


762 


220,594 


none. 


27,386 


41,409 



It will be perceived that during the peace concluded at Amiens in 
the fall of 1801, and which continued about eighteen months, the ex- 
ports of foreign produce were much less than in the years succeeding. 
— Most of the foreign articles, which were not then in the United 
States, went directly to the places of their destination, without first 
coming to this country. 

On the renewal of the war, however, in 1803, and until the com- 
mencement of our commercial prohibitions, our trade in articles of 
foreign produce and manufacture again increased, and e.xceeded that 
of any former years. In each of the years 1806 and 1807, more 
than one hundrd and forty-three million'^ of pounds of su^ar, were 

18 



138 



exported from the United States, making at one thousand pounds a 
hogshead, one hundred and forty-three thousand hogsheads. Nearly 
the whole of this was imported, and again exported in American ves- 
sels, and must have employed about seventy thousand tons of ship- 
ping. The freight of these cargoes, in the two different voyages, 
could not be less than between three and four millions of dollars. 

The whole quantity of sugar imported into the United States in 
the same years, were as follows, viz. — 



In 1806 
1807 



Pounds. 
200,737,940 
216,836,202 



In 1807, the following quantities of sugar were imported from the 
different quarters of the world, and from places in each belonging to 
particular nations, in American and foreign bottoms : — 



40,892 1,249,072 
148,095,225 43,453,979 12,639,362 1,902,699 



Sugar imported in Ame- 
rican vessels. 
From Brown. Clayed. 

Europe, - - - 1,414 
Africa, - - 2,239,396 
Asia, - - 10,598,278 40,81 
West India Isl- ^ 
ands and Ame 
rican Colonies, ^ 

From particular 
places. 

Bourbon & Mauritius 2,040,697 

Danish East-Indies, 1 , 1 6 1 ,786 

Dutch East-Indies, 2,467,226 

British East-Indies, 6,303,510 
Manilla and other J 

Phillippine Isl-V 664,133 

ands, - J 

Swedish West-Indies, 2,437,559 



Sugar imported in for- 
eign vessels. 
Brown. Clayed. 



1,021,860 
227,212 



308,440 



139 



Sugar imported in foi'- 
eign vessels. 

Brown. Clayed. 
2,122,744 79,257 

968,860 

3,556,715 34,338 

2,147,679 

3,319,946 1,779,877 

Tables Nos. I. and II. shew the countries and places to which sugar 
was exported from 1 800 to 1811. 

From these it will be seen, that previous to 1808, it was princi- 
pally shipped to France, Holland, Hamburg, and Bremen, Spain and 
Italy, and that subsequent to that period, it was generally shipped to 
Denmark and Norway, Sweden and Russia. 



In 1807, it was shipped to the following countries, viz. 



Brown. 


Clayed. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


To Russia, - - 52,852 


297,844 


Sweden, - - 179,587 


33,949 


Denmark and Norway, 2,286,608 


- 1,267,227 


Holland, - - 48,012,198 


- 8,719,529 


Great-Britain, - 2,015,765 


640,23) 


Hamburg, Bremen, &c. 2,192,991 


- 1,066,943 


France, - - 27,831,968 


- 7,029,202 


Spain, ' - 6,906,740 


- 5,524,852 


Portugal, - - 178,643 


188,356 


Italy, - - 14,074,935 


- 9,476,602 


Europe generally, - 184,798 


159,479 



From particular Sugar imported in Ame- 
places. rican vessels. 

Brown. Clayed. 
Danish West-Indies, 17,828,282 
Dutch West-Indies, \ 

& American Cq-V 5,307,864 
lonies, - ) 
British West-Indies, 7,660,992 
French W. Indies, J 

^ & American Co- ( 72,669,603 1 ,893,786 

lonies, - ) 
Spanish W. Indies, J 

& American CoA 41,933,784 40,729,222 
lonies. - ) 



140 



COFFEE. 

The quantity oi coffee exported, on an average of the years 1804, 
1806, 1806, and 1807, exceeded forty-five millions of pounds. 

The whole quantity imported in 1807, v^^as fifty-eight million 
eight hundred twenty-four thousand eight hundred and twenty-one 
pounds, and principally from the following places, viz. — 

Pounds. ^ 

Bourbon and Mauritius, - - * 4,470,846 
Dutch East-Indies, - - - . 8,842,832 
Mocha^ Aden, and other ports on the Red-Sea, 1,709,533 
Danish West-Indies, - - - - 10,966,411 
Dutch West-Indies and American Colonies, 1,404,659 
British West-Indies, - - . . 2,423,611 
Swedish West-Indies, - - - 1,705,670 
French West-Indies and American Colonies, 16,461,478 
Spanish West-Indies and American Colonies, 9,753,976 

Table No. III. shews the places to which coffee was shipped from 
1800 to 1811. Previous to 1808, it was shipped principally to 
Holland, France, Great-Britain, Hamburg and Bremen, and Italy^ 
Subsequent to this period, it was cleared out for the northern ports in 
Europe. 



In 1806, 1807, and 1810, the greatest part was shipped to the fol- 
lowing places, viz. — 





1806. 


isor. 


1810. 




Pounds. 


Pounds. 


Pounds. 


Russia, 




149,271 


4,048,909 


Prussia, 


222,351 




1,098,211 


Sweden, 






7,120,496 


Denmark and Norway, 


606,621 


766,511 


14,120,990 


Holland, 


21,833,438 


19,900,966 


44,618 


Great-Britain, 


2,543,370 


1,052,075 





141 





1806. 


1807. 


1810. 




Pounds. 


Pounds. 


Pounds. 




5,306,950 


2,644,511 


1,206,389 


France, 


8,282,965 


11,088,529 




Spain, 


236,113 


456,428 




Portugai, 


687,006 


44,801 




Italy, 


4,948,814 


3,490,495 


784,423 


Europe generally, 






246,540 



^^Vhile we were thus carrying to Europe these valuable articles of 
colonial produce, we imported from them, and particularly from 
England, great quantities of manufactured goods, and other articles, 
which were again exported, and principally to the West-Indies, an^l 
Spanish American Colonies. 

In 1806, goods free of duty and subject to duties ad valorem to the 
value of ^18,571,477, and in 1807 to the value of ^18,564,507'were 
exported from the United States. Of these in 1806 ^2,383,910 and 
in 1807 g2,080,114 were free of duty. 

The whole amount of goods paying ad valorem duties, impci^..' m 
the years 1806 and 1807, was as follows, viz. — 

In 1806 g54,461,957 

1807 .... 58,655,917 

Between one third and one quarter, therefore, of all the goods paying 
duties ad valorem, imported during these years, were again export- 
ed. These goods were imported from the diflferent quarters of tlir 
world in 1807, in the following proportions, viz. — 

From Europe, ^50,916,135 

Africa, 108,607 

Asia, 6,392,592 

West-India Islands and American Colonies, 1,239,583 



$58,655,917 



U2 



And principally from the following countries and places in each 
quarter, viz. — 

DoUs. 

From the United Kingdom of G. Britain and Ireland, 38,901 ,838 



Russia, 1,804,860 
Sweden, 423,304 
Denmark and Norway, - 864,474 
HoUand, ... ... 1,882,383 

Hamburg, Bremen, and other parts of Germany, 2, 1 90,732 
French European ports on the Atlantic, - 3,371 ,489 . 

do. do. on the Mediterranean, 347,571 

Spanish ports on the Atlantic, - - - 67,138 

do. do. on the Mediterranean, - - 112,273 

Portugal, 91,088 

Fayal and the other Azores, - - - - 1,188 

Italy, 636,432 

Trieste and other Austrian ports on the Adriatic, 203,461 

Danish East-Indies, 262,685 

Dutch do. 112,608 

1 British do. 4,073,910 

Manilla and other Phillippine Islands, - - 12,316 
i Turkey, Levant, and Egypt, - - - . 60,741 
Mocha, Aden, and other ports on the Red Sea, - 49,447 

China, 1,820,067 

British West-Indies, 276,565 

British American Colonies, ... 269,198 
Spanish West-Indies and American Colonies - 457,523 



French do. do. - - 93,005 

Of these goods, it appears, that ^43,525,320 were imported from 
the United Kingdom of Great-Britain and Ireland and their depend- 
encies, ^3,812,065 from France and its dependencies, and the resi- 
due, being $11 ,318,532 from other parts of the world. 

The other articles of foreign produce and manufacture of consider- 
able value exported from the United States, when their trade was freC; 
before the late war between the United States and Great-Britain, were 
win©s, spirits, teas of various kinds, spices of all kinds, paints, lead. 



143 



aiid mauui'actures of iead, iron, fish, and many others of minor impor- 
tance. 

On an average of the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, the annual quan- 
tity of wines, spirits, teas, cocoa, and pepper, exported, was as fol- 
lows, viz. — 



Wines, 


• 

gallons 


3,423,485 


Spirits, 


do. - 


- 1,600,301 


Teas, - 


- pounds 


2,151,385 


Cocoa, 


do. - 


- 5,937,654 


Pepper, 


do. 


5,292,791 



That this trade in foreign articles, or the carrying trade, as it has 
been called, added much to our national wealth cannot be doubted. 
While it has increased our commercial tonnage, it has enriched the 
public treasury, as well as individuals. Many of the goods and other 
articles exported were not entitled to a drawback, in consequence of 
the owners not having complied with the law on that subject. The 
duties collected and secured on articles exported, without the benefit 
of drawback, and which, of course, were not paid by consumers in 
the United States, during the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, amounted 
to the following sums, viz. — 

In 1805 ..... gl,531,618 

1806 1,297,535 

1807 1,393,877 



Making, - - - g4,223,030 

Add to this the amount of the three and a half per cent, retained on 
the drawbacks, and which for the same years, was as follows, viz. — 

1805 ^328,144 79 

1806 334,247 39 

1807 368,275 50 



g 1,030,667 68 



144 



and the whole amount received into the pubHc treasury, for these 
three years, from duties, in consequence of this trade, and which was 
not paid by the people of the United States, will be ^5,253,697 68 
being about one ninth of all the duties, collected or secured, during 
that period. 

The amount, which this trade has added to the wealth of individu- 
als, and of course to the nation, it is impossible to ascertain with any 
degree of precision. Some light, however, may be thrown on this 
subject, in the subsequent chapter. 



145 



CO 1> 
l> CO 



CO 

Oj OS 
CO 



CO CD 1-* GO 

CO a) CO 
CO 1> co^-^ 

co" co" cT i> 

CO CO i> i> 
'-^^ G^^ O lO^ 

CO'CD 



CO CO 



i> :o 



bO C'-:. 
o 

^ S 



o o 

rj^ G|^ 
GO 

G^ 



O CO C- 
1> GO t> CO 
''t CO^ CO^ 

G^" oT co" O 

to O GO 05 
O '-^ G^ 
of go' 



o CO 

GO of 

c:) CO 

G^^CO 



i> G^ 
tO CO 
G^ 



05 G^ "J^ C5 
to CO J> 
CO CO tO 



Oi Tf CO O GO 
to C3 CO Ol i-< CO 

CO CO co^ Oi^ CO 
-h" 00 T-T oT 



CO O 

CO 

oT CO 
05 

G^ t> 



CO '-H J> CO lO 

O i> O O cj: 
to CO CO i> t- 
ccT co" t-^ o" oT 

CO GO GO to O ^ l> 
!>_ Tf^ GO^ tO^ tO^ 
1-H uo tO~T-H G^ 



i> o 
cq^T^ 

O CO 



< 
o 

o 



u:i j> CO '-I 

^ '-I GO O) G^ 
CO^ to G^ 05 r- 

o" go" o" i> 

GO '-' O CO CO 
i-< 1— 1 i-< lO to 

G^^^CcT 



CO T-< CO 

CO G^ 
CO^tO 

OilO CO 
T-< 05 
CO >0 

oT to 

3^ 



05 -r-t 

05 GO CO 

CO , CO o^. 
CO 

05 l> 

CO I 1> , 

co"'^' 



G^ 



CO O CO 
CO CO GO 
G^^ CO 

t^G^'^G^O 

to CO i> 

T-i O^u0^O5 
t— ( 1> 05 



O to o i-H 
O O CO tO CO 
lO GO^ tO O 

co'' oT CO*" co" 

CO CO CO 

T-H ^ UO l> 



I 

c 



c 

s 



3 



19 



146 



o 
< 



\ o 

00 



CO l> 



O) O i> lO O 
O J> 05 
lO T-i lO^ lO^ 

oi' ud" OS CO 

so »0 l> CO CO 

CO '-^O 
CO CO 



T-H CO 
CO T-H 
»-H I CO 



o »o 

CO 

o 

CO G>{ 



■r-l {> 0< 
05 O 

05 ^ CO 

'^'co'co 



GO 

G^CO^ 
GO^O 

o 

G^" 



5 O 

CO CO 
i^^CO^ 
G^^'-^ 



CO a 

rti CO 

Co'lcT 
CO 

G^^ 

co" 



CO CO CO 
GO ''t O 

co"gTco 

O G^ CO 
O CO 



CO 

a 

I, 





1> 


CO CO »XD 1-H CO o 


CO 


no CO 




CO 


O 02 CO Cts CO 




CO 05 


CO 


, ^ 


CO_ '-^ O^ 05^ 




, o^t^ 


gT 




ccT gT »^ T-T CO 


CO 








CO T— t r-( as GO o 




l> CO 




1 


G^ O O CO^ 05^ 


1—' 


I O 1-^ 



G^ 1> CO 



G^rfiOO-^OCOCO G^OOCO'* 

T-iG^l>05C0»0C0i-i OOCOG^ 

G^^CO'-^t^O^'^J^G^^'^ ' "-'^s^"^"^ 

CO co" ccT oT i-T T-Tt^oTGo' 

**©^"*Oi>r>coo t-oococo 
CO G^ O^ '-^ I t^T-HO^rti 

CO CcT CO C3 of gT 
^ G^ 



o 
a 

05 



'4 

S 



psciHcwPWOffifc^ c^:» fin ^ ^; w. 



147 



0» 00 o o 

CO , 00 C<J o 

r-j^ ' 00 <0 ' i>. 

o o(f 00 

<N iH tH .00 



,-1 



v:) (N 

O CO Tj. 

od'oo^o ' 
tH o , 
00 

CO to 



Tj* O 

O 00 
O 



CO <o 
V5 ro o 

tH tH 



CO 

(N CO 
CO 

o^oo 



O) T}< O 

in '<^< 00 

CO 00 

00 »n 



o> o 



0» Cft 

h- o 

'■^ CO 

00 • 



00 CN 
<£) tH 

00 if) 
CO 



^ O 

C^ to 

O b- 

CO O 

o 

o ' 
oT 



CT> Oi -pH CO 
'Tj* C<» CO ^ 

a> CN ^ c>» cr> 



b. CO 1^ o «o 
CO 'O ^ «o 

T-Too i-T 



c<j ^ 

O ^ V5 
CN 00 CO 

oC^oo 

00 



CN CO 

«o 

«o oT 



iH 1-1 CTi 

to >0 C7> 00 
CN 00^>O^ 

to vTcrTco 
o 00 

to tH CO V5 



h.. CN »0 

b. cr> 

(N 00 to 
O O tH 

*n 00 to 



O 00 
to 00 

O 

00 



CN tH 

o >o 
o o 
'oo^hT 

CN 00 
CN 



00 to 



^ >o ^ 

lO CO CT> 

'^'^'^ 

i-Tvrf 00 

■"^ ^ 

CN CN 

cf oo^i-T 

O co' 
a> 00 to 

to CO CN 



*n CO o 
to to 

K. tO^tO 

CO to CO 
CO O r-( 
tH^OCJ^CO 

isThsTco 

CO >0 tH 
T-t O CN 



00 CN *0 
»H 00 ts. 

hToD to 

rH 00 CN 

T-r>rfco 
" >0 CN CN' 
tH to Tj< 
T-^CN CO 
QO^tO o 

01 to CO 

to o^y^ 
*o 

,-1 T}< 
CO 1-H 

CN to • 

oo"o 

CO CT> . 



O to »H 
1-1 T}* CN 
CN CO 00 

NTtsTto 

to >ri T}< 

CO 

CO 
CO T-l to 
V) -<^< CO 
1-1 CO o 



CN *0 CO 
CN 

Cft o 
CT) O 

CN 



CO 



.Si; • 

•35 S t3 S a i; -9 y 



.S3 

CC 0-1 



a, 



348 



1> GO 

Oi CO 



O ^ T-t CO 

I as o >^ 

CO 

O 10 o 
05 01 CO 
CO CO lO '^f 



<3^ O CO bb 
a^ ^ O 1> 
'-H CO co^ 

T-T Go'~ a:> cT 
O CO CO >o i> 
CO l> 1> CO 



« CO 



>o 1-1 

CO T-H 

"-^ O 
uo u:) 



O O »0 
GO J> 

O J> 02 



CO ^ CO OS O) 
GO G^> 1-1 l> 1-1 

GO CO r-( i> T-( 



r-< G^ 1-t G^J 
^ CO CO 
CO O 00 CO 



CO CO >0 Oi T-" 

CO CO CO 1-t 

(5^ ^ T_, ^ Q 

co" i-T 



0:1 GO GO ^ 

GO O 1> CTS 

CO Oi^GO G|_ 

<I0 t-^ 

rj- GO CO 

G>^ GO^ CO ^ 

go" CO*" 



Oi O CO 

Oi CO >^ T-i 

Ifi I Q. T-( 

co" ^ ^ 

O) c; O GO 

»0 ' G^ 



CO a: CO 

GO CO ^ 
1> Cn GO GO^ 

CO O co' co" 

CO GO CO O 
GO CO GO 



OS CO ^ »^ CO 
to GO CO GO UO 

cq^ co^ T-H 

crT co" CO co' oT 

GO CO Oi CO !> 
T-H GO 



05 O t> 



CO 



o 

iz; 

I 



GO 
GO 



'*t>GOl>'-<i-<l:->-Orf 

tococo^>rHT-oc^<0 

GOCO^^^OO^^OGO^thO 
OT ^ i-^" CO go" GO Co'' CO GO 
GO©^CDOOt-i|>coO 
^-''^'^^"^'^ '^'^ 
crT oT go" t-T 



GO&^GOOCOCOOt^ 
CO-^COt^iOCOOOGO 

'<^r-iu:)c:5^i>_iLO_Goco^ 

r^^T-Tt-rooocoT-rco' 

G0^>O'-<OiG0j>i— t 
CO ^ 1-H 



o 



o 



» o 

a 

s ^ 



GO O) 

CO 
co^ O 

rj^'co 
go" 



on cfi 
J - 



§ ^ S a 



a; 
9 



149 









GO 




V"6' 




O) 


CO 




vO 


O CO 




CO > 




• 


£-^!> 






CO 


io 


to 




CO oT 




00 




CO 05 




o to 


. CO 






^ 1 


• 




CO 


' ^ '^f 




















CO O CO 






GO O 



oi ''S^ oi^ cq^ 

CO CO O" O rjT 
rt 

'-^ 



Tl^CO 
CO rS« 



CO ©* 
CO «3 
CO 

rJ-'^CO" l> 
©1 to tO 
CO Oi Ci 



CO CO 
CO 
O G^ 

O CO 
O CO 
1> G< 



o 

C75^ CO 

©T i> 

O CO 
to GsJ 



Tt O 

1> o 
O^co 

co'i^ 
CO CO 

C5 l> 



G^ 
CO l> 
CO co^ 

CO CO 

co" 



CO G^ --H O 

O CO to CO 
CO^tO GO CO 

Co" cT G^ I> 
tO ^ CO O 

^ G^i CO O) 



r-< uO cO CO ^ to 

-^COl>'-G^G^Oa5 

ii505^ou:)to-<^co-^ 
coogT-^coco -tj^ cT 

tOOiOrfOOtO'^OS 



r> CT5^ o CO o 



^COOOtOCOCO'TfO 
G^GOJ>LOCO^O'-'Oi 
, CO^ CO CTi^ q. CO^ CO 

crTco'co'coGr co"i>ccrco 

OCOrfOCOCOCO-^"* 

CO co^to^cq^©! ©< CO oj^co 

©r co" 



c 

i 

bib 



03 3 



CHAPTER VI. 



Imports into the United States— Their trade with different parts of the world 
at different periods — Particular account of the trade with Great-Britain, 
France, and other countries — A comparative view of exports and imports 
in different yeai's — Value of the principal articles imported at different 
periods — Amount of cotton and woollen goods imported from Great -Bri- 
tain in 1806 and 1807, and wines and brandies from France — Origin of their 
trade with China and the East-Indies — Quantity of teas imported in dif- 
ferent years from 1790 to 1812. 

Having, in the preceding chapters, given an account of the exports 
of the United States, we shall now, according to the plan proposed, 
present a view of the imports, together with an account of our trade 
with the different parts of the world, and its increase since the esta- 
blishment of the present government. We would here remark, that no 
returns are made to the treasury department, of the value of the vari- 
ous articles imported, by the collectors of the customs, except those, 
which pay duties ad valorem ; the value of which, at the place of im- 
portation, is ascertained by law as follows, viz. — " by adding twen- 
ty per cent, to the actual cost thereof, if imported from the Cape of 
Good Hope, or from any place beyond the same, and ten per cent, 
on the actual cost thereof, if imported from any other place or coun- 
try, including all charges, commissions, outside packages, and insur- 
ance only excepted." 

The goods or merchandize, thus paying ad valorem duties, embrace, 
as has been heretofore noticed, with few exceptions, all the wool- 
len, cotton, linen, silk, metal, earthern, and paper manufactures im- 
ported. The value of these goods, ascertained in the manner before 
stated, and not the quantity is returned to the treasury department. 
Of all the other various articles imported, the quantity and not the 
value is returned to the treasury by the collectors. The treasury 
books, therefore, do not shew the value of the imports, as they do 
that of the exports of the United States. This can only be ascertain- 
ed by a long and tedious calculation from the prices of the various 



152 



articles (except those paying ad valorem duties) at the places of iin- 
portation. To do this, with accuracy, for each year, from the com= 
mencement of the government, would require more time and labour 
than any one would be willing to bestow on so dry a subject. At 
different times, however, since the establishment of the government, at 
the request of the national legislature, official returns have been made 
to Congress, of the value of our imports for short periods. From these 
returns and the documents accompanying them, and from other cal- 
culations, we shall be able, we trust, to present a satisfactory view of 
the value of our imports and trade with different parts of the world, 
for the greatest part of the time from the commencement of the go- 
vernment. By a report of the Secretary of State, of the 16th of De- 
cember 1793, having reference to the year 1792, it appears, that the 
countries, with which the United States^ at that time had their chief 
commercial intercourse, were Spain, Portugal, France, Great-Britain, 
the United Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden, and their American 
possessions ; and that the articles of export, constituting the basis of 
that commerce, with their respective amount, was as follows, viz.— 





DoUs. 


Bread stuffs, that is to say, bread grain, meal, ) 


■ 7,649,887 


and bread, to the annual amount of ) 




Tobacco, 


4,349,567 


Rice, 


1,753,796 


Wood, 


1,263,534 


Salted fish, 


941,696 


Pot and pearl ashes, _ - . - 


839,093 


Salted meats, 


599,130 


Indigo, 


- 537,379 


Horses and mules, - - 


339,753 


Whale oil, - 


- 252,591 


Flax seed, - - - - 


236,072 


Tar, pitch, and turpentine, - - - 


- 217,177 


Live provisions, . . . - - 


137,743 


Foreign goods, 


620,274 




19,737,692 



153 



The proportion of these exports which went to each of the na- 
tions before mentioned, and their dominions, the Secretary states as 
follows : — 





Dolls, 


To Spain and its dominions, 


- 2,003,907 


Portugal and do. • - 


1,283,462 


France and do. 


4,698,733 


Great-Britain and do. 


9,363,416 


United Netherlands & do. 


1,963,880 


Denmark and do. 


224,413 


Sweden and do. 


47,240 



Our imports, from the same countries, are also stated to be — from 





DoUs. 


Spain and its dominions. 


335,110 


Portugal and do. 


593,763 


France and do. 


2,068,348 


Great-Britain and do. 


15,285,428 


United Netherlands & do. 


1,172,692 


Denmark and do. 


351,364 


Sweden and do. 


14,325 



^19,823,030* 



The above account does not include the whole amount of our ex- 
ports at that period, as many articles of smaller value, than those men- 
tioned, are not included. 

Tables No. I. and II. annexed to this chapter, give a view of the 
commercial intercourse of the United States, with foreign countries 
and their dependencies, from 1795 to 1801 inclusive, exhibiting the 
value of the exports to each nation, and its dependencies, and the va- 
lue of the imports from the same, during that period. The exports 
were taken from the custom-house books, and the value of the imports 
was made out, with great care and labour, from the prices of the va- 



* See printed Report of the Secretarv of State. 

20 



154 



rious articles imported, (except those paying ad valorem duties) at 
the places of importation.* 

From these tables, the following is the amount of the exports an4 
imports of the United States from the year 1795 to 1801 ; — 





Exports. 


Imports. 




Dolls. 


Dolls. 


1795 


47,856,556 


69,756,258 


1796 


67,064,097 ^ - 


81,436,164 


1797 


66,850,206 


75,379,406 


1798 


61,527,097 


68,651,700 


1799 


78,666,622 


79,069,148 


1800 


70,971,780 


91,252,708 


1801 


93,020,573 


- 111,363,511 



During the session of Congress in the winter of 1806, the Secretary 
of the Treasury furnished the house of representatives with several va- 
luable statements and documents, relative to the trade of the Uhited 
States with different parts of the world, in the years 1802, 1803, and 
1804. 

These statements were called for by the house, while various pro- 
positions were under their consideration, as to a total, or partial non- 
intercourse with Great-Britain and her dependencies, for the purpose 
of ascertaining the amount of our trade with that kingdom, in compari- 
son with the other parts of the world, and to enable the house to see 
to what extent our commerce and revenue might be affected, by a non- 
intercourse with the British dominions. From these statements, the 
annual value of our imports from all parts of the world, on an average 
of the years 1802, 1803, and 1804, amounted to ^76,3 16,937, and the 
average value of our exports, for the same period, was ^^68,46 1,000. 
The value of the imports was calculated upon the same principles, as 
the value of goods paying the ad valorem duties, that is to say, by 

* For these valuable Tables we are indebted to the politeness of a g-entle- 
iXian, who has long- been one of the principal clerks in the Treasury Depart- 
ment, who has been much conversant with the subjects to which they relate 



155 



adding from ten to twenty per cent, to the prime cost and charges at 
the places from which the articles were imported ; the value of the 
exports was taken from the custom-house books. 

The value of the principal articles imported, was estimated as fol- 
lows : — 

Dolls. 

Merchandize paying 1 2 1 -2 per cent, ad valorem, 30,732,069 



do. do. 15 do. - 8,303,770 

do. do. 20 do. - 453,751 

Nails and spikes, - - - 479,041 

Lead and manufactures of lead, - - 227,002 

Steel, - . . - - 147,957 

Beer, ale and porter, - . . 76,020 

Cheese, ... - - 77,150 

Boots and shoes, - - - 101,300 

Coal, . - . . - 36,407 

Salt, 771,996 
Rum, . - . - . 3,881,089 

Geneva, . . - . . 675,430 

Brandy, ..... 2,077,601 
Wines, ..... 2,962,039 

Teas, ..... 2,360,507 

Coffee, 8,372,712 

Sugar, 7,794,254 

Molasses, ..... 1,930,592 
Cotton, - - - - - 804,125 

Pepper, ..... 633,041 

Indigo, ..... 436,941 
Cocoa, ..... 310,773 

Pimento, .... 71,927 

Hemp, ..... 919,443 

All other articles, - - . - - 680,000 



$75,316,937 

By the same statements, the amount of our commerce with the dit- 



156 



ferent parts of the world, on an average of the same period, was esti- 
mated as follows :- — 

I. WITH THE DOMINIONS OF GREAT-BRITAIN IN EUROPE (GIBRALTAR 
EXCEPTED.) 

The annual exports are estimated at about g 15,690,000, viz.— 

Domestic produce. Dolls. 

Cotton, - - . . 6,640,000 

Tobacco, - - . . 3,220,000 

Provisions, - 2,160,000 

Lumber, naval stores, and pot ashes, - 1,610,000 

All other articles of domestic produce, - 900,000 



^13,430,000 

Foreign merchandize, - - 2,260,000 



g 16,690,000 



The annual imports at g27, 400,000, viz.- 



In merchandize paying duties on its value, em- 
bracing, with inconsiderable exceptions, all 
the woollen, cotton, linen, silk, metal, glass, 
and paper manufactures, - - ^26 ,060,000 

All the articles paying specific duties, and 
consisting principally of salt, steel, lead, 
nails and porter, - - - - - 1,340,000 

g27,400,000 

IL WITH THE BRITISH EAST-INDIES. 

Annual exports g 130,000. 

Domestic produce, - - - - §47,000 

Foreign do. - - - - 83,000 

§130,000 



157 



Imports g3,530,000 viz. — 

In merchandize paying ad valorem duties * 
and consisting principally of white cot- 
tons, - . . . . ^2,950,000 

In all other articles, consisting principally 

of sugar, pepper and cotton, - - 680,000 

g3,530,000 

III. WITH THE NORTHERN BRITISH COLONIES IN AIHERICA. 

The annual exports amount to ^ 1 ,000,000, and consist of the follow- 
ing articles, viz. — 



Domestic produce. Dolls. 

Provisions and live stock, - - - 630,000 

Lumber, naval stores and, pot ashes, - - 90,000 

Skins and furs, . . - . 160,000 

All other articles, - - - 60,000 



^840,000 

Foreign merchandize, - - - 160,000 



g 1,000,000 

The annual imports amount to ^540,000 viz. — 

In goods paying ad valorem duties, and con- 
sisting principally of merchandize for the 
Indian trade, and of fish, - - ^^480,000 

All articles paying specific duties, - 60,000 

$540,000* 

* Plaister of Paris, is not included in the above sum. 



158 

IV. WITH THE BRITISH WEST-INDIES. 

The exports consist of the following articles, viz. — 

Provisions and live stock, - - ^4,720,000 

Lumber, - - - . 990,000 

All other articles, - . - „ 340,000 



§6,060,000 



And the imports as follows, viz.— 

Spirits, - - » - $2,460,000 

Sugar and coffee, - - - 1,480,000 

All other articles, - - - , 650,000 



$4,690,000 

IMPORTATIONS FROM ALL PARTS OF THE WORi.D. 

The annual value of imports from all parts of the 
world, calculated on the average of three 
years, - . . . $75,316,000 

Of which the value imported from the domin- 
ions of Great-Britain, amounts to - $35,970,000 

And that imported from all other countries as follows, viz. — 

From the northern powers, Prussia 

and Germany, - - $7,094,000 

From the dominions of Holland, 

France, Spain and Italy, - 25,476,000 

From the dominions of Portugal, 1 ,083,000 

From China, and other native pow- 
ers of Asia, - - - 4,856,000 

From all other countries, including 
some articles not particularly dis- 
criminated, - ~ 838,000 

$39,346,000 
$75,316,000 



159 



The Talue of the several species of merchandize, thus imported, 
may be arranged as folioweth, viz. — 

1st. Articles, principally imported from the dominions of Great- 
Britain, viz. — 

Merchandize paying duties on its value, - ^39,489,000 

Salt, nails, lead, steel, beer, cheese, shoes k boots, 1 ,9 1 7,000 

Rum, ..... 3,881,000 



$45,287,000 



Of which are imported from the 

dominions, of Great-Britain, g33,461,000 
And from all other countries, 11,826,000 



^45,287,000 

-2d. Articles, principally imported from other countries, viz. — 

Coffee, .... - g8,373,000 

Sugar, - - - - . 7,794,000 

Molasses, .... 1,930,000 

Cotton, cocoa, indigo, pepper, and pimento, 2,257,000 

Hemp, soap, candles, and all other articles, ) j 

(wines, teas, gin and brandy excepted,) 3 ' ' 



§21,954,000 



Of which are imported from the 
. dominions of Great-Britain, $2,476,000 
And from all other countries, 19,478,000 



$21,954,000 



160 



3d. Articles only incidentally imported from Great-Britain, viz. — 

Brandy and Geneva, - - - ^2,753,000 

Wines, 2,962,000 

Teas, 2,360,000 



^8,075,000 



Of which are imported from the 

dominions of Great-Britain, ^33,000 
From ail other countries, - 8,042,000 



§8,076,000 

EXPORTS TO ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD. 

I. DOMESTIC PRODUCE. 

The annual value of the articles of domestic pro- 
duce, exported to all parts of the world, calculated on 
the average of the same three years, is computed at - §39,928,000 



Of which the amount exported to 

the British Dominions is - §20,663,000 

And that to all other parts of the world, viz. — 

To the northern powers, Prussia and 

Gernany, - - - §2,918,000 

To the dominions of Holland, 

France, Spain, and Italy, - 12,183,000 

To the dominions of Portugal, - 1,925,000 

To all other countries, including, also, 
some articles not particularly dis- 
criminated, - - 2,249,000 



§19,276,000 



161 



Considered in relation to the several quarters of the globe, and 
without reference to the dominions of any particular power, those ex- 
ports are distributed in the following manner, viz. — 

Exported to Europe, - - - ^22,957,000 

to the West-Indies and other American 

Colonies, - - - 15,607,000 

to Asia, Africa, and the South Seas, - 1,364,000 



§39,928,000 

And the several articles, of which these exports consist, are respect- 
ively valued as follows, viz. — 

Provisions, flour, wheat, corn, rice, and every other 

species of vegetable food, - - g 13,040,000 

Dried and pickled fish, - - - 2,848,000 

Beef, pork, butter, cheese, and every species of ani- 
mal food, . - . . 3,728,000 



§19,616,000 

Cotton, - . . . 6,940,000 

Tobacco, - - - - 6,143,000 

Lumber, naval stores, and pot-ashes, - 4,387,000 

All other articles, - - - - 2,842,000 



§39,928,000 

II. FOREIGN PRODUCE. 

The annual value of foreign produce, re-exported to 
all parts of the world, calculated on the average of the 
same three years, is estimated at - - §28,533,000 



of which the amount exported to the domin- 
ions of Great-Britain, is . - - . §3,054,000 

21 



162 



And to all other parts of the world, is, viz.— 

To the northern powers, Prussia and 

Germany, - - ^5,061,000 

To the dominions of Holland, France, 

Spain, and Italy, - - 18,496,000 

To the dominions of Portugal, - 396,000 

To all other countries, including, also, 
some articles not particularly discri- 
minated, - - 1,637,000 

26,497,000 



g28,633,000 

Considered in relation to the several quarters of the globe, and 
without reference to the dominions of any particular power, these ex- 
ports are distributed in the following manner, viz. — 

Exported to Europe, - - - §20,648,000 

to the W. Indies and American Colonies, 6,688,000 
to Asia, Africa, and the South Sea, - 1,197,000 



§28,633,000 

The several articles, of which these exports consist, are respective- 
ly valued as follows, viz. — 



Merchandize, paying ad valorem duties, 


§9,772,000 


Coffee, ... - 


7,302,000 


Sugar, - . - . . 


6,776,000 


Cotton, cocoa, indigo, pimento, and pepper, 


2,490,000 


Teas, . . . - 


1,304,000 


Wines, - . . - 


1,108,000 


Spirits of every description. 


642,000 


All other articles, ... 


140,000 



§28,633,000 



163 



GENERAL BALANCE. 

Annual value of importations being stated at g 7 5,3 16 ,000 
And that of exports of domestic produce ^3^,928,000 
of foreign do. 28,533,000 

$68,46 1,000 

g6 ,855,000 

Leaves an apparent balance, according to the statement of the Sc- 
cretarj, against the United States, of near seven millions of dollars.* 

During the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, the imports, as well as the 
exports of the United States, were greater than in any former years. 

Table No. III. shews the quantity and value of all the articles 
imported into the United States, from October 1st, 1806, to Septem- 
ber 30th, 1807. The value of the articles (except those paying ad 
valorem duties) was ascertained from the prices, at which the same 
articles were valued at the Treasury, during the same period, on their 
exportation. The value of the imports for this year, thus ascertain- 
ed, amounted to $138,574,876. 

The value of the principal articles was as follows, viz : — 



Goods paying ad valorem duties, 


$58,655,917 


Malmsey and Madeira wine. 


1,023,321 


Burgundy do. 


59,279 


Sherry do. 


353,672 


All other do. 


- 3,051,397 


Foreign spirits from grain, 


1,477,679 


Do. do. from other materials, 


9,221,175 


Molasses, - - - 


3,064,044 


Bohea tea, 


493,946 


Souchong do. 


1,250,029 


Hyson do. - - - 


1,251,367 


Other green do. - - 


2,117,362 


Coffee, . - > - 


16,470,947 



* See report of the Secretary of the Treasury in 1806. 



164 



Cocoa, ... - ^2,297,961 

Sugar, brown, . - . 17,511,061 

Do. clajed, - - - 5,901,804 

Raisins in jars and boxes, - - 138,307 

Another, - - . . 291,807 

Candles, tallow, . . - _ 98,538 

Cheese, - - . . 288,299 

Soap, . . - . _ 376,222 

Tallow, .... 262,541 

Pepper, - - - - - 804,869 

Pimento, .... 263,172 

Indigo, .... 1,849,529 

Cotton, .... 1,007,139 

Gun-powder, . . . . 97,406 
Iron, anchors and sheet, ... 70,368 

Do. slit and hoop, ... 77,301 

Do. nails and spikes, - . . 544,328 

White and red lead, - - - 420,613 

Lead, and manufactures of lead, - - 270,147 

Steel, - - - - 205,595 

Hemp, .... 2,116,605 

Coal, - - - 132,511 
Salt, (weighing more than 56 lbs. per bushel) 1,387,903 

Do. (weighing 56 lbs. or less per bushel) - 288,791 

Glass, black quart bottles, - - 184,456 

Window-glass, not above 8 hy 10 inches, - 261,268 

Do. not above 10 by 12 do. - 46,335 

Do. all above 10 by 12 do. - 73,202 

Segars, - - - 256,240 

The amount of exports, for the same year, was — 

Domestic produce, - - ^48,699,592 

Foreign do. - - - 59,643,558 

Making, - - g 108,343,150 

Leaving a difference between the value of ex- 
ports and imports, for that year, of - ^30,231,726 



165 



This difference, or apparent balance, against the United States, 
arises from the mode of calculating the value of our exports and im- 
ports ; and instead of being against the United States, is, in fact, in 
their favour, as will be explained, in a subsequent chapter, on the sub- 
ject of what is called the balance of trade. 

Having thus given a general view of our exports and imports, we 
shall, in the next place, as far as possible, present a view of our trade 
with each country, from the commencement of the government ; dis- 
tinguishing the trade of the parent country, from that of her Colonies 
and dependencies ; together with a general account of the trade of 
the United States, with each quarter of the world. 

I. GREAT-BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 

The principal articles, exported to Great-Britain and Ireland, are 
cotton, tobacco, rice, occasionally wheat and flour, flax-seed, naval 
stores, such as pitch, tar, and turpentine, timber and plank, staves and 
heading, pot and pearl ashes, whale and spermaceti oil. Our im- 
ports are principally manufactured goods of various descriptions. 

By the treaty of peace in 1783, the United States were, of course, 
subject to the navigation laws and alien duties of Great-Britain. She, 
however, considered it for her interest, in some degree, to relax these 
laws, in their favour. By an act of parliament, passed in April, 1783, 
(23 Geo. III. chap. 39) the king and council were authorised to re- 
gulate the trade between the two countries. This act was at first 
limited to a short period, but was continued in force, by subsequent 
acts. By an order in council, of the 26th of December, 1783, made 
in pursuance of this act, and which was, in substance, renewed for 
many years, it is declared " thdt any unmanufactured goods and 
merchandizes, the importation of wiiich into this kingdom is not pro- 
hibited by law, (except oil), and any pitch, tar, turpentine, indigo, 
masts, yards, bowsprits, being the growth or produce of any of the 
United States of America, may (until further order) be imported di- 
rectly from thence, into any of tlie ports of this kingdom, either in 
British or American ships, by British subjects, or by any of the peo- 
ple inhabiting in, and belonging to, the said United States, or any of 
them, and may be entered and landed in any port in this kingdom, 



166 



upon payment of the same duties, as the like sort of goods or mer- 
chandize are or may be subject and liable to if imported by British 
subjects, in British ships, from any British island or plantation in 
America, and no other, notwithstanding such goods or merchandize, 
or the ships, in which the same may be brought, may not be accom- 
panied with the certificate or other documents, heretofore required 
by law." By this order, also, the same drawbacks, exemptions, and 
bounties are allowed on goods exported to the United States, as on 
those exported to the British Islands or Colonies in America. The 
intercourse between the United States, and the British West-Indies, 
was regulated by the same order, and which will be noticed here- 
after. 

In consequence of this order, many articles from the United States, 
such as pot and pearl ashes, iron, wood, and lumber of all kinds, in- 
digo, and flax-seed, were imported duty free, while most of the same 
articles, imported from other countries, were subject to heavy duties, 
and others, as tobacco, rice, pitch, tar, &c. paid only the same duties 
as when imported from British Colonies. 

The importation of grain, as we have before stated, was regulated 
by a general law, and except in times of scarcity, was liable to so 
high a duty, as to amount to a prohibition. 

By the 14th article of the treaty of amity, commerce, &c. of 
the 19th of November, 1794, liberty of commerce and navigation is 
established between the British dominions in Europe and the United 
States, subject however to the laws of the two countries ; and by the 
15th article, no higher duties are to be paid by either, than are paid 
by all other nations ; the British government reserving to itself, the 
right of imposing on American vessels, entering into the British ports 
in Europe, a tonnage duty equal to that which shall be payable by 
British vessels in the ports of America ; and also such duty as may 
be adequate to countervail the difference of duty then payable on the 
importation of goods, when imported into the United States, in Brit- 
ish or American bottoms. The treaty of 1794 expired in 1803, ex- 
cept the first ten articles, which were permanent. 

By the treaty negociated by our commissioners in 1806, there 
was to have been an equalization of the tonnage and other duties in 
the trade between the two countries. It is understood that in the 



i6r 

commercial treaty, lately negotiated with Great-Britain, and Avhich 
has not yet been ratified or made public, the same tonnage duties, 
and the same export and import duties are to be paid, whether such 
importation or exportation be in American or British vessels. 

Whether such a measure would be favourable to the navigating in- 
terest of the United States has, heretofore, been doubted by many, 
and experience alone, perhaps, can degide the question. 

The amount of the trade between the two countries, in each year, 
from 1784 to 1790, taken from English accounts, we have before stat- 
ed in Chapter I. 

In 1792, according to the foregoing estimate of the Secretary of 
State, our exports to Great-Britain, and her dominions, amounted to 
^9,363,416, and our imports to gl5,285,428. Much the greatest 
part of the imports was from Great-Britain, exclusive of her depen- 
dencies. From 1795 to 1801, the value of our exports to Great- 
Britain and Ireland, and our imports from the same, was as follows, 
viz.* :— - 





Exports. 


Imports. 




DoUs. 


Dolls. 


1795 


6,324,066 


23,313,121 


1796 


- 17,143,313 


31,928,685 


1797 


6,637,423 


27,303,067 


1798 


11,978,870 


17,330,770 


1799 - 


19,930,428 


29,133,219 


1800 - 


19,085,603 


32,877,059 


1801 


30,931,121 


39,519,218 



Our exports to Great-Britain and Ireland, on the average of the 
years 1802, 1803, and 1804, as appears, by the foregoing statement 
of the Secretary of the Treasury, were in value — 

Domestic produce, - - - g 13,430,000 

Foreign merchandize, - - 2,260,000 

$15,690,000 

Our imports on the average of the same years 

were in value, - - - §27,400,000 



See Tables No. I. Sc II. aimexed to this chapter. 



168 



From 1805 to 1812, the value of the exports to Great-Britain and 
Ireland, was as follows : — 





UOIaIC^LIv jJlULLU.\.<C« 


Foreign produce. 




Value in Dolls. 


Value in Dolls. 


1805 - 


13,939,663 


1,472,600 


1806 - 


12,737,913 


2,855,583 


1807 - 


21,122,332 


2,027,650 


1808 


3,093,978 


106,327 


1809 - 


6,326,194 


239,406 


1810 - 


11,388,438 


892,436 


1811 - 


13,184,553 


654,757 


1812 - 


4,662,296 


37,187 



The importations from Great-Britain and Ireland consist princi- 
pally of the various manufactures of wool, cotton, silk, and flax ; man- 
ufactures of brass and copper, glass and earthern ware, haberdashery, 
manufactures of iron and steel, lead, and manufactures of lead, hats, 
salt, tin and pewter, coal, beer, ale and porter. 

Much the greatest proportion of the above articles, on their impor- 
tation, are subject to duties, on their value. By ascertaining there- 
fore the amount of goods imported from Great-Britain and Ireland, 
paying these duties, the value of imports from that kingdom may be 
pretty accurately estimated. The following is the amount of goods 
of this description, imported for a number of years, subsequent to 
1804, viz.— 





Value in Dolls. 


1803 


31,666,169 


1806 - 


- 36,779,245 


1807 


38,901,838 


1808 - 


- 18,818,882 


1809 


17,647,642 


1810 


- 29,123,606 


1811 


25,338,044 


1812 


7,663,179 


1813 


11,298,286 



169 



In 1807, the amount of goods, paying duties ad valorem, was nearly 
thirty -nine millions of dollars ; when we add the goods imported, in 
the same year, duty free, and those subject to specific duties, the 
whole amount, imported from Great-Britain, in 1807, would not, it is 
believed, fall much short of fifty millions of dollars. 

The British accounts of exports to, and imports from the United 
States, will serve, also, to shew the amount of the trade between the 
two countries. Tables No. IV. and V. contain the British official 
accounts of exports and imports, (exclusive of Scotland) for the years 
1806, 1807 and 1808, ending on the 10th of October in each year, 
furnished the House of Commons, by the inspector general of imports 
and exports, containing their real, as well as official value. 

By these accounts, the real value of British produce and manufac- 
tures, and of foreign merchandize, exported to the United States, in 
those years, was as follows, viz. — 

1807. 1808. 
£11,119,048 £5,718,615 
263,822 65,788 

Total exports, £12,175,495 £11,372,870 £5,784,403 

And the real value of the imports from the United States, info 
Great-Britain, was — 

In 1806. ISOr. 1808. 

£3,508,480 - £5,201,909 - £2,804,707 

To enable us to see, what proportion of all the exports of British 
produce and manufacture, was shipped to the United States, during 
those years, we add table No. VI. shewing the real, as well as offi- 
cial value of all the exports from Great-Britain, (exclusive of Scot- 
land) to all parts of the world, for each of those years. This shews 
the real value of British produce and manufacture, exported to afl 

22 



1806. 



British produce and > £n,716,620 

manufactures, ^ 
Foreign merchandize, 458,875 



iro 



parts of the world, on an average, of the years 1806 and 1807 to 
have been - - - £39,203,036, sterling, 

or about g 176,000,000. 

And the real value of the same produce 
and manufacture, exported to the United 
States, on an average of the same two 

years was - - - £11,417,834 or about 

^50,500,000, making between one quarter, and one third of all the 
exports of British produce and manufacture, during these two years. 
Much the greatest part of our imports from Great-Britain, consist of 
woollen and cotton goods. As these, with many others, on their im- 
portation into the United States, are subject to duties ad valorem, 
neither their quantity, or value is separately ascertained by our cus- 
tom-house books. By the English accounts contained in tables No. 
V. and VI. the real value of cotton goods exported to the United 
States, from Great-Britain (exclusive of Scotland) on an average of 
the same two years, was - - £4,393,449 

and of woollen goods, - - - 4,591,437 



Making, - - - £8,984,886 sterling, 

or about ^39,500,000, as valued in England, being more than nine- 
teen millions of cotton goods, and about twenty millions of woollens, 
in each of these years. 

We would here remark, that the imports and exports of the United 
States, for the years 1806 and 1807, were greater, than in any for- 
mer year, and far exceed those of any subsequent year ; and that, 
probably, about one third of the goods imported from Great-Britain, 
especially those imported in 1806, were again exported to the West- 
Indies, to South America, and elsewhere. The value of the exports 
of woollens from Great-Britain has been nearly stationary for many 
years, while the exports of cotton goods has increased beyond exam- 
ple. The United States have taken a large proportion of English 
woollens. Table No. VII. contains an amount of the value of the 
woollen manufactures exported from Great-Britain from 1790 to 1799, 
agreeable to the estimate of the inspector general, together with the 
countries, to which the same were exported."^ From this, it will be 



* Macpherson's Annab of Commerce. 



in 



seen, that during that period, from one quarter to one third, and in 
some years nearly one half, of all the woollens was exported to the 
United States, greatly exceeding the amount exported to any other 
country.*" We have added Table No. VIII. containing the official 
value of all the exports from Great-Britain, during the years ending on 
the 5th day of January, 1809, 1810, and 1811 ; also the imports into 
the same, during the same years ; with an appendix shewing the 
value of the particular articles exported and imported, for the same 
period. These will furnish some data from which we may judge 
what proportion of raw materials are received by the British manu- 
facturer, from the United States, as well as the proportion of their 
manufactures received by us. 

The value of our imports from Great -Britain has always exceeded 
that of our exports, even in those years, when we have consumed the 
whole of the imports. This difference, however, is less than ap- 
pears from our custom-house books, as the value of our exports is as- 
certained from the prices of the articles, at the place of exportation. 
Most of the articles exported are bulky, and have been carried in our 
own ships.! The expense of transportation, therefore, as well as a 
reasonable profit to the shipper, which cannot be less than about 
twenty per cent, must be added to the estimated value of our exports. 
The balance is paid by our trade with the West-Indies, and other 
parts of the world. 

* The manufacture of wool, as well as cotton, is rapidly advancing' in tlie 
United States. Experience has proved that merirto sheep will endure our 
climate, and this valuable breed, with their mixtures, is now spread in al- 
most every part of the United States, and the number of sheep is increasing' 
in every state in tlie union. It is believed there are now not less than from 
twelve to fifteen millions of sheep in the United States. If Great-Britain, 
with her limited extent of territory, can maintain about thirty millions of 
sheep, how much more easily can the United States, with tlieir extended 
territory and increasing improvements, maintain not only thirty millions, 
but double that number ? 

f The number of American ships cleai-cd from Liverpool, in 180/, wag 
four hundred wid eighty-nine, and their tonnag-e one Innuh-cd twenty-t|-u*^»e 
thousand five hundred and forty-five. 



172 



II. TRADE WITH THE BRITISH EAST-INDIES- 

The trade of the United States with the British East-Indies com- 
menced not long after the peace of 1783. In 1788, or 1789, Earl 
Coniwallis, then governour and commander in India, gave orders that 
American vessels should be treated at the company's settlements, iii 
all respects, as the most favoured foreigners : and the ship Chesa- 
peake, one of the first vessels that displayed the American colours in 
the Ganges, was favoured by the supreme council of Bengal, with an 
exemption from the government customs which all foreign vessels 
were bound to pay.* 

This trade was negotiated by our treaty with Great-Britain of the 
19th of November, 1794. The thirteenth article, relating to this 
subject, was as follows, viz. — 

ARTICLE XIII. 

, " His Majesty consents, that the vessels belonging to the citizens 
of the United States of America, shall be admitted and hospitably re- 
ceived in all the sea ports and harbours of the British territories in the 
East-Indies. And that the citizens of the said United States may 
freely carry on a trade between the said territories and the said 
United States, in all articles of which the importation or exportation 
respectively, to or from the said territories, shall not be entirely pro- 
hibited. Provided only, that it shall not be lawful for them, in any 
time of war between the British government and any other power or 
state whatever, to export from the said territories, without the spe- 
cial permission of the British government there, any military stores, 
or naval stores, or rice. The citizens of the United States shall pay 
for their vessels when admitted into the said ports no other or higher 
tonnage duty, than shall be payable on British vessels, when admit- 
ted into the ports of the United States, And they shall pay no oth- 
er or higher duties or charges, on the importation or exportation of 
the cargoes of the said vessels, than shall be payable on the same ar- 
ticles when imported or exported in British vessels. But it is ex- 



* Macpherson's Annals of Commence. 



pressly agreed, that the vessels of the United States shall not carry 
any of the articles exported by them from the said British territories, 
to any port or place, except to some port or place in America, where 
the same shall be unladen ; and such regulations shall be adopted by 
both parties, as shall from time to time be found necessary to enforce 
the due and faithful observance of this stipulation. It is also under- 
stood, that the permission granted by this article, is not to extend to 
allow the vessels of the United States to carry on any part of the 
coasting trade of the said British territories ; but vessels going with 
their original cargoes, or part thereof, from any port of discharge to 
another, are not to be considered as carrying on the coasting trade. 
Neither is this article to be construed to allow the citizens of the States 
to settle or reside within the said territories, or to go into the interi- 
or parts thereof, without the permission of the British government es- 
tablished there, and if any transgression should be attempted against 
the regulations of the British government in this respect, the observ- 
ance of the same shall and may be enforced against the citizens of 
America, in the same manner as against the British subjects or others 
transgressing the same rule. And the citizens of the United States, 
whenever they arrive in any port or harbour in the said territories, or 
if they should be permitted, in manner aforesaid, to go to any other 
place therein, shall always be subject to the laws, government, and 
jurisdiction of what nature established in such harbour, port, or place 
according as the same may be. The citizens of the United States 
may also touch for refreshment at the island of St. Helena, but sub- 
ject in all respects to such regulations as the British government may 
from time to time establish there." 

This article expressly provides that the goods exported should not 
be carried to any port or place, " except to some port or place in 
America." It is, however, less explicit as to the outward cargo ; 
and under this article, American vessels with their cargoes went di- 
rectly to the East-Indies, from Europe and other places. The com- 
mercial part of thistreaty, as before stated, expired in 1803. Subse- 
quent to its expiration, and until lately, our trade with the British 
East-Indies was suffered to continue on the same footing, as under 
the treaty. In the treaty, however, agreed to by Messrs. Monroo 
and Pinkney, December 31st, 1806, our commissioners found it ini- 



ir4 

possible to obtain stipulations relative to this trade, equally favourable 
to the United States as those in the former treaty. By the third arti- 
cle of this treaty, our trade was limited to vessels " sailing direct 
from the United States in other respects, the article was the same 
as the thirteenth article of Mr. Jay's treaty. The British commis- 
sioners urged, that this limitation was really no more than was in- 
tended by the treaty of 1794 ; and as it was insisted upon, by the 
East-India company, our commissioners were obliged to acquiesce in it. 

Although this treaty was rejected by the President, without even 
submitting it to the Senate, for their advice, yet our East-India trade 
was suffered to continue as before, until April 30th, 1811, when, in 
pursuance of powers vested in them, by an act of parliament passed 
the 37th year of George III. chap. 107, the East-India Company es~ 
tablished the following regulations " for the conduct of the trade of 
foreign nations, to the ports and settlements of the British nation in 
the Eagt-Indies, and also for defining the duties to which such trade 
shall be subject," &c. 

" I. Foreign European ships, belonging to any nation having a 
settlement of its own in the East-Indies, and being in amity with his 
Majesty, may freely enter the British sea-ports and harbours in that 
country, whether they come directly from their own country, or from 
any of the ports and places in the East-Indies ; they shall be hospita- 
bly received ; and shall have liberty of trade there in imports and ex- 
ports conformably to the regulations established in such places. The 
ships may also be cleared out for any port or place in the East-Indies ; 
but if cleared out for Europe, shall be cleared out direct for the coun- 
try, to which the ships respectively belong. 

" II. First. Foreign European ships, belonging to countries ha- 
ving no establishment in the East-Indies, and ships belonging to the 
United States of America, may (when those countries and states re- 
spectively are in amity with his Majesty) in like manner freely en- 
ter the British sea-ports and harbours in the East-Indies ; they shall 
be hospitably received there ; and have free liberty to trade in im- 
ports and exports conformably to the regulations of the place ; pro- 
vided always, that they proceed from their own ports direct to the 
said British territories, without touching at any port or place what- 
ever in the voyage out ; except from necessity, and merely to pro- 



175 



cure refreshments, or repairs in case of distress or accident in the 
course of such voyage, the burthen of which necessity to rest on the 
parties. 

" Second. The vessels of the said European powers last aforesaid, 
and of the United States, shall not carry any of the said articles ex- 
ported by them from said British territories, to any port or place, ex- 
cept to some port or place in their own countries respectively, where 
the same shall be unladen. The said ships shall not be cleared out to 
carry on the coasting or country trade in India ; but vessels going 
with their original cargoes, or part thereof, from one British port of 
discharge to another British port, are not to be considered as carry- 
ing on the coasting trade. 

" Third. The said vessels shall not be allowed to proceed, either 
with or without return cargo, from the said British territories to the 
settlements or territories of any European nation in India, or to the 
territory of any Indian or Chinese potentate or power, except from 
the like necessity as is before described, of which the proof shall rest 
with them. Nor shall the said vessels be allowed to enter the river 
in that part of the British territory situated in Bengal, for any other 
purpose, than that of proceeding to tlie port of Calcutta, for trade, 
refreshment, or repairs. 

" Fourth. In clearing out for their respective countries, the clear- 
ance shall be a direct one to the country, European or American, to 
which the vessel belongs, and to no other whatever ; they are to 
give bond, with the security of a resident in the country, that they 
will deliver the cargo at the port for which the clearance is made, 
and such bond is to be cancelled, when a certificate from a British 
consul, or two known British merchants resident at such port is pro- 
duced of the bona fide delivery of the cargo there." 

The regulations with respect to duties were — 

" First. Goods imported or exported in foreign bottoms, shall be 
subject to double the amount of the duties payable on goods imported 
or exported in British bottoms. 

" Second. On that principle, goods liable to duty on importation 
by sea, will be chargeable with duty on their importation in British 
or foreign bottoms respectively, agreeable to the schedule annexed to 
this regulation No. I. 



176 



" Third. Pursuant to the same principle of subjecting the trade of 
foreigners to double duties, they will be precluded from the benefit of 
drawback receivable hy British subjects, in cases, in which such 
drawback may be equal to a moietv of the duty paid on importation; 
and in cases in which the drawback receivable by British subjects 
may exceed a moiety of the import duty, the drawback receivable by 
foreigners will be adjusted on a consideration of the ultimate duty 
payable by British subjects agreeably to the schedule No. II. 

" Fourth. In cases in which the drawback receivable by British 
subjects amounts to less than a moiety of the import duty, the foreign 
exporter will be subject to the payment of an additional export duty, 
agreeably to the detailed schedule No. III. 

" Goods imported for re-exportation shall on re-exportation be al- 
lowed a drawback of two thirds of the amount of the duty paid on 
their importation, if exported in British bottoms, and of one third of 
the duty paid on their importation, if exported in foreign bottoms. 

" In cases in which goods shall have paid double duty on importa- 
tion, that is, the enhanced duty ordered to be levied from foreigners, 
a drawback shall be allowed to the exporter of two thirds of such 
duty, whether the goods be exported in foreign or British bottoms ; 
with the exceptions, however, of those goods on the exportation of 
which, a specific rate of drawback is established by the Table annex- 
ed to this regulation." 

By these regulations, American vessels must proceed from their 
own ports direct, to the British East-Indies, without touching at any 
other port in the outward voyage, except from necessity, &c. When 
there, they cannot carry on the coasting trade, nor can they, either with 
or without a cargo, proceed to the settlements of any other European 
nation in India, or to any part of India or to China, nor can they go to 
any place on the River Ganges, except Calcutta. They must return 
direct to some port in the United States, and they are to give bond, 
to deliver their cargo at the port for which their clearance is made, 
and they are likewise subjected to double the duties paid by British 
bottoms. In consequence of these regulations, the owners of some 
American vessels, employed in the East-India trade, were placed m a 
most unfortunate situation. They had given bond in India, to land 
their cargo in some port in the United States; on their arrival here. 



177 



the non-intercourse law prohibited the landing of the cargo, because 
it came from a British port ; if landed in the United States, the ves- 
sel and cargo were forfeited under the laws of their own country, if 
carried to any other place, the bond given in India was forfeited. 
Thus situated, the owners were obliged to apply to Congress for re- 
lief ; who granted them permission to land their goods, and finally to 
dispose of them, for their own use. 

The exports from the United States to the British East-Indies, have 
been inconsiderable, except in money. The value of the imports for 
each year, from 1795 to 1801, will be seen in Table No. II. before 
mentioned. In the last of these years, the imports amounted to 
^5,134,436. The articles usually imported, are cotton goods of va- 
rious kinds, indigo, sugar, spices, &;c. In 1807, the value of goods 
paying duties ad valorem, consisting principally of cottons, amounted 
to g4,073,910. 

The charter of the East-India company has lately been renewed 
and extended to the 10th of April, 1834. The trade, however, to In- 
dia has been laid open to British subjects generally, under certain re- 
gulations, from the 10th day of April, 1814. These regulations, or 
the most important of them, are stated by professor Hamilton, in his 
enquiry concerning the national debt of Great-Britain, to be as fol- 
lows : " That no vessel shall proceed on private trade to India, 
without a license from the directors, which shall be granted, on appli- 
cation, of course, to the principal settlements of Fort William, Fort 
George, Bombay, or Prince of Wales Island ; but no vessel may fit 
out to other places, unless specially authorized ; and in case the di- 
rectors refuse to grant such special license, the board of controul shall 
ultimately determine in regard to the same. That no vessel under 
one hundred and fifty tons shall be employed. That goods imported 
in private trade, shall be brought to some port in the United Kingdom, 
which shall have been declared fit for that purpose by order in coun- 
cil. That the importation of articles of silk and cotton manufacture, 
for home consumption, shall be confined to the port of London, and 
the goods deposited in the company's ware-houses there. And the 
importation of tea, in private trade, is prohibted without license from 
the company. The company retain, till 10th of April, 1834, the go- 
vernment and revenue of their territorial acquisition^ subiert to the 

23 



178 



regulation of the board of controul, and the exclusive trade to China, 
and may trade as a corporation to India, in conamon with his Majes- 
ty's other subjects." 

The commercial treaty lately agreed upon, contains, it is said, re- 
gulations relative to the American trade with British India, but what 
these regulations are is not yet known. The intercourse is probably 
limited, to a direct one, between the two countries. 

III. TRADE WITH THE BRITISH WEST-INDIES. 

The American trade with the British West-India islands, both be- 
fore and since the war of the revolution, has been very great. 

Large quantities of our lumber, fish, flour, beef, pork, horses, live 
cattle, indian corn and meal, peas, beans, &c. &c. have found a mar- 
ket in these islands. 

Since the peace of 1783, the United States and Great-Britain have 
not formed any conventional arrangement, relative to this trade. By 
the provisions of the bill introduced into Parliament, in the winter of 
1783, for the temporary regulation of the commerce, between the two 
countries, American vessels were to be admitted into the ports of the 
British West-Indies, with the produce of the United States, with lib- 
erty to export to the United States, any merchandize, or goods what- 
soever, subject only to the same duties, as they would be subject to, 
in British bottoms. 

This bill, from the opposition made to it, was lost,' and the power 
of regulating this trade was left with the King and Council, as we 
have before stated ; and by the order in council of the 26th of De- 
cember, 1783, before mentioned, American vessels were excluded 
from the British West-Indies. 

British vessels were permitted to import into the islands, from the 
United States, pitch, tar, turpentine, hemp and flax, masts, yards 
and bowsprits, staves, heading, boards, timber, shingles, and all other 
species of lumber ; horses, neat cattle, sheep, hogs, poultry, and all 
other species of live stock and live provisions ; peas, beans, potatoes, 
wheat, flour, bread, biscuit, rice, oats, barley, and all other species of 
grain, the same being the growth, or production of the United States ; 
and to export to the United States, rum, sugar, molasses, coffee, cocoa- 
nuts, ginger, and pimento, upon payment of the same duties, and un- 



179 



der the same restrictions, as though exported to any British Colony 
or Plantation in America. 

By the 12th article of Mr. Jay's treaty, American vessels '* not 
being above the burthen of seventy tons" were placed on the same 
footing with British vessels, in respect to the trade of the United 
States with the British West-Indies, with a proviso, that they were 
not to carry molasses, sugar, coffee, cocoa, or cotton to any part of 
the world, except the United States, either from the islands, or from 
the United States. This article was not agreed to, on the part of the 
United States, and the treaty was ratified by both governments with- 
out it. In 1806, the plenipotentiaries of the United States negotiated 
a, commercial treaty with Great-Britain, but were unable to make 
any arrangement, relative to the West-India trade. 

The difficulty, however, of supplying the West-India Islands, du- 
ring the late wars in Europe, has rendered it necessary for the British 
government to open their ports to American vessels, almost every 
year, for certain limited periods. This was done by proclamation di- 
rectly from the Governours of the islands, until 1807, when an act of 
Parliament was passed on the subject, called the American inter- 
course bill ; since that period, proclamations for opening the ports 
have originated with the King and Council ; but beef, pork, and fish, 
have been excluded, since that time, either in American or British 
bottoms. 

It is understood, that the commercial treaty lately negotiated, is si- 
lent on the subject of the West-India trade, and the British have 
lately again shut their West-India ports against American vessels. 

The value of the exports and imports from 1795 to 1801 was as 
follows : — 





Exports. 


Imports. 




Value— Dolls. 


Valu^-DoUs 


1795 


2,634,664 


6,426,091 


1796 


5,446,559 


6,301,534 


1797 


2,147,025 


3,046,045 


1798 


4,283,940 


2,925,739 


1799 


6,285,254 


6,083,372 


1800 


6,404,785 


5,774,411 


1801 


9,699,722 


6,968,032 



180 



During the years 1802, 1803, and 1804, the value of the exports 
and imports, as appears by the foregoing statements of the Secretary 
of the Treasury, was as follows, viz. — 

Exports. Imports. 
Value— Dolls. Value— Dolls. 

1802 ~ 6,228,464 - 4,486,890 

1803 = 6,624,647 - 4,492,861 

1804 - 6,316,667 - 4,739,186 

The quantity, as well as the value of the principal articles, export- 
ed and imported, for each of the said years, are ascertained in Tables, 
Nos. IX. and X. taken from the same statements of the Secretary of 
the Treasury, together with the amount of duties paid on the imports. 

During the years 1806, 1806, and 1807, the value of the exports 
and imports was nearly the same, as in the preceding years. The 
value of our exports to the British West-Indies, has generally exceed- 
ed our imports ; and as the value of the former is estimated at the 
place of exportation, and of the latter, at the place of importation, 
the real difference is much greater than appears, by our custom-house 
books. Most of the articles exported are bulky, and the amount of 
freight and insurance for some of them, particularly lumber and live 
stock, is equal to the first cost. The freight and charges, also, of the 
articles imported make no inconsiderable part of their value, in this 
country. 

As our own ships were principally employed in this trade, the pro- 
fits and advantages, arising from these sources, were chiefly confined 
to the American merchant. 

The American tonnage, employed in this trade, on an average of 
the years 1799, 1 800, and 1801, was one hundred and thirty-one thou- 
sand one hundred and twenty-three. 

A great proportion of our lumber has gone to these islands. The 
average quantity of staves and heading sent there in the years 1805, 
1806, and 1807, was seventeen millions six hundred and fourteen 
thousand, being nearly one half of the whole quantity export- 
ed, during these years. The quantity of boards and plank, for the 
same years, on an average, was about forty millions. In 1803, two 



181 

hundred sixty thousand five hundred and fifty-five, and in 1807, two 
hundred fifty-one thousand seven hundred and six barrels of flour 
were exported to these islands. 

The value of flour, bread, and biscuit exported, on an average of 
the years 1802, 1803, and 1804, was about two millions of dollars ; 
of lumber of all kinds about one million ; of beef, pork, bacon, and 
lard about eight hundred thousand dollars ; and of Indian com, rye, 
and indian meal about six hundred thousand. The quantity of 
rum imported, during the same period, was about four millions of 
gallons annually, and was valued at about two and a half millions of 
dollars. The quantity imported, in the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, 
was about four millions six hundred and fourteen thousand gallons an- 
nually. 

Opinions have been advanced, with no small share of confidence, 
by some British writers, that their West-India Islands could be sup- 
plied with lumber and provisions from their North-American Colo- 
nies. Experience, however, has not confinned these opinions. Un- 
til the adoption of commercial restrictions by the United States, a 
small part only of the lumber and provision, imported into the British 
West-Indies, came from the British North- American Colonies. The 
amount of the principal articles of provisions and lumber, imported 
from different parts of the world, on an average of the years 
1804, 1805, and 1806, was as follows :— * 



From the U. British G. Britain & Other 
States, provinces. Ireland, countries. 
Flour, meal and bread, cwt. 463,505 2,789 34,495 7,667 

^ors;^eas,ti^^^^^^^ ^^^'^^^ ^'^^^ ^^^'^^^ 

Rice, - bbls. - 11,740 6 50 139 

Pork and beef, - do. - 54,114 1,642 54,571 385 

Fish, dry cod, &c. cwt. - 138,484 101,692 3,302 3,293 

Do. salt or pickled, bbls. - 38,171 27,800 57,698 991 

Butter, - firkins. 8,050 204 49,818 80 



* See a view of the importance of the British American Colonies, by Da- 
vid Anderson, printed in 1814. 



182 



From the U. British G. Britain & Otho* 
States, provinces. Ireland, countries. 
Cows and oxen, - 4,145 3 8 1,12S 

Sheep and hogs, - - 3,484 44 - - 314 

^"i^r^^^^^ 39,022,997 942,122 - - 101,330 

Staves, - pieces, 17,605,687 525,026 - - 264,600 

Shingles, - 43,051,704 332,925 - - 13,000 

While the United States furnished more than four hundred sixty- 
three thousand hundred weight of flour, meal, and biscuit, the British 
provinces furnished onlj two thousand seven hundred and eighty- 
nine hundred weight ; and of indian corn, oats, &;c. the British pro- 
vinces furnished only three thousand two hundred and seventy-six bu- 
shels, and of beef and pork, but one thousand six hundred and forty- 
two barrels, and of lumber not a million feet of boards and timber. 
Indeed^ from this account, given by a late British writer, who is ve- 
ry far from being friendly to the United States, it appears, that, du- 
ring the years 1804, 1805, and 1806, the United States supplied the 
British West-India Islands with more than nine tenths of their flour, 
meal, and bread, about two thirds of their indian corn, oats, peas, and 
beans, about one half of their beef and pork, more than one half of their 
dried fish, and nearly the whole of their live stock and lumber. 

During the continuance of American commercial restrictions, the 
trade of the British Provinces increased, particularly in the article of 
lumber. It is stated, by Mr. Anderson, that the total value of ex- 
ports from Quebec, in 1806, was £551,570 6s. 3d. sterling, and that 
in 1810, the exports amounted to £1,079,474 lis. 6d. making a 
difference of £527,904 5s. 3d. The value of lumber exported in 
1806, is stated at £110,740 lis. 6d. and in 1810, at £505,689 15s. 
6d. a difference of £394,949 4s. Od. 

There was, also, in 1810, an increase, in the exports of grain, 
provisions, and pot and pearl ashes, and a diminution, in the exports 
of furs and skins. There is no doubt, that many of the articles ex- 
ported in 1810, found their way into Canada from the United States, 
notwithstanding the prohibition of all intercouse, between the two 
countries. And it is well known, that many American citizens, par- 



183 



ticularly those who had been engaged in the lumber trade, deprived 
ef employment, at home, went to Canada and New-Brunswick, and 
were employed in procuring lumber, in those provinces : and it will be 
fortunate, for the United States, if their own citizens have not taught 
their neighbours, how to become their rivals in this trade.* 

TRADE WITH FRANCE AND DEPENDENCIES. 

I. WITH FRANCE. 

The trade of the United States with France and her dependencies 
in 1787, is stated by Monsieur Peuchet, in his statistics of France, to 
kave been as follows : — 

Exports to the United States from France and dependencies, in 

Livres. 

GoSee, sugar, rum, syrup, salt, olive oil, fruits, 

brandy, wine, and liqueurs, amounted to - 10,675,000 
Cotton, drugs, &c. to - - - 694,000 

Stuflfs, laces, silk, hosiery, linen, cambrick, soap, 
gloves, gun-powder, glass-ware, and hard-ware, to 1 ,238,000 



Lvvres, 12,607,000 

or about §2,500,000. 

* Mr. Anderson is obliged to admit, tliat tlie Canadians have had the as- 
sistance of the Americans, in procuring lumber. " The American embargti 
(says he) and the continental system have, ever since 1607, produced an ex- 
traordinary demand, in Canada, both for lumber and floxir. This great de- 
mand, for fish and lumbei*, has been completely answered." For tlie Briiish 
American forests producing timber in abundance, and " the population of 
these provinces being- sufficiently numerous to bring it to market, (at least 
with the assistance of tlie Americans) the g^reatest demand for tliat ai'ticlc, 
therefore, which has ever occurred in the Briiish colonics, has been abun- 
dantly ajiswered." And he adds, " the late prohibitory laws of the United 
States have done a ver^- essential service to tJie British American provinces, 
in putting an end to the absurd practice of alternately shutting and opening 
ihf ports of our West-fiwiian Islands to the Americans." 



184 



imports into France and dependencies, in 

Livres. 

Grain, fish, and bread stuffs, amounted to - 4,483,000 
Boards, timber, staves, live slock, fish oil, peltry, 

pitch and tar, pot-ash, linseed, and tobacco, to 19,283,000 

Manufactures introduced into the colonies, to - 647,000 

Negroes, - - - - - 226,000 

Livres, 24,339,000 

or about §5,000,000. 

Livres. 

For three years preceding the French revolution, 
the average amount of imports from the United 
States, into France, alone, was estimated at - 9,600,000 
or about g 1,520,000. 

And the exports from France to the United States, 

at, - - - - - 1,800,000 

or about §360,000.* 

The small amount of this trade, particularly of exports, disappoint- 
ed the expectations of the French government, and Monsieur Ar- 
nould,t referring to this balance, against France, says — 

" Voila done pour France le ne plus ultra d'un commerce, dont 
I'espoir a pu contribuer, a faire sacrifier quelques centaines de mil- 
lions, et plusieurs generations d'hommes."| 

In 1792, according to the foregoing estimate of the Secretary of 
State, our exports to France, and her dependencies, amounted to 
§4,698,736, and our imports to §2,068,348. What proportion of 
this trade was with France, or with her dependencies, does not ap- 
pear, probably more than one half with the latter. 

* Arthur Young's Travels in France, f De la balance du commerce, 1791. 

+ Such was the utmost extent of a commerce, to secure which France sa- 
crificed hundreds of millons of livres and vast numbers of men. 



m 



The articles of domestic produce, usually exported to France, are 
cotton, tobacco, rice, dried fish, whale and spermaceti oil, pot and 
pearl ashes, nava) stores, &lc. and those of foreign produce, during the 
war in Europe, have consisted principally of sugar and coffee, with 
some teas, cocoa, pepper, and other spices. 

The principal articles imported were wines, brandies, silks, olive 
oil, and jewellery of all kinds. 

The exports and imports, frona 1795 to 1801, were as follows, 
viz. : — 





Exports. 


Imports. 




Dolls. 


Dolls. 


1795 


7,698,683 


3,671,331 


1796 


3,171,759 


1,835,066 


1797 


3,825,231 


3,045,796 


1798 


1,476,588 


1,371,727 


1799 




901,018 


1800 


40,400 


74,228 


1801 


3,985,292 


1,013,690 



And the value of domestic and foreign produce, exported from 1804 
to 1813, was — 





Domestic produce. 


Foreign produce 




DoUs. 


Dolls. 


1804 


3,219,112 


5,604,942 


1805 


3,079,862 


9,885,602 


1806 


3,226,698 


8,197,694 


1807 


2,715,141 


10,315,678 


1808 


708,670 


2,126,396 


1809 






1810 


16,782 


1,672 


1811 


673,708 


1,119,302 


1812 


- ^ 402,803 


2,435,218 


1813 


1,780,291 


2,296,453 




24 





186 



The quantity of wines and brandies, imported from France in 1802, 
1803, 1804, and 1807, was as follows, viz. 

Wines. Brandies. 



gallons. gallons. 

1802 - 1,084,640 - 478,579 

1803 - 337,534 - 1,039,222 

1804 - 2,149,344 - 2,073,809 
1807 - 3,185,923 - 2,867,584 



The quantity of cotton exported to France, from 1800 to 1811, is 
cbntained in the preceding chapter. 

The quantity of tobacco exported during the same period, was — 





Tobacco. 




hhds. 


1800 


143 


1801 


6,006 


1802 


16,216 


1803 


9,813 


1804 


14,623 


1805 


12,135 


1806 


9,182 


1807 


2,876 


1808 


666 


1809 




1810 




1811 


669 



In some years before the commencement of our commercial restric- 
tions, the value of exports of foreign produce to France was much 
greater than that of our domestic produce, and was principally in 
sugar and coffee. The quantity of each of these articles, shipped 
to France in 1807, is contained in the preceding chapter, and the 
quantity for each year, from 1800 to 1811, may be seen in the fore- 
going Tables. 



1S7 



TRADE WITH THE FRENCH WEST-INDIA ISLANDS. 

France formerly possessed some of the most valuable islands in 
the West-Indies. The French part of St. Domingo is extremely fer- 
tile, and, before the troubles among the blacks, produced vast quanti- 
ties of sugar and coffee. In 1786, the imports into France, from all 
her West-India Colonies, amounted to 174,831,000 livres, or about 
thirty-five millions of dollars ; of this, the imports from St. Domingo 
alone amounted to 131,481,000 livres, or about twenty-six millioiiS 
of dollars. No less than one hundred seventy-four million two hun- 
dred and twenty thousand pounds of sugar, and sixty-six million two 
hundred and thirty-one thousand pounds of coffee were imported into 
France from her West-India possessions in 1786; and this trade em- 
ployed five hundred and sixty-nine ships of one hundred sixty-two 
thousand three hundred and eleven torn. On the 30th of August, 
1784, the intercourse between the United States and the French 
West-Indies, was regulated by an arret of the French government. 

American vessels, of at least sixty tons, were admitted into certain 
ports in the French West-India Islands, loaded with timber of all 
kinds, dye-woods, live stock, salt beef, (but not salt pork) salt fish, rice^ 
legumes, raw or untanned hides, peltry, rosin, pitch and tar, and to 
dispose of their cargoes ; and were allowed to bring away only rum 
and molasses, and goods brought from France, on paying the local 
duties, and one per cent, ad valorem, on all imports and exports. A 
further duty, however, of three livres was imposed upon every quin- 
tal (of 100 weight) of salt beef, cod, or other dried fish, in order to 
form a fund for premiums, to be given on cod and other fish from the 
French fisheries ; but salt meat, from France, was not subject to this 
duty. The colonial legislatures, however, were authorized, in times 
of scarcity, to suspend the operation of this law. During the late 
wars in Europe, and the unsettled state of France, the French West- 
India Islands have been, generally, open to Americans for most arti- 
cles cither of export or import. 

Before the French revolution, the national policy of France and 
Great-Britain was manifest, in their different regulations with respect 
to the trade between the United States and their West-India posses- 
sions ; and whenever Europcj after her long and disastrous wars and 



revolutions, shall again find repose, and France shall regairj (if ever 
she does regain) her West India Islands, both nations will, probably, 
return to the same system of measures. Great-Britain has already 
set the example. 

With respect to exports from the United States, both nations ad- 
mitted lumber of all kinds, live provisions, vegetables, rice, pitch, and 
tar, because neither could easily supply their islands with these arti- 
cles. Great-Britain excluded American beef, pork, and dried fish. 
France admitted American beef and dried cod-fish, but subject to an 
additional duty of three livres on every quintal of each, to encourage 
her own fisheries. Great-Britain admitted flour, bread, biscuit, and 
all kinds of grain, while France excluded, by a general law, flour, and 
all kinds of grain, except indian corn. 

With respect to imports from the islands, France allowed only 
rum and molasses, to be carried to the United States ; while Great- 
Britain allowed not only rum and molasses to be carried, but sugar, 
coffee, cocoa nuts, ginger, and pimento ; the latter, however, confin- 
ed the carriage both of the exports and imports to her own vessels, 
as a means of increasing her naval power, and the former, having 
few ships of her own, permitted the exports and imports in American 
vessels. The policy of Britain was to monopolize the carriage of 
the articles, that of France to monopolize the articles themselves. 

Great-Britain was willing the United States should have their sugar 
and coffee, on condition that British ships might be the carriers ; France, 
on the other hand, was willing American vessels should supply her su- 
gar and coffee plantations, with certain productions which she was una- 
ble to furnish herself, but would not allow them to receive in return the 
most valuable productions of those plantations ; these she reserved for 
her own consumption at home, and to augment her own national wealth. 

During the late wars between England and France, the latter was 
stripped of all her West-India Islands. The first restoration, how- 
ever, of the Bourbons to the throne of France, was accompanied with 
the restoration of all the British conquests in this quarter of the world, 
with the exception of the small islands of Tobago and St. Lucie. 
What will be the future fate of the French West-Indies is now uncer- 
tain. The trade between the United States and the French islands 
was, for many years extensive, as well as profitable. 



189 



About the year 1786, the whole imports into these islands, from 
all foreign countries, amounted to 20,878,000 livres, and the exports 
to the same countries, to 14,132,000 livres ; of the imports 13,065,000 
were from the United States, which received in return 7,263,000 
of the exports. The American tonnage employed in this trade, in 
the same year, was one hundred five thousand and ninety -five. 

Since the French revolution in 1789, and since the late wars in 
Europe, and until the capture of these islands by the English, the 
American trade with them has increased. 

The value of exports and imports of all kinds to and from these 
islands, from 1795 to 1801, was as follows, viz. : — 





Exports. 


Imports. 




Dolls. 


Dolls. 


1795 


4,954,952 


15,751,758 


1796 


8,408,946 


15,743,774 


1797 


8,565,053 


14,030,337 


1798 


5,344,690 


15,380,091 


1799 


2,776,604 


2,022,929 


1800 


5,123,433 


9,385,111 


1801 


7,147,972 


13,593,255 



The value of the exports to the French West-Indies and American 
Colonies, from 1804 to 1807, was as follows, viz. : — 

Domestic produce. Foreign produce. 

Dolls. Dolls. 

1804 - 1,742,368 - 1,867,522 

1805 - 2,876,384 - 4,455,599 

1806 - 2,770,372 - 3,975,112 

1807 - 2,901,516 - 2,968,816 

About the year 1807, the whole of the French West-India Islands, 
(except St. Domingo, in the possession of the blacks) were in the 
pos.session of the English. 



190 



TRADE WITH SPAIN AND PORTUGAL AND THEIR DEPENDENCIES. 



I. WITH SPAIN. 

The exports of domestic produce to Spain have consisted, princi' 
pally, of fish, flour, whale oil, rice, tobacco, &c. ; those of foreign 
produce, while she was engaged in the late wars in Europe, consist- 
ed of cocoa, coflfee, sugar, pepper, and other spices. Our imports 
are principally brandies, wines, fruits of various kinds, salt, and of 
late years, sheep. 

The exports and imports, from 1795 to 1801, were as follows, viz : — - 





Exports, 


Imports. 




Value — dolls. 


Value— dolls. 


1793 


2,252,754 


1,232,844 


1796 


1,324,060 


1,521,081 


1797 


1,812,558 


1,333,056 


1798 


2,274,223 


984,057 


1799 


4,237,954 


2,576,988 


1800 


4,743,678 • ■ 


3,360,582 


1801 


2,865,101 


2,876,974 



From 1804 to 1813, the exports were — 





Domestic produce; 


Foreign produce. 




Value — dolls. 


Value — dolls. 


3804 


2,304,193 


597,143 


1805 


2,327,155 


1,656,312 


1806 


1,363,273 


1,758,954 


18U7 


1,181,231 


3,547,907 


1808 


541,378 


901,003 


1809 


1,289,220 


1,290,003 


1810 


3,488,951 


1,218,601 


1811 


3,963,263 


297,454 


1812 


4,567,754 


140,711 


1813 


6,532,101 


40,906 



191 



The quantity of wines and brandies imported, in 1802, 1803, 



1804, and in 


1807, was as follows : — 






Wines. 


Brandies. 




Gallons. 


Gallons. 


1802 


955,557 


518,918 


1803 


790,561 


681,851 


1804 


786,005 


850,654 


1807 


693,056 


548,934 



The great increase of our exports of domestic produce to Spain, 
since 1809, was occasioned, as we have before stated, by the inva- 
sion of that country by Bonaparte, and the great demand for our 
grain and provisions, to support the allied armies. 

II. WITH THE SPANISH WEST-INDIES AND AMERICAN COLONIES. 

During the late European wars, our trade with the Spanish West- 
Indies and American Colonies greatly increased. We were the car- 
riers of the rich products of the Spanish islands, and we also supplied 
them, to a great extent, with the manufactures of Europe. The 
amount and increase of this trade, from 1795 to 1801, will appear 
from the following amount of exports and imports during that peri- 
od 





Exports. 


Imports. 




Value — dolls. 


Value — dolls. 


1796 


1,389,219 


1,739,138 


1796 


1,821,347 


1,718,026 


1797 


3,595,519 


4,123,362 


1798 


5,082,127 


8,139,169 


1799 


8,993,401 


10,974,295 


1800 


8,270,400 


10,587,566 


1801 


8,437,659 


12,799,878 



m 

The exports of domestic and foreign produce to the Spanish West- 
Indies and American Colonies, from 1804 to 1813, were as fol- 
lows :* — 





Domestic produce. 


Forei^ produce. 




Value — dolls. 


Value — dolls. 


1804 


1,725,662 


1,176,998, 


1805 


2,806,112 


4,884,776 


1806 


2,391,172 


8,476,061 


1807 


2,470,472 


9,870,753 


1808 


631,086 


3,545,967 


1809 


3,352,271 


3,333,346 


1810 


3,182,318 


3,604,791 


1811 


3,606,510 


3,973,099 


1812 


2,640,502 


1,331,638 


1813 


2,809,705 


183,549 



What will hereafter be our commercial situation with Spain and' 
her Colonies, it is difficult at present to determine. 

We have disputes with that country, yet unsettled, particularly 
with respect to former spoliations on our commerce, and with re- 
spect to the Floridas, and the western boundaries of Louisiana. It is, 
of no small importance to the United States, that those disputes should 
be adjusted, and that a good understanding and free commercial in- 
tercourse should subsist between them and the Spanish West-Indies and 
American possessions. It is from this quarter that the United States 
obtain large quantities of the precious metals, by which they are en- 
abled to carry on a trade with China and the East-Indies, as well as 
to pay the balances due, in Europe and elsewhere. The jealousy of 
the Spanish government has hitherto excluded foreigners, from much 

* We would here remark, that the accounts of om* trade with the West- 
India Islands belonging to Spain, as well as to tlie other European nations, ai-e 
taken from the custom-house books, which shew the destination of the ar- 
ticles exported, from the clearance of the vessels : as, however, vessels of- 
ten go to other ports, or islands, than those for which they have cleared, 
and as some vessels take clearances for the West-Indies, generally, the ac- 
counts cannot be considered perfectly accurate. 



193 



intercourse with their South- American Colonies, and prevented them 
from obtaining much information, relative to the interior of that 
part 01 the world. The late travels, however, of Baron Humboldt, 
through the different parts of iSouth- America, and of New-Spain, af- 
ford much valuable inibrmation as to the population, wealth, and re- 
sources of those extensive countries ; and it is hoped, that, whether 
these Provinces continue dependent on old Spain, or become inde- 
pendent, a more liberal and enlightened policj will be pursued by 
them, in their intercourse with foreign nations ; and that the United 
States will not fail to pursue their true interest in cultivating a good 
understanding with them. 

II. PORTUGAL. 

To Portugal and the Island of Madeira, we usually export wheat, 
flour, corn, rice, dried fish, some whale oil, soap, and staves and 
heading ; and we import from thence, principally, wines, fruit, and 
salt. Since the invasion of Portugal by the French, our exports of 
flour to that country have been very great, as we have before stated. 

The value of the exports and imports from 1795 to 1801, was as 
follows : — 

Exports. Imports. 



Dolls. Dolls. 

1795 - 594,801 - 1,032,339 

1796 - 142,567 - 1,298,832 

1797 - 229,750 - 1,338,877 

1798 - 286,781 - 918,443 

1799 - 538,662 - 962,909 

1800 - 448,548 - 787,037 

1801 - 1,139,377 - 645,111 



25 



194 



The following is the value of the exports to and imports from the 
Island of Madeira, for the same period : — 





Exports. 


Imports. 




Dolls. 


Dolls. 


1795 


133,476 


917,260 


1796 


213,785 


562,682 


1797 


191,627 


662,248 


1798 


333,425 


334,122 


1799 


203,185 


163,870 


1800 


622,728 


375,219 


1801 


528,344 


514,791 



The exports to Portugal from 1804 to 1813, were — 





Domestic produce. 


Foreign produce. 




Value — dolls. 


Value— dolls. 


1804 


1,282,169 


190,716 


1805 


508,284 


851,647 


1806 


920,841 


857,050 


1807 


829,313 


159,173 


1808 


342,277 




1809 


1,629,709 


151,426 


1810 


2,664,121 


121,578 


1811 


8,445,827 


130,726 


1812 


7,729,997 


45,043 


1813 


9,992,012 


7,^75 



During the continuance of the American non-intercourse acts, there 
were shipped to Madeira, Fayal, and the other Azores, various articles 
ultimately destined to Great-Britain, and other parts of Europe. In 
1809, the value of domestic produce, principally cotton, shipped to 
Madeira, was ^2,336,656, and to Fayal and the other Azores, 
«J2,926,482. 

Since the removal of the Portuguese government to the Brazils, 
our trade with Portuguese America has increased. In 1807, we ex- 



196 



ported to the Brazils, and the other Portuguese American Colonies, to 
the value of about five thousand dollars. 

From 1809 to 1812, the value of exports to those countries was 
as follows : — 

Domestic produce. Foreign produce. 

Value — dolls. Value — dolls. 

1809 - 540,653 - 343,082 

1810 - 721,899 - 889,839 

1811 - 621,417 - 1,027,931 

1812 - 426,982 - 319,641 

TRADE WITH RUSSIA, SWEDEN, DENMARK, HAMBURGH, AND THE NORTH 

OF EUROPE. 

With Russia, the trade of the United States has been increasing for 
some years, and the importance of that country, in a commercial as 
well as political point of view, has lately induced the government of 
the United States to send a minister plenipotentiary to the Russian 
court, and to receive from them a minister of equal grade. Until 
lately, the amount of our exports to Russia has been very small, 
though our imports were considerable. 

From 1795 to 1801, the value of exports and imports has been 
thus estimated : — 





Exports. 


Imports. 




Value— dolls. 


Value—dolls. 


1795 


69,221 


1,168,715 


1796 


47,381 


1,382,978 


1797 


3,450 


1,418,418 


1798 


60,030 


1,067,152 


1799 


46,030 


1,274,913 


1800 




1,524,995 


1801 


9,136 


1,672,059 



196 



From 1803 to 1813, the value of domestic and foreign articles ex- 





J.UJ.HJVVO • 






Domestic. 


Foreign. 




DoUs. 


Dolls. 


1805 


12,044 


59,328 


1806 


3,580 


8,827 


1807 


78,850 


366,367 


1808 






1809 


146,462 


737,799 


1810 


1,048,762 


2,926,936 


1811 


1,630,499 


4,507,158 


1812 


156,980 


1,586,617 


1813 


60,400 


750 



The principal article of domestic produce exported to this coun- 
try in 1809, 1810, and 1811, was cotton; verj little, if any, of 
which was, prior to this period, ever exported to that country. In 
1809, six hundred twenty-five thousand one hundred and twelve 
pounds, in 1810, three million seven hundred sixty -nine thousand one 
hundred and thirty-seven pounds, and in 1811, no less than nine mil- 
lions^ three hundred sixty-eight thousand eight hundred and thirty-nine 
pounds of cotton, were shipped to Russia. In 1810, there were also 
shipped to Russia, from the United States, five thousand two hundred 
and seventy pounds of rice, one thousand four hundred and sixty-two 
hogsheads of tobacco, four thousand five hundred and thirty-six gal- 
Ions of spirits from grain, and one hundred twenty-four thousand one 
hundred and forty-eight gallons of spirits from molasses. The prin- 
cipal articles of foreign produce exported to Russia have been sugar 
and coffee, with some pepper, tea, and cocoa. 

The following is the quantity of those articles, shipped in the 
years 1809, 1810, and 1811. 

Coffee, Sugar bro^vn. Sugar clayed. Pepper. Cocoa. Teas, 
and white. 

lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 

1809 - 1,283,100 - 1,271,180 - 922,077 - 138,333 - - - 40,216 

1810 - 4,048,909 - 6,139,529 - 5,257,366 - 1,252,085 - 80,005 - 17,011 

1811 - 5,113,891 - 4,408,289 - 10,200,139 - 369,409 - 446,734 - 254,570 



197 

The articles usually imported from Russia are iron, hemp, cord- 
age, duck, and various kinds of cloth made of hemp and flax, such as 
drillings, diapers, broad and narrow tickings, sheetings, &c. Table 
No. XI. taken from Russian accounts,* contains the quantity of the va- 
rious articles exported from St. Petersburgh, to the United States, 
from the year 1783 to 1805, together with the number of American 
ships employed in the trade with that port in each year, and shews 
the progressive increase of the American trade with that country dur- 
ing that period. 

The average amount of goods, paying duties according to their va- 
lue, and which included iron, and all goods made of hemp, or flax, 
during the years 1802, 1803, and 1804, was ^1,302,217. hi 1807, 
1810, and 1811, the amount of goods paying the same duties, was 
as follows : — 



Dolls. 

1807 - - . - 1,804,860 

1810 - - - - - 1,587,784 

1811 . . _ . 3,049,033 



The average quantity of hemp exported from Russia, in the years 
1802, 1803, and 1804, was eighty-eight thousand eight hundred and 
thirty hundred weight, the average value of which was §779,473. 
The quantity of hemp, cordage tarred and untarred, and cables, 
imported during the years 1807, 1810, and 1811, was as fol- 
lows, viz. : — 



Hemp. Cordage tar'd. Cordage untar'd. Cables, 
cwt. lbs. lbs. lbs. 

1807 - 135,775 - 1,007,780 - 6,843 - 57,579 

1810 - 53,148 - 137,304 - - - 30,469 

1811 - 205,853 - 589,944 - 34,806 - 108,685 

Our trade with Russia, in the year 1811, was much greater than 

in any preceding year ; the ships which carried out large quantities; 



* See Oddy's European Commerce, page 125, vol. 1. 



198 



of cotton and colonial produce, during that and the preceding year, 
returned largely freighted with iron, hemp, and cordage. 

In the articles of iron and hemp, particularly the latter, the 
United States may soon be independent of Russia, and all other 
countries. The culture of hemp has succeeded in many parts of the 
United States, and particularly in the state of Kentucky. In 1810, 
that state alone produced one hundred fifteen thousand and one hun- 
dred hundred weight of hemp, valued at ^690,600, and made also, in 
the same year, thirty-nine thousand eight hundred and seventy hun- 
dred weight of cordage, valued at ^398,400, making more than a 
million of dollars for those two articles. 

SWEDEN. 

With Sweden, the ordinary trade of the United States has been in- 
considerable. The average amount of exports to that country, from 
1795 to 1801, was about sixty thousand dollars, and the average va- 
lue of the imports, during the same period, did not exceed eighty 
thousand. 

Tobacco, and some other articles of domestic and foreign produce, 
are shipped to Sweden, for which iron is the principal article receiv- 
ed in return. While all intercourse with Great-Britain and France 
was prohibited, the nominal trade with that country was far from be- 
ing inconsiderable. In 1809, the value of domestic produce, princi- 
pally cotton and tobacco, shipped or rather cleared for Swedish ports, 
was ^4,030,395, and the value of foreign produce, ^1,409,303 ; 
and in 1810, the value of the former, cleared for the same ports, 
was J 1,563,336, and the value of the latter, ^4,294,397. The 
cotton was probably destined to Great-Britain, and the colonial pro- 
duce, principally to the northern parts of Europe^ 

SWEDISH WEST-INDIES. 

With the Swedish West-Indies, our trade has been considerable. 
From 1795 to 1801, the annual amount of our exports to these islands 
was about ^685,000, and the value of the imports, during the same 
period, was about ^500,000. Some proportion of the exports was 



199 



probably destined to the other West-India islands. In 1807, domes- 
tic produce shipped to the Swedish West-Indies amounted to 
J416,509, and foreign produce, to g 9 11, 155 ; and the same year, 
there were imported from these islands into the United States, ninetj- 
two thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight gallons of rum, thirty thou- 
sand seven hundred and sixty-four gallons of molasses, two millions 
seven hundred and fifty-two thousand four hundred and twelve pounds 
of sugar, and one million seven hundred and five thousand six hundred 
and seventy pounds of cofiee. 

In 1809, 1810, 1811, and 1812, the exports to these islands, was — 

Domestic produce. Foreign produce. 

Value— dolls. Value-— -dolls. 

1809 - 2,757,859 - 887,960 

1810 - 1,619,442 - 424,826 

1811 - 884,417 - 151,926 

1812 - 1,060,500 - 126,274 



The quantity of rum, molasses, sugar, and coffee, imported from the 
same, according to our custom-house books, in 1810 and 1811, was 
as follows : — 



Rum. Molasses. Coffee. Sugar 

Gallons. Gallons. Pounds, Pounds. 

1810 1,504,938 1,581,210 2,425,216 4,098,961 

1811 1,156,789 1,384,297 1,315,180 6,054,032 



The greatest part of the rum and molasses, no doubt, came from the 
British West-India islands during these years, through these Swedish 
neutral ports. 

DENMARK AND NORWAY. 

With Denmark and Norway, the American trade has been greater 
than with Sweden. The average value of exports to those countries, 
from 1795 to 1801, was about $600,000, and the average value of 
imports, for the same period, about §400,000. 



200 



During the years 1805, 1806, and 1807, the exports were — 

Domestic produce. Foreign produce. 

Value— dolls. Value— dolls. 

1805 - 435,926 - 1,481,767 

1806 - 356,695 - 1,052,954 

1807 - 672,150 - 836,468 

In the years 1809 and 1810, in consequence of commercial restric- 
tions with England and France, and the possession of Hamburgh by 
the French, great quantities of cotton and tobacco, and of colonial pro- 
duce, were cleared from the United States for the ports of Denmark 
and Norway, though destined to other places. Indeed our custom- 
house books furnish but little evidence of the amount of our trade 
with particular countries, during these two years, as the following 
account of our exports to Denmark and Norway, taken from the clear- 
ances of the vessels, will shew — 

Domestic produce. Foreign produce. 

Value — dolls. Value — dolls. 

1809 - 958,584 - 3,327,766 

1810 - 3,962,739 - 6,548,051 

The following quantities of cotton, tobacco, sugar, and coffee, were 
cleared for these countries, in these two years. 

Cotton. Tobacco. Sugar. Coffee, 

lbs. Hhds. lbs. lbs. 

1809 2,298,827 5,950 11,371,567 7,953,461 

1810 14,694,124 18,797 17,470,322 14,120,990 

DANISH WEST-INDIES. 

The extent of American trade with the Danish West-India Islands 
has been much greater, than with Denmark itself. 



m 

The following is the amount of exports and imports from 1795 to 
1801 





Exports. 


Imports. 




Dolls. 


Dolls. 


1795 


1,659,306 


2,329,273 


1796 


2,553,810 


2,818,746 


1797 


2,453,606 


2,416,088 


1798 


1,513,104 


1,117,321 


1799 


3,397,262 


2,139,870 


1800 


1,757,589 


999,770 


1801 . ■ 


1,049,361 


3,035,511 



From 1804 to 1807, the value of the exports to those islands was — 





Domestic produce. 


Foreign produce. 




Dolls. 


Dolls. 


1804 


1,081,618 


642,388 


1805 


1,523,106 


575,149 


1806 


1,410,029 


1,380,380 


1807 


1,614,711 


1,505,988 



HAMBURG AND BREMEN. 

The trade of the United States with Hamburg and Bremen, du- 
ring the late wars in Europe, and until those cities were occupied by 
the French armies, and became a prey to French rapacity, was very 
great, especially with the former, in articles of Colonial produce. 
The imperial city of Hamburg has long been the great depot of the 
extensive commerce of Germany, and the North of Europe. By 
means of the rivers Elbe and Weser, and other waters connected with 
them, the manufactures of Germany, particularly her linens, are 
brought to Hamburg, and from thence exported to tlie United States, 
and other parts of the world. Through this city, also, the rich pro- 
ducts of the East and West-Indies have been introduced into Germa- 
ny, and the interior of the continent of Europe. The principal articles 
of domestic produce, usually shipped to Hamburg and Bremen from 
the United States, are tobacco, rice, cotton, spirits from molasses, 

26 



202 



some whale oil, and pot and pearl ashes. And the articles of foreign 
produce have been sugar, coffee, teas, cocoa, pepper, and other spices. 

The extent and value of American trade with these cities, in do- 
mestic and foreign articles, from 1793 to 1801, mciy be seen, from 
the following estimate of exports and imports, during that period. — 





Exports. 


Imports. 




Value — dolls. 


Value^dolls. 


1795 


9,218,540 


1,584,524 


1796 


9,471,498 


2,167,390 


1797 


11,953,017 


2,755,677 


1798 


14,534,339 


3,738,763 


1799 


17,144,400 


6,919,425 


1800 


8,012,846 


4,996,886 


1801 


10,463,738 


4,585,256 



The exports to Hamburg, Bremeh, other Hanse towns, and ports 
of Germany, but principally to Hamburg, from 1802 to 1810, were 
as follows : — - 





Domestic produce. 


Foreign produce. 




Value — dolls. 


Value — dolls. 


1802 


1,157,272 


5,072,220 


1803 


1,368,295 


1,911,437 


1804 


949,454 


3,525,553 


1805 


893,591 


2,338,917 


1806 


1,672,455 


4,751,769 


1807 


912,225 


2,248,057 


1808 


24,963 


204,852 


1809 


709,981 


1,682,662 


1810 


834,564 


291,818 



HOLLAND AND DEPENDENCIES* 

The United States had great commercial intercourse with Holland, 
until the commencement of their restrictive measures. Although Bo- 
naparte had given the Hollanders his brother Louis, for a king, that 
he might have them more completely under his control, and compel 



SOS 

them to enfore his continental system, yet so strong were the com- 
mercial habits of the people of Holland, that means were found to 
evade the imperial mandates ; and the continental system, during the 
reign of Louis, was never carried into complete effect in that country. 
And notwithstanding the many vexations and spoliations, which 
American commerce experienced from the belligerent powers, yet 
it was extensive and profitable, not only with Holland, but with the 
rest of the world, until interrupted by commercial prohibitions. 

The extent of our trade with Holland will appear from the follow- 
ing statement of exports and imports at different periods. — 

The exports and imports from 1795 to 1801, were as follows : — 





Exports. 


Imports. 




, Value — dolls. 


Value — dolls. 


1795 


1,917,336 


1,329,952 


1796 


6,083,491 


943,227 


1797 


7,713,976 


2,404,828 


1798 


4,713,976 


1,757,371 


1799 


696,968 


662,590 


1800 


4,372,964 


775,541 


1801 


6,234,450 


2,529,128 



And from 1804 to 1813, the following were the exports of domes- 
tic and foreign produce : — 





Domestic. 


Foreign. 




Value — dolls. 


Value — dolls. 


1804 


2,064,158 


11,757,002 


1805 


1,783,503 


14,959,380 


1806 


3,609,964 


15,051,665 


1807 


3,098,234 


13,086,160 


1808 


382,121 


2,227,722 


1809 


421,294 


697,070 


1810 


74,194 


28,992 


1811 






1812 


30,747 




1813 


29,160 





204 



The articles of domestic produce usually exported to Holland, are 
tobacco, rice, cotton, some whale oil, pot and pearl ashes, and spirits 
from molasses. The principal articles have been tobacco, rice, and 
cotton. 

The following is an account of the quantities shipped to this coun- 
try in the years 1806 and 1807, together with their value, as esti- 
mated at the place of exportation : — 

Tobacco. Value. Rice. Value. Cotton. Value, 
hhds. dolls. tierces. dolls. lbs. dolls. 

1806 - 29,851 - 2,358,229 - ir,137 - 457,993 - 3,129,146 - 688,412 

1807 - 20,444 - 1,799,072 - 21,163 - 529,075 - 3,146,209 - 660,703 

The articles of foreign produce have been, principally, coffee, su- 
gar, tea, and pepper. 

The following quantities of sugar and coffee were shipped to Hol- 
land, according to the custom-house books, from 1800 to 1810 : — 





Sug-ar, brown. 


Sugar, white & clayed. 


Coffee. 




pounds. 


pounds. 


pounds. 


1800 - 


7,542,160 




11,618,970 


1801 - 


14,660,993 




13,125,837 


1802 - 


15,436,179 




9,320,937 


1803 - 


8,894,432 


- 1,057,806 - 


2,323,902 


1804 - 


27,294,509 


- 7,663,882 - 


26,082,432 


1805 - 


47,544,197 


- 8,455,435 - 


23,694,991 


1806 - 


56,008,790 


- 10,105,151 - 


21,833,438 


1807 - 


48,012,198 


- 8,719,529 - 


19,900,965 


1808 - 


8,215,969 


- 1,824,479 - 


3,487,872 


1809 - 


3,167,202 


836,459 - 


957,122 


1810 - 


88,590 


76,674 - 


44,618 



The imports have usually consisted of woollen, linen, and other 
goods paying duties according to their value, spirits from grain, some 
nails and spikes, lead, and manufactures of lead, paints, steel, cheese, 



205 



glass, anchors, shot, slit and hoop iron. The average amount of 
goods paying duties ad valorem for the years 1802, 1803 and 1804, 
was gl, 110,354, and in 1807, was ^1,881,741. The average quan- 
tity of gin imported, during the same three years, was one million 
fifty-nine thousand five hundred and forty gallons, and in 1807, was 
one million four hundred sixty-six thousand gallons. In our trade 
with Holland, the exports have generally far exceeded the imports ; 
the balance has been usually paid, in bills of exchange on England, 
and other parts of Europe. 

DUTCH WEST-INDIES AND AMERICAN COLONIES, AND DUTCH EAST-IN- 
DIES. 

The extent and value of the commercial intercourse of the United 
States with the Dutch West-Indies and American Colonies, may be 
estimated from the following account of exports and imports. 

From 1795 to 1801, the exports and imports were — 



1795 
1796 

1797 
1798 
1799 
1800 
1801 



Exports. 
Value — dolls. 

962,705 
1,758,548 
1,903,638 
2,720,969 
6,154,535 
1,296,052 
625,791 



Imports. 
Value — dolls. 
2,342,957 
3,703,787 
2,178,426 
2,475,494 
3,929,101 
2,800,766 
1,987,612 



Exports to the same countries, from 1804 to 1810, were — 



Domestic produce. 
Value — dolls. 



Forei^ produce. 
Value — dolls. 



1804 
1805 
1806 
1807 



1,600,667 
454,645 
570,545 
496,010 



848,365 
138,786 
466,486 
307,366 



206 



Domestic produce. 
Value — dolls. 



Foreign produce. 
Value — dolls. 



1808 
1809 
1810 



97,734 
33,412 
39,724 



14,839 
771 
31 



From the Dutch East-Indies, we have imported large quantities of 
coffee, sugar, pepper, and other spices, and have generally paid for 
them, in money, or in cargoes shipped from Europe, or in bills of ex- 
change. The late wars in Europe, in which the Dutch were unfor- 
tunately compelled to engage, threw this trade into the hands of the 
American merchant, and its progressive increase will appear from the 
following estimate of imports from 1795 to 1801 — 



In 1802, the quantity of coffee imported from the Dutch East-In- 
dies, and Cape of Good Hope, was six million eight hundred twenty- 
five thousand two hundred and three pounds, and valued at 
^1,706,300, in 1804 was eight million three hundred ninety-five 
thousand seven hundred and eighty-three pounds, and valued at 
^2,098,945, and in 1807, was eight million eight hundred forty-two 
thousand five hundred and sixty-eight pounds. The quantity of pep- 
per imported in 1802, was five million two hundred seventy-five 
thousand nine hundred and thirty-seven pounds, in 1804, four million 
nine hundred forty-six thousand two hundred and eighty-four pounds, 
and in 1807, two million five hundred eight thousand eight hundred and 
ninety-seven pounds. A considerable proportion of the pepper is 
procured by the Americans, directly from the natives of the islands. 



Imports. 

Value — dolls. 



1795 
1796 
1797 
1798 
1799 
1800 
1801 



211,626 
1,029,995 
2,305,344 
1,446,335 
3,556,320 
4,430,733 



26,706 



« 



207 



ITALY. 

The trade of the United States with Italy has consisted principal- 
ly in carrying dried fish, sugar, coffee, pepper, and cocoa, and in 
bringing from thence, silks, wines, brandies, fruit, some lead, and 
cheese. The amount and increase of this commercial intercourse 
will be seen, from the following estimate of the exports and imports 
from 1795 to 1801, and of the exports from 1804 to 1813. 





Exports. 


Imports. 




Value— dolls. 


Value — dolls. 


1795 


1,223,150 


319,653 


1796 


1,100,522 


268,237 


1797 


767,064 


852,408 


1798 


1,334,036 


724,209 


1799 


1,157,212 


753,484 


1800 


2,689,968 


1,104,833 


1801 


2,090,439 


902,406 




Exports from 1804 to 1813. 






Domestic produce. 


Foreign produce. 




Value— dolls. 


Value — dolls. 


1804 


118,441 


1,552,708 


1805 


142,475 


2,320,099 


1806 


185,346 


4,587,727 


1807 


250,257 


5,499,722 


1808 


58,085 


1,312,173 


1809 


49,206 


1,106,539 


1810 


71,803 


656,691 


1811 


151,555 


437,381 


1812 


139,928 


134,794 


1813 


1,947 





208 



CHINA AND THE NORTH-WEST COAST OF AMERICA. 

The trade of the United States with China commenced soon after 
the close of the revolutionary war. The first American vessel, that 
went on a trading voyage to China, sailed from the port of New- York, 
on the 22d day of February 1784, and returned on the 11th of May 
1785. She was three hundred and sixty tons burthen, commanded 
by Captain John Green, and Samuel Shaw, Esq. agent for the owners. 
The Americans were well received by the Chinese government, and 
since that time, our trade with China has greatly increased. 

In 1789, there were fifteen American vessels at Canton,* being a 
greater number, than from any other nation, except Great-Britain. 
For many years, we have imported more Chinese goods, than were 
wanted for our consumption, and which we have again exported to 
other countries. The principal articles imported, are teas, silks, 
nankeens, and China ware. Of these, tea is of the greatest value. 
The quantity of this article, imported and consumed within the Uni= 
ted States, has increased with the increase of population. The fol- 
lowing is a statement of the quantities of the several species of tea^ 
paying duties, after deducting the exportations from the importations, 
for each of the years from 1790 to 1800. 

It may be observed, that as some tea might have been exported 
without the benefit of drawback, the whole may not have been con- 
sumed in the United States, but the difference cannot be great, as it 
is believed, that most of the tea exported had the benefit of the draw- 
back. 

TEAS. 





Bohea. 


Souchong'. 


Hyson. 


Other green. 


Total. 




lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


1790 


2,069,684 


368,075 


630,613 


88,870 


3,047,242 


1791 


774,008 


91,123 


107,934 


12,932 


985,997 


1792 


2,332,8: 2 


132,355 


115,263 


33,498 


2,614,008 


1793 


1,548,993 


369,687 


82,882 


8,007 


2,009,509 


1794 


2,095,416 


298,503 


29,754 


37,241 


2,460,914 



* Macpherson's Annals. 



309 





Bohea. 


Souchong. 


Hyson. 


Other green. 


Total. 




lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


1795 


2,079,687 


146,457 


99,727 


48,247 


2,374,118 


1796 


1,778,007 


73,578 


239,102 


219,572 


2,310,259 


1797 


1,392,271 


185,359 


206,177 


224,592 


2,008,399 


1798 


1,079,139 


333,349 


194,616 


283,861 


1,890,965 


1799 


3,412,674 


309,598 


240,861 


538,370 


4,501,503 


1800 


1,891,434 


694,802 


533,613 


677,785 


3,797,634 


Total, 20,444,145 3,002,806 


2,380,542 


2,172,975 


28,000,548 



Making in the whole for eleven years, twenty-eight million five 
hundred and forty-eight pounds, consumed in the United States, be- 
ing on an average of these years, two million five hundred forty-five 
thousand five hundred and four pounds a year. 

The following quantity of teas of all kinds was imported and ex- 
ported from 1801 to 1812, viz. : — 





Imported. 


Exported. 


Consumed. 




lbs. 


lbs. 


lbs. 


1801 


4,086,960 


1,409,253 - 


2,677,707 


1802 


4,269,828 


1,894,538 - 


2,375,290 


1803 


6,053,529 


3,146,492 - 


2,907,037 


1804 


3,622,828 


1,219,233 - 


2,403,595 


1805 


5,119,441 


1,788,888 - 


3,330,553 


1806 


6,870,806 


2,002,207 - 


4,868,599 


1807 


8,108,774 


2,663,061 - 


5,445,713 


1808 


4,812,638 


237,883 - 


4,574,755 


1809 


1,482,990 


1,770,616 - 




1810 


7,839,457 


1,337,732 - 


6,501,725 


1811 


3,018,118 


1,025,962 - 


1,992,156 


1812 


3,056,089 


519,262 - 


2,536,827 



Making an average consumption for these twelve years of 
three million two hundred seventy-seven thousand one hundred and 
ninety-four pounds a year. 

27 



2i0 



The value of goods paying duties ad vaiorem, which includes nan- 
keens, all silk and cotton goods, and China ware, imported in 1797, 
from China and the East-Indies generally, but principally from the 
former, amounted to ^922,161. The average value of goods paying 
the same duties, from China and other native Asiatic powers during 
the years 1802, 1803, and 1804, was about two millions three hun- 
dred thousand dollars. 

From 1805 to 1813, the value of the same goods was as follows, 
viz. : — 







Value— dollars. 


1805 




1,802,945 


1806 




2,190,454 


1807 




1,821,321 


1808 




2,663,540 


1809 




533,929 


1810 




3,374,850 


1811 




2,889,642 


1812 




1.861,013 


1813 




566,676 



The balance of trade with China, as it appears on the custom- 
house books, is much against the United States ; as few articles, ei- 
ther domestic or foreign, are shipped directly from the United States 
to that country. The payments for Chinese goods have been gene- 
rally made in specie, the exportation of which is not entered at the 
custom-house, or in seal skins, taken in the South Seas, and furs pro- 
cured on the North- West Coast of America, and carried from those 
places, directly to China, without being brought to the United States. 
The amount of specie exported to China, it is difficult to ascertain, with 
precision. From information, however, derived from well informed 
merchants concerned in the trade, and from the value of imports, it 
cannot for some years past have been less, (except during the late 
war) than between two and three millions annually. The amount of 
trade in seal skins and furs, it is much more difficult to ascertain. 
The great prices obtained at Canton, for furs procured on the North- 



211 



West Coast of America, by those who were with Captain Cook, in 
his last voyage of discovery, induced others to engage in this trade. 
The enterprise of the Americans led them very early to engage in 
these long and hazardous trading voyages. The first of the kind un- 
dertaken from the United States, was from Boston in 1788, in a ship 
commanded by Captain Kendrick. This trade, at first, afforded 
great profits, to the concerned, and it has, ever since the year 1788, 
been carried on from the United States, to a considerable extent, and 
with greater or less profit. The furs are purchased from the Indians, 
many hundred miles along the coast, principally with articles of for- 
eign merchandize, suited to the wants of the natives of that country. 
In 1800, the value of goods shipped to the North- West Coast, and to 
the South Seas, was ^827,748 ; a part of these were undoubtedly 
destined to the Spanish settlements on the Pacific Ocean. Not only 
has the North- West Coast been explored, by the enterprise of the 
Americans for furs, but every island in the South Seas, and every 
part of the continent of South- America, has been visited, in search of 
seal skins for the same market. These sealing voyages were also, at 
first, very profitable, and induced many others to engage in them. 
The business, however, was overdone — the seal, in a few years, be- 
came so scarce, as not to be worth the pursuit. The value of this 
trade, in furs and seal skins, has been many millions to the Unite** 
States. 



212 



O CO 



CO CD |»J^ 



o 



00 y-< 

CO lO^ 

O lO 
O CO 

co" 



CO CO 

GO U> 
'-H^ CO 1> 

oT oT 

CO CO I'* 

— CO 



CD O 
CO t- 

CO ctT 

CO Oi 



co'oT 
»jo o 



CO i> 
as 



GO ^ 

CO O) 

Oi^CO 
CO 

,-1 LO 



05 O 

CO i> 

O 00 



r-, ;^ O 
to G\» 
to l> CO^ 

'O" o" co" 

O ^ 
1> CO^ lO^ 

go" 



O CO 1^=^ 

CO lOi 



O ^ 
05 O CO 
GO^ 

oToT CO 

CD G^ r}> 

CO 05 -rr 



iO '-H 

CO G^ 

CO cq^ 

lO 1> 
G^ ^ 
G^ ^ 



!>" lO 
lO {> 

l> 

t-^^Gf 



G^ »-H 

lO 
00 

lO Oi 
CO 



CO CO 
G^ CO 

o 

co'co 

GO "<d^ 



CO CO 
G>^ G^ 
CO rt< 



CO Ci 
O 1> G^ 

1-H o 



G^ rj- 
CO ^ 

CD 

oo'^T 

"Nf G< 

CO 



y~, CO 
rf 

lO CO 

CO 

CO 



1> CO 
0* OS 
G^^ O CO 
go' go*" r-" 
O 

05 t> G< 
Co" 



CO CO lOt) 
C- J> 
i-^GI_ 

UO 05 
CO G^ 

of gT 



G^ }> CO 
kO to o 

05^05^J> 

oT G^ Cd" 
G^ 

GO GO 



tO 05 
C75 
05 G< 



9S (72 C/2 



> CO 

o -3 

"I 

a a 



C 3 3 



2i3 



o 

< 



|CO CO t> i> O O o o ^ 

CC O 3^ CO O 3>) 

^ o 1.^ CO '-^^ — co_ CO 

'S O ^'f -r co" ^^o" -o" I , ^ 

3^ CO o « :o — O 

CO ^ c:^ — :r:^ Tj. I Gs»_ 1 1 ^ 



O I'O >-0 
^o 



n GO 



13^ UO 

CO O 



Cl -cj* 

I lO^ 1-1 O 

'cT ©f 

3^ 



C 



CO 3^ ic; 
— o o 



1 ^ 



CO I' 3^ CO 3^ 



^ r}' c; {> 

i> CO ^ 

co^ t- CO o 

co*^ I 



1> GO CO 
CO 



CO 







j ji 







Ico O 

J> 3^ 

r- G>< 
00^ q, 

lO 3^" 
3J 



CO CO 3^ o ic: 
c: £^ O 

3"J CO 
O CO '-^ C0~ CO i> 

^ <:o ^ a> 
o o 3^< 



lICO 

I CO 



^ llOO Oi ^ 
3^ 3^ 

O c: 3^ 



— 3^ 3^ 

C 3^( CO 

c: o 



iCO 



G-< w 

CO co" 
CO lo -rr 



cr: c^) i^- 3^» 



CO I 
CO CO 1^ 
O 3^ 



1> uO — . O CO 
l> 3^ — 

GO 
13^ 



I CO II O 



ico 

CO 
CO 

co' 



{r- CO 

CO CO 

r'2 



! 

!co I 



^ 00 ^ 

i-i CO CO 

C2 CO rj. 

CO o c 



-O 00 ICO II 



o 

a: 

3^ O t-^ 3^ 

tsT uo'' ^ c: 
CO rr G^ ^ 
i> CO 

^ Co" 



lO I IX) 

i> I icrj CO 



l>-0 o 
, CO 

Ico 



co" i 



1 



CT3 CO O 
CO CO 

c: CO CO 



CO 

O O CO 
CO^ 

co" ;o CO 
o — t- 

CO 



— O 



« o ^ 

c; <72 
O O 3-^ 



I |G< 



CO^ 

■CO 



i ^ 

CO 

CO CO 
CO J> 



3^ 



II _ 

1 Ico 

t> 00 
lO 



o i 
1^ ■ 



CO CO 
CO 'O G< 
CO c: 



lO o 

CO «> 00 

co" 'O" 

II ^ 



c ^ = 



o 



^ o 

W O CT! 



11 



^ "2 
™ 2 3 

b. k. O 

b CQ 



214 



O 
o 



02 



CD t-i CO lO 

O CO 'CO '-^ CO CD 

C5 CD O CO CO 00^ 

CD O ^ 1— ' CT5 CD 05 

t> G^! t> C5 ^ 

CO^CO CO tr-^Gi CO 



00 ^ CD O 

00 rt< -^f CD CO OS 

o o i> 02 co^ cq^ 

CO T-( CO CO O !l> 



COLOOOJiO^^OIOS 
COG^^G^OlGOG^jG^ 
OS^G^Jt-COG^'— G|_|0^ 
CO cT >0 r^" l--^ i (jT 
t>a5T-«G-ft^O00i£^ 



^ O GO O) 
1-1 CD 05 

1> G^ 1> 
ltT CO t-^ ©T 

r> j> 

CO r-l 



as rjH CO 
GO O i> 
O G^^ O 

c-T kjcT ifT go" 

CO l> '^t^ 00 
J> GO 



CD >0 CO t-H CO CJJ 

O CO >0 1-1 l> 

-Tj^^^ GO t-^ 1-^^ O 

G^~ CtT CO rjT 00 

O i— ^ CO T-* 



GO CO GO 1> O ^ 

CO CO CO CO CO 

00^ C72^ 05 1— I Tt 

cT CO CO o" co" 

O — H 1-1 G<( ©( ©( 

i-T 



05 O CO 
O »J0 

CO 

©f crraToo' 

CD CO o 

!C75 i-t r-H 



05 G^ 1> 

CO T-1 CO 05 G^ 

'^J^G^ G^^GO^CO^ 

CO oT 1-*" CO 

lO ^ o i-< 

J> G^ 1-1 

go" 



ICO 



©< CO 

lO CO CO 

O 05^i> 

OO £- 

05 



02 '^i' G^ (O lICO C^J CO GO O 



CD O CO 
— 05_ CD 
ctT 1—" i>~ 
GO r-^ CO 
^ ©< 



[CD 1> 

UO T-i ?> i> 

O CO Oi CD 



CO lO 
CO O 
CO ©* 



©< lO O 
CD CO 05 
CO^ lO^LO 

co^oTcd" 

G^J CO ©* 



1— < CO 
CO 1-1 CO 

T-T o" ^ 

G* CO 
^ CO 



CD G^ O 
G^ ©< rf 
JO CO 

ccTctT^T 

TX — ( ©( 

r> ©( 



1-1 O O CO 

1-1 CO 1-H 

Oi GO 



1> CO 05 1-1 
i> O 1> 
00 G->^T-^0 

co" gT cT 

GO CO 05 
GO CO 



CO G^ 
O J> CO 
GO CO lO^ 

oT co" ©T 



CO C75 't*' CO -—i 
O O CO Oi 
'^CO 05^00^1-^ 

©T oT ©T co" 

to »-( G^i 

CO GO 



CO 

CO OO GO »0 
CO CO 1-1 G-J 

Oo" ©T G^ CO 
05 CD ^ O 
©< tfS ©< 



J> O O O CO 
CO 05 1— 1 UO »-i 
©« Oi O CT5 

CO cxToTco 

CD ^ >^ I-" GO 
G^ rj^ 

of 



CT5 CO O 
CO »j0 >^ 
00 CO CO 1-;^ 

©T C-" ^ r-T 

CO O CO 
©* GO 



00 O 
GO i-O 
i-;^G0^O2^ 

oT CC^G^" 
CO 05 



CX) O t~ 1— 1 
GO CD O 
GO^G^CO CO^ 
©rj> tCco" 
CO T-i 1-1 UO 

O o: 1-1 1-1 



It- iICO J> CO CO CO 



UO 00 O CO CO 

9, 

'^j^io CO 

rti CO Of 
1-1 o 



6 



CO H 



O TO o -5 



03 2 05 



o 

IS C3 



o a; 2 
-c! t> cq 



1^ ... CO 

o3 O O O rj 
s- -TJ -73 

C CO O 

<V <V CO 



rv] t« 
1^ <u 



3 03 OJ 

^ >^ 03 



13 :a ^ 3 . 



215 



oo 





o 


is. 










CO ^ 


in 


















CO 


o 


CO 


















CO 00 




















1 





lO 00 
00 N. 

to 



CO .CO I 

I i 



|»0 --I i^O 

cN <o :oo 
00^ CO It-h 

CO ^ 00 
V5 O 



|0 1-1 

CO 



2ia 

I 



CO I to 
TT< '<^< 00 


CN 



I I 



i-O iTi 
'-0 



to V5 
CO CN 



I 



lis 



I I 



to 

^ CN 

CO 



CO Tj- I 



^3 CO 

to"^ 





o 

CO 




N. ^ 






ID O 




o 
o 

tC 






1 




O CO 








l-H to 



00 ^ 

Vo o 

C-) i-- 

cT co' 
o ^ 

T5< 



I to 0^ 
to 

ico cT 



CO 


CO 


ICO to 






•o o 


to 


tO^ 


t^to^ 


CN 


<N 


ICO CO 


CN 


(N 


iCO *n 


O 




1-1 Tj. 






1 



|tO 00 
b- CO 

a» to 

CO o 



o 

CN 00 

to t-;^ 

tCoo" 

1-H 

o 



I N- l-H 
iv. 00^ 
i-^co" 



I l-H 00 »o 
^^^co^ 
cf ocTco 

00 ^ CO 
to l-H 



Si 

CO I 

is. 1 

00 I 



to 00 i*o 

»0 CN 00 

CO 

00 00 



1*0 to 

*.o o 

Ic^ CO 

loT 
o »o 

CO to 



CN 

to 



to »0 'O I ts- 
CO O h- li-i 
CO is. CO I Tf 

tCc>r TjTue 

^ to 00 
C7» 00 
CN 



"I 



a; U cn 



X ^ 



S 3 
S Q 



216 



c 



I N 



O CO 

a> c<» 

00 oi <o 
o o 



CO 00 
(30 00 00 

CO r5 

Tj< 00 

00 CO 



Oi O 

00 

o^^ 

CO oTnT 

00 00 o 
to tH 



is. a> T-i 

00 00 

00 CN 



O CO 



CO Oi 
CO 00 *o 

oToo yi' 
O CO o 
CO o 



00 

<0 CN ,H 
CO^iO 
^TfTco 
O 00 



^ 00 
*0 CN 00 
0© «0 



K 

<o *o 
CO Oi a> 
'tsTio 00 

1-1 

>0 00 



1:-- iO 
»H I 

<0 CO , 

K Oi 
O 00 

-^t^co 

CO O ^ 



CO ' '~ 

o 



00 i C>) l:^ 

ro a» 00 

CO I vf tC 00" 
<0 loo Tj< 



'00 I 



O CO 
O CO 



I o T}< (>) a> 

i-i ^ CO ^ <£) 

rjT 00" CO 
C<( 00 CN 00 



Oi 10 o 

00 »-( 
to 



lib. 

00 

<o 



O CO CO 
CO CM i-( <0 CSf 
|tM • CO ^ ^ 00 

loT cTcrvTco 

,!>. 10 CO 

,^ ^ c<t 



*0 O 00 
^ 00 

o 

oT TO CO 

CO 00 



'Si 



o o 

«D CO 



a> ,00 o 00 
CO 00 a> 

CO .»o O 



lO) a> iH vo 

! 00 rH T}< !0 

00 O yD^O 00 
K c^f T-T 
VD >0 



iO Ol 
(>» 

CO o 10 
CN ^ 



—I o c; 
CO 10 o> 
C9 O !>. 
*n vToo 
c<> ^ *o 

00^ 
CO 00 



|r-( Ol 00 V) i-( 
1^ CO r-( CO O 

i-^K. 00 

<S ocToTo^ ^ 
10 



CO >n 



»0 !-< 

10 to 
*o to 

CO 



CO 



ia> CO 



<o a> 

V5 CO O 

b- cr> to 



CO 00 



(to to 

\<yi 00 00 

I CO 



CO c<> 

00 V5 

^^'^ 
00" -rf 

to aj^ 



o 6 



C ^> i5 52 i2 
■ «3 Sh «J --3 '5 ^ 




OK 



217 



V5 C< 



in ^ 

OC ^ 

' O «D CTi 

00 CO 

a> 1-1 



N. 

Is. ^^ rr: 
b. O o» 



00 



00 I o 



C» CO 
O O 1-t V5 CN 

iC cT tC 00 r? 
«o -o o m O 

00 1-t , Tf ^ 



O 00 



CO 

00 MO 



<N CO r? , ^ 

CO VTi -O C9 o 
(T^ C5^ 1^ I 

ro »C sT '-I" <o cT 
«o o -o ^ «o 

00 CO T-t Cv 



o »r! «o CO 00 

^ O O CO »0 CO 
t>. N. in Oj^ i-t CO 
00 tsT CN CO 
X h» 

CO CO CO CO 



N-CO-^-HOXX CJl ■^'^>«5:r-5 



:?i X »o -< CTi X 

^ X '-0 X 
rr o^co^^o^co b- 
co'-o'tCvT jo^nT 

N. CO ^ i-H CO C? 
CO O 1-1 00 



CO CO — 

^ o a» 
>^co 



is. ^ h, (N i-^ 



ts. CO 



•o 1 

X (N *0 I 



o» to o 

lO h~ X 

00 cT«o iC 

«N »0 CO 



TT< I 'X 

x^ i 
jcrr 
Ix 



iTf X 

MT! '0 

O ICO CO 

3 : V5 



C3 lO X 
■O X O is- 
1 ^„ 
x'co CO of 
CO o CN a> 



I I 



O 'O o x 

o cr. TT r-j — 

O iO 3^ X 

oo" ^ '-T of 

CO C7> O 1-1 b» 



O i 

o? ; 



CO 'O to 
X ^ 
C^l ^ 



i^ i^ 

O) ^ 

,-1 



^ in CTi 

X TT CO 
is. isj^C^ 

'S CO CO vf 

X CO vj »o 

<>> CO 



X CO i-O '-- X »o 
X X C7i C9 iO ^ 
i-J^ 00 --I X 

1-1 CO to is. 
^ CN 



X X o 
iO o o 

iO O? b;^ 

»0 (N 
X ^ 



O 



I i' 



(N .jo i^ X 

i-O I V) 3 
CO *o 

joTi-rvrisr 

CO <N ''f' 
to CN ^ 
to"|| 



^ ,1^ 

^ to 

o 

isT 
b- to 

is 

1 I 



O CN O 

o cr. — 

o c^co 
vf-^isT 

•H iO X 

CO 



^ is is. 

CO o 
i^O^tO^ 
■^isT vT 
CO o ^ 
*-0 CN 



5? j 
X I 
to" I 



»n is I 

Tj< O .O^ I 
is. to |0 I 

isT^'^co ( 

■O X C9 !tO 

CO ■<* o 
CO iisT 

ItO 

X i^ CO to 
to i*o 
CO ^ p I >o^ 

to" 



:2 is. 

to O is 

CO 



b- 

CO Oj^ 

X 



X I 

to I 

CO I 



is, *0 CO CO 
to X is. 
l-O is. lO V3 

cf CO x"-* 

^ i^ 
1-1 T-( 



X 
is ^ 

CO 00 

*-o 



C% CO 
r-l to 
CN i^ 



. 1^ to CO »o 
to I O i^ is- c< 
00 ' X^ Tf ^ 00 

TjT ' I CO oTt-T 

'O I I CO is 
is I ID i-< 



I 1 



»o to 
co^x^ 
iCci 

CO >o 

V) CO 



is C^) 

o"co" 

is. O} 



2 = .=".:i ^ P 



3 -1 = 



1^- 



2 - 

S < u ^ a ^ I 



21S 

TABLE No. III. 



Amount of goods imported into the United States for the year ending 30th Sep- 
tember, 1807. 



lbs, 



Value of goods paying an ad valorem ') 
duty of 15 per cent, - - 5 
Do. do. do. 17i do. - 
Do. do. do. 22l do, - 
Malmsey and Madeira wines, gals. 

Burgundy, 

Sherry, - - - - 
All other wines, - _ - 
Foreign spirits from grain. 
From other materials. 
Molasses, . . - - • 
Beer, ale, and porter. 
Teas, bohea, - 
Do. souchong, - • ' • 
Do, Hyson, - - - - 
Do. other green. 

Coffee, 

Cocoa, - - - "* 

Chocolate, - ' - 
Sugars, brown, &c. . - - 
Do. clayed, &c. . - - - 
Do. candy and refined. 

Almonds, 

Currants, - - 

Prunes and plumbs, - - - 

^igs, - - - - • - 

Raisms, in jars and boxes. 

All others, - 

Candles, tallow. 

Wax and spermaceti, - 

Cheese, . . _ - . 

Soap, 

Tallow, 

Spices, mace, . - . - 

Do. nutmegs, - - - - 

Do. cinnamon, - 

Do. cloves, - 

Do. pepper, - 

Do. pimento, . - - - 

Do. cassia, 

Tobacco manufactured other than 7 
snuff and cigars, S 
Snuff, . , - - 

Indigo, 

Cotton, . . - - 



395,103 a 

13,948 
315,779 
4,843,489 
1,477,679 
9,915,243 
8,511,234 
226,559 
1,511,051 
2,016,177 
1,251,367 
2,823,017 
58,824,811 
9,191,344 
3,640 
175,110,619 
45,398,494 
159,986 
685,400 
436,049 
103,766 
283,353 
864,419 
2,918,073 
547,546 
4,412 
1,029,642 
2,090,125 
• 1,750,279 
2,195 
3,182 
9,076 
48,526 
3,499,433 
1,196,239 
141,348 

10,261 



%2 59 



25 
12 
63 

93 
36 
55 
33 
62 

75 
^8 
25 
40 
10 
13 
18 
21 
13 
14 
15 
16 
10 
18 
60 
28 
18 
15 
50 
25 
92 
84 
23 
22 
34 

20 

57,002 25 
1,010,672 1 83 
3,377,870 31 



value. Dollars. Cts, 

46,861,538 

11,097,676 
696,703 
1,023,321 95 
59,279 
353,672 48 
3,051,397 7 
1,477,679 
9,221,175 99 
3,064,044 24 
124,607 45 
498,946 83 
1,250,029 74 
1,251,367 
2,117,362 75 
16,470,947 8 
2,297,961 
1,456 
17,511,061 90 
5,901,804 22 
28,797 48 
143,934 
56,686 37 
14,527 24 
42,502 95 
138,307 
291,807 30 
98,558 28 
2,647 20 
288,299 76 
376,222 50 
262,541 85 
16,462 50 
10,341 50 
17,425 92 
40,761 84 
804,869 69 
263,172 58 
48,058 32 

2,052 20 

14,250 50 
1,849,529 76 
1,047,139 70 



219 

TABLE No. III.— CONTINUED. 



Powder, hair, - - lbs. 
Do. gun, .... 
Starch, .... 

Glue, 

Pewter plates and dishes. 

Iron, anchors and sheet. 

Do. slit and hoop, 

Do. nails and spikes. 

Quick-silver, - - - 

Paints, yellow in oil. 

Do. do. dry. 

Do. Spanish brown. 

Do. while and red lead. 

Lead, and manufactures of lead. 

Seines, 

Cordage, tarred. 

Do. untarred. 

Cables, - - 

Steel, . - - cwt 

Hemp, . - - - 

Twine, 

Glauber salts, - - 
Sail, weighing- more than 56 lbs. 

per bushel, - - lbs. 
Do. weighing 56 lbs. or less per 

bushel, - - bushels 
Coal, 

Fbh, foreign caught, dried, quint. 
Do. salmon, - - barrels 
Do. mackerel, - - 
Do. all oilier. 

Glass, black quart bottles, gross 

Do. window not above 8 by 10 in- 
ches for each lUO square feet 
boxes, .... 

Do. not above 10 by 12, 

Do. all above 10 by 12, 

Segai-s, 

Lime, 

Boots, 

Shoes and slippers, silk. 
Do. morocco, &c. for men and ^ 
women, - . ^ 

Do. children's, 

Cards, wool or cotton, - doz 
Do. playing, - packs 



M. 
casks 
pau's 



Total, 



5,099 a 
211,748 
26,209 
114,732 
59,879 
781,875 
773,017 
4,948,443 
17,211 
32,590 
122,460 
828,368 
2,804,092 
2,455,884 
10,084 
1,068,329 
57,210 
67,720 
15,315 
141,107 
4,253 
157 

125,173,054 

418,538 

456,936 
233,902 
7,231 
16,098 
17,057 
24,594 



value. 
SOO 16 
46 
15 
23 
25 
9 
10 
11 
69 
15 
8 
6 
15 
11 
, 50 
11 
10 
12 

13 
15 

30 
5 

69 

29 
4 50 
14 
7 
6 

7 50 



22,719 11 50 



3,089 
4,183 

25,624 
385 
3,554 

31,880 

72,875 

24,761 
4 

6.425 



15 

17 50 
10 
8 

6 50 
1 75 

1 25 

75 



5^ ,138,.574,876 84; 



220 



2 

CO 

8 2 

1 O 



J t ^ 

^ « i 

o ^ g 



53 
O 

o 

I ^2 § 



CO 

H 
H 

<; 

Q 
Eh 
2 

O 

cC 
fa 

OQ 
Eh 

o 



Oco-^0i>o:)0:ico 

CD CO ^ GO >0 
rf" as T-f CO 



■OCO00j>C0^^C£) 
G^^OCO'-iCOGOCO 
) O ai_ i> CO CO^ 

^a>i-irfOG^l>G0 



O:iCOrfiC0^C£)©<'?f 
C0G0&<O^C0Oi^CO 
C<^ CO^ CO CO CO^ CO 

co'ccTco'io'arorcrr^ 

CO J> lO 0< 
CO 



O cS 



C3 

a 

0) 03 

1^ « 



§3^ 



a O HJ c 
CL, O ^ £ t-i ^ 



Oi CO ^ 

r-( CO CO 
rj^ CO F-( 

CO 



CO^ O 
CO'^GO 

GO a> 



j> CO »o 

CO »^ ^ 

t-Tt-Tco' 



(3^ T-. LO 
l> O 

G|^ GO CD 

co"^ 

CO CO 



CO CO 

00 CO 
co"o 

^ G-J 



00 ^ 
G^ O 
CO CO co^ 

oT co" ocT 

G^ 



O ^ O) 

i> CO 

CO co^"^ 

CcT 

1-t CO 



O CO 

oTgT 

CO 



to 

G^ 



221 



JD 00 

3 ■ ^ 

o ■ — 



o 



■CO J> 

it- 00 



CO CO 
CO^ '^^ 

oToo" 
o ^ 



OO O O CO CO rf 
O 00 CO C75 CO O 
0<_C0^»0 O^CO^iO^OO 

0^ Oj I-" O {> 
rr T-< rj* CO CO CO 

1> 



J> CO 

cico" 



O Gv( 

co^ CO 

G0"O 

CO 



en 

CO 05 

Gn( CO 



CO CO Gn) 
05 05 
"^CO CO 

to 00 CO 
CO 

co" 



o 

CO CO 



O 

00^ 

G^ 
uo 



OO CO 
CO^'T^ 

co'' ^ 
CO 



00 O 
G^ 



CO 

lO CO 
CO 



G^ O 
rf CO 
'^^CO^ 

uo^oT 



CO CO CO 
G^ G^ 
CO OJ^ '-^ 

of >-o" CO 

^ G^ 
1-. O 



uO 
O G^ 

Oi" CO 

OO CO 



IH i 



G ./^ 



.3 So 



^•^ § ^ ^^^^ o c 



C/2 



O 3 



t-'rfl>-1»u:)O0'-HCO»X3TtO: 
G^COt-COOrrr-.GOCO'^O: 

05 UO^ r-'^ "^c. '"i. p. 

co" o" i>" t-"" i> co" 

CO CO t-i G^ 0< ^ 

T-i CO 



r^COCOOOG^COCOt-COCOO 
CO^G^CO'-'COai-^COCOG^I 

o co^ '''^ ®i ^ 

T-T of c^r o" co" co" co" oT co" o" 

T-1 OOG^G^ COCOtOCO 

T-1 O 



O O ^O GM »0 O G^ O O 

i> 00 G'i 05 CO OO cr^ tO G^ 

G^ CJ5 O "-"^ 1> 05 CO G^^ rt< 

.-T T-T oT ^ t> t> ^ »o 

C0C0O5 ^rJ«^»Ot 

T-1 



222 



CO 00 rgi rt CO CO 
CO 



1^ 



§ I 

CO 

fl 

2 



J 



?3 ^ 



1^ 



^1 J 



o 
2 

< 
o 

CO 

W 
H 
< 
H 
<ji 

Q 

W 

D 

H 

O 
H 
m 
H 
Pi 
O 

X 



COCO}>©^1lOt-<OCO 
O^^ l> CO CO 

CO lOvxTio cToaTco' 

u:iO0U^C3:3COG^G^O3 
GO '-f CO 



•^G^G^OCrsG-JCO^ 

|Q^^r^00C0»OCO 

O ^-^ C C0_ CO^ t-^ CO 
■<* r-T CO Oi O ^ CO GO 

^ coocooioico^cri 

1-1 CO 



I 

o 
& 



G 



^= i2 ^ 

c3 



COt^G^COG^G^ICOCO 
1>!>1>COCO'<;J*001> 
COt-^COCO^t^i-HCOO) 

Ci3 icr«> coco gT ooco 

^ irjt GO T-H r-i ^ GO 

of 



G^ G^ G^ Ci> CO « 
l>i>C0O5C0rtiJ>00 
J-'tC^O^^G^G^COt-^^ 

ooor!>arc<rcoooGo 

j> O 'sf ^ CO O 05 
l> CO 



«LOcOCOi>l>CO'* 
-fCOvO^OJTirtOOCO 
■*^G^»>iLO'^CTl'?fCO 

G>r i> to o CO*' of crT CO 



22S 



CO 05 l> 

CO CO 

CO ^o 
^ (3^ 



IvO ICO 
O lC 1^ CO 
'^i 'I I .1 



05 



CO 



O »o 

CO J> CO 

--o^ q. 

CO CO cT 
Gv( « J> 



CO iO 



CO y-^ 

CO i-i 
CO 



•^1 



^ CO 

CO a; 
0_ 

to" 00 

G< CO 



CO CD 
O J> 

o_o, 
gJ" 

00 CO I 



H 
O 

I 

6 
cq 



^ s 
S 1 

o 



5ti O C 

c c -o o 
c 



CO I- o -•- 
O 

CO CO^ 05^ 

CO t-^ o -t o 

r-1 CO CO i^O 



o 



-r r}< C5 G^ 

CO CO C-< CO 

ai_ o G( cn CO 

co" O j> G^" urT 

G^ CO to o O 



I I I. 

G^ !• 



CT5 CT. I -t I O 



I L 



G^ "O 

CO O O CO 
O O CO^ CD 

o" cT o rT I o 

rf CO O CO CO CO 
T-1 02^G^ ICO^ 

gT It-" 



o -o 



CO ^ 



uO S 

~ > ^ 



CO 



3 
o 

§ 



22^ 

TABLE No. VI. 



Copy of a return to an Order of the House of Commons, dated ISih 
February, 1809, /or an account of the total official value and real 
value of all Imports into, and Exports from Great -Britain, for three 
years, ending 10th October, 1808, — distinguishing each year and 
foreign merchandize from British produce and manufactures. 

(N. B.) This account is exclusive of the value of the imports and ex- 
ports of Scotland, and likewise of the importations from the East-Indies, 
and China, the returns of which being made up and transmitted in annual 
periods, ending the 5th of January, are not received for the year 1808, and 
therefore the amount of both of these has been omitted in each of the two 
preceding years, of the account, in order to shew the comparative view of 
one year with another. 



Official Value. 


Years ending 10th Oct. 


Heal Value. 


IMPORTS. 


EXPORTS. 


IMPORTS. 


EXPORTS. 


Foreign 
and 

Colonial 
merchan- 
dize. 


British 
produce 

and 
manufac- 
tures. 


Foreign 

and 
Colonial 
merchan- 
dize. 


British 
produce 

and 
manufac- 
tures. 


£ 


£ 


~£" 

24,947,782 
24,550,724 
21,925,538 


£ 

38,398,645 
40,947,300 
34,448,620 


£ 


£ 

39,368,218 
39,041,854 
35,233,4771 


22,058,003 
23,493,127 
20,707,323 


8,395,269 
9,090,918 
6,680,024 


1806 
1807 
1808 


9,005,120 
9,679,652 
7,138,282 



Signed, WILLIAM IRVING, 

Inspector general of imports and exports. 
Custom-House, London, 16th February, 1809. 



225 



is. 



CO b- 

CTl 00 



O 00 

O T-H 

<0 C9 



00 



00 o 

CO 

CO «3 



!>, 00 
^- CO 
CO 1- 



1^ 

o «o 
00 in 



o% 00 



00 O 00 O 

00 1-t oi CO 

' r}< CO rH K 

00 th tsTtsTvo TjT 

<0 CO tJ< rl 



tJ< C% O 
^ CO 

CO ■^''co 
O 
CO 00 



VD tH CO iO^ 
to 00 CO 

b- T-( ; cr> 

CN CO oT 

io to *n 
lO to 



o a> 00 

to <0 CO CN to 

' 00 b» a> CT> CO 

CO rjTio'cOCOO' 
00 . CO CM tH 00 

tj< • in 



CT) a> >o 

CO to CO 
CTl 00 G> 

T-T 

CO oi 

CN CO 



CO y-( 

CO CN 



O to O 'I to O CO 
CN G9 1-1 o to 

r-T to cTco o CO 

O to 

CO 



to Oi to 
to CN 00 

'^'^^ 

CN CN i-^" 
CO o 
CN Oi 



O Oi o 
CTl CN O 
CTj^tO^OO^ 

lo to 00 

to Tj. r-( 
T}« r-l 



00 lo 
00 



»-i Oi 
CN T-T 



CO 00 
o a> 
oi^co^- 

CO -"qf 
CO C?^ 



V> CN Tf VO 00 CO 
<N to C7» CN »0 
(N CN >0 



to CT> CN 
O ^ rf< 
is. to 

CN CTl 
CN 



O CN 
to 00 Tj. 
CN CO 00 
CN CO •'t' 
00 tJ( -^j^ 
CO »0 



CN 



CN CO 
CTl T-l 

<N CN 



CTl CO 

CN CN 
00 CN 



<7> to 
i^ O 
is. 

tsTco 

CN O 



o CO to ID 00 CO in 
to o c:i CT> CO CO 

to CN to O CN C3)^iO 
OcT i-T to" (N ocT T-T 

to Cn 1-1 i^ rH V5 
CO r-( (N 



is- to 00 

to is. rH 

CTl 00 CO 
CN to 
CTl 00 
. rH CTl 



^ ^ CT) 
CTl »0 O 

>n o 
o tsTtC 

lO 00 to 

CO IT) 



O) to ■ 

^ CO . 
CN to 



00 Ti* 

to 

^CN O 

'ctTcT 

1-y CO 

CO 



>-< to to »0 >0 Oi CO 
rH CO 00 00 CTl *0 to 
00 O lO CN CO N. rH 
irf^o'co rH tO^OO TjT 
CO to CN CO O 
CO (N rH CO 



CTiis- b. 

rK 00 
tO b. 0C3^ 
rH'~to''r-r 
00 CTl 
rH CO 



IP rH ^ 
is, O > 
CT T}< 



CTl CO 
to CTl ' 
is. rH 

isTisT 

CN ' 



rH Cl O 00 rH rH 



to CTl O »0 CTl 00 CO 

in CN to is- 

CO CN rH rH 



lO rH Tj( 
CO V5 

in to CTii 

CN isTcN 

CO 
r-t O 



o 

CN 
CTl 

o 

CTl 

CO 

:^ 

to h> h> [to 

O CO 

in CO cr^ 



00 rH 

to CTl cn 
CO 



tH O 
rH CO Ti< 

CO in 



cn CO 
1 in in 

I to CO 



is- 'O 

iCco 



O 00 
T}< CO 
O to 

OO'rH" 



CO rH 



CO r.* rH Tj« r-( Jv. 

CN is. CO CO i^ CO 
CO O? Is. tO^ CO^ is, 

" in" CN o to" TjT o 

to i^ 00 00 CO CTl 
rj" CO 



00 1-1 CO 

in 00 in 
o^to 

oT CO rH 

oo to 

rH CO 



CTl CTl '^f* jOO 
CN O O to 

CO »n CN to 



<7) in 

rH to to 
CO CO rH 



CTl Tj< 
CN C-) 
00 CN 



CO 'n 

00 CTl 

^ to 



Is- CO 

in o 

00^ CO 

'co in 
rH 'n 

CN 



in Is, to CO in CO CO 
i-- to CO cn CTl in 
''2. "-1 ^ ^ 
TjJ' to" isT r-T cTco 

CO t}< CO rH Ol 
CO rH in Tj< 



Ti< is. to 

CO CTl cn 

»s- CTl 
Ci rn" 
CO CN 
rH to 



C) in to 

CN rH Ol 

is- 0(5^ to 

oo" bTcn 

00 b- CTl 

C) CO 



is, r-i 
CO rH 

_o^cn 

"cN 



G1 to 

rH CN 

in 

cTco 

CN 



CO T}< t}< cn o o CN 
CO to cn in is- o CO 

O -:J^ CO O tsj^ CO 

'cT isT <n trT 'n CO 

CO O r-l CTl 
CO 'i" rH CO 



CN CN 00 

is- cn is. 

CO rH CO 

in CO 



rH T}< 00 li^ 

CTJ rH (N 1 CO 

cn to in ito 




TABLE No. VIII. 



An account of the value of all Imports into and of all Exports from 
Great-Britain, for three years, ending 5th of January, 1811, distin- 
guishing each year, and distinguishing the value of imports from 
the East-Indies and China, from the value of all other imports ; al- 
so distinguishing the value of British produce and manufactures 
exported^ from the value of foreign articles exported, together with 
the difference between the official value and the declared value of 
British produce and manufactures exported in the year ending 5th 
of January, 1811. 





Ojfficial Value of Imports. 


Official Value of Exports. 


Years ending- 5th 
January. 


From 
Europe, 
Africa, and 
America. 


From 
East-Indies 
and 
China. 


British pro- 
duce and 
manufac- 
tures. 


Foreign 
merchan- 
dize. 




£ 


£ 


£ 


£ 


1809 or 1808. 

1810 or 1809. 

1811 or 1810. 


23,780,704 
30,409,384 
36,622,142 


5,868,669 
3,363,025 


26,691,962 
35,104,132 
34,940,550 


7,862,305 
15,182,768 
10,945,309 




See appen- 
dix (A.) 




See appen- 
dix (B.) 


See appen- 
dix (C.) 



Note. The value of British produce and manufactures exported from 
Great-Britain, according- to the average prices current, ajid declarations of 
the exporters in the year ending 5th January, 1811, amounts to £49,975,634. 



WILLIAM IRVING, 
Inspector general of imports and exports. 
Custom-House, London, 23d March, 1811. 

* The account of imports from the East-Indies and China, cannot yet be 
given. 



227 



TABLE No. yni— CONTINUED. 

APPEXDIX (A 1.) 



^■Official value of Imports into Great-Britain from Europe, Africa, 
and America. 



Years endino- the 5th ot Januarj.l 



ARTICLES. 



'Almonds, - 
•Annette, - - - 
Ashes, pot and pearl. 
Barilla, 
Bark, oak, 
Berries, juniper, - 
Brimstone, - 
Bristles, undressed, 
Butter and cheese, (foreign^ 
Cochineal, - 

Cocoa, - - - - 
Coffee, 

Copper, unwrought, 
Corks, - 

Com, grain, meal and rice, 

Cortex, peruvianus. 

Currants, 

Elephant's teeth, 

Feathers, for beds, - 

Figs, ... - 

Fish, viz. cod and herring, 

Flax, rough. 

Gum arable and senega. 

Hemp, rough. 

Hides, raw and tanned. 

Jalap, ... 

Indigo, (not East-India) 

Iron, bar, - 

Isinglass, 

Lemons and Oranges, - 
Linens, (foreign) 
Madder and madder root=:, - 
Oil, ordinary olive, 

— train, ... 



Pimento, 
Pitch and tar, - 



1809 


1810 


or 


or 


1808. 


I 1809. 


£ 


1 £ 


21,380 


24,209 


8,635 


23,463 


150,524 


265,827 


120,664 


183,842 


1,724, 11,788 


12,383i 22,953 


65,622 


24,855 


9,886 


28,081 


321,552 


258,145 


209,415 


83,396 


85,538 


72.513 


4,899,184^ 4,690,680 


97,189 


41,116 


29,213 


41,116 


146,240 


1,136,971 


147,165 


81,577 


110,502 


180,329 


16,476 


17,628 


1,475 


7,054 


5,101 


13,568 


209,731 


174,419 


403,351 


967,628 


24,075 


35,376 


218,947 


721.520 


228,712 


328,306 


11,530 


5,781 


63,740 


79,527 


205,249 


239,532 


1,534 


14,085, 


33,738 


30,710 


174,369 


843,710 


157,959 


425,230 


83,650 


125,648 


326,381 


285,586 


9,199 


57,802 


123,479 


106,762 



1811 
or 
1810. 



£ 



19,196: 
48,423 
460,433 
175,508 
8,935 
30,178 
44,229' 
20,992' 
128,608 
189.828 
61,496 
5.307,112 
92,129 
78,788; 
2,701,228. 
93,705 
136.831 
19,336, 
17,735! 
5,834 
126,878 
945,223 
59,722! 
752,294: 
659,7241 
38,8091 
138,125; 
196,830' 
16,5691 
33,014 
938,600 



436,4751 
80,748| 

329,992 
73,866 

115,610 



228 



TABLE No. ym.— CONTINUED. 

APPENDIX (A 1.) coNTisrtJED. 



ARTICLES. 


Years ending the 5th of January. 


1809 

or 
1808. 


1810 

or 
1809. 


1811 
or 
1810. 


£ 


£ 


£ 


Quicksilver, . - - 
Raisins, - 

Salt, 

Seeds, clover, - - - 

flax and linseed, - 

Shumack, - 

Silk, raw and thrown, - 

Skins and Furs, 

Smelts, - - - - 

Spirits, brandy, 

geneva, - 

rum, - - - 

Succus liquoritiae, 

Sugar, - - - - 

Tallow, - - - - 

Tobacco, 

Turpentine, 

Wax, bees, 

Whale fins, - 

Wines, - - - - 

Wood, balks and ufas, - 

deals and deal ends, - 

fir timber, - - - 

fustic, . - - 

logwood, 

' mahogany, - 

masts, - - - 

oak plank and timber, - 

redwood, 

staves, - . - 

sheep's, - - - 

Yarn, linen, raw, 
All other articles. 


13,772 

105,744 
32,906 
13,026 
61,177 
15,159 

246,057 

177,757 
6,826 

251,864 
51,798 

639,624 
19,616 
6,046,631 

146,860 
77,627 
16,021 
20,209 
76,430 
1,122,020 
878 
26,665 
63,267 
24,036 

106,663 
66,907 

270,406 
14,886 
19,112 
33,419 
1,326,318 

127,870 
34,605 

981,656 


17,320 
160,471 
63,198 

130,404 
22,817 

853,706 

179,077 
22,817 

441,201 
43,395 

607,083 
20,562 
6,422,066 

362,974 

276,591 
66,828 
37,336 
75,676 
1,173,613 
4,230 
60,362 

111,611 
47,354 

104,530 
198,251 
13,504 
47,943 
95,743 
2,797,932 
360,072 
233,635 
1,114,666 


26,888 
63,601 
23,900 
38,090 

213,822 
20,661 

943,613 

282,719 
9,633 

174,380 
12,056 

607,602 
41,881 
6,493,561 

506,496 

498,586 
65,271 
39,648 

103,255 
1,130,332 
22,583 

100,612 

205,264 
66,082 

187,159 
335,807 
36,106 
29,040 
i 109,130 
3,882,359 
564,329 
286,757 
1,351,061 


Foreign and Colonial produce, 
Irish produce and manufactures, 


19,869,723 
3,910,981 


26,933,626 33,138,686 
3,476,759: 3,283,456 


Total (^exclusive of importations } 
from E. Indies and China,) ^ 


23,780,704 


30,409,384 36,422,142 



229 

TABLE No. VIII.— CONTINUED. 

APPENDIX (A 2.) 

Official value of Imports into G reat-Britain from the East-Indies and 

China. 



ARTICLES. 



Borax, - 

Cassia lignea, . . . 
Coffee, ... - 
Gum Arabic, 

Indigo, - - . - 

Pepper, - - . . 

Piece goods, - 

Rhubarb, - - - - 

jSalt-petre, - 

jSilk, raw, 

|Spices, - 

■Sugar, .... 
Tea, .... 
I Wool, cotton, - 
'All other articles. 

Total Imports from East-Indies 
and China y 



Years ending the 5th of January. 



1809 


1810 


1811 


or 


or 


or 


1808. 


1809. 


1810. 


-P 
X 






7,975 


2,136 


- 


3,451 


325 


- 


Q QP. 1 

^,yo 1 


1 Q Q 1 1 




3,107 


629 




717,205 


293,751 




62,254 


21,612 




730,413 


164,614 




655 


5,085 




68,521 


46,495 




182,593 


93,105 




137,005 


41,902 




81,252 


29,239 




3,567,812 


2,164,396 




145,741 


318,707 




137,701 


161,118 




5,848,649 


3,363,025 - - 



2S0 

TABLE No. Vm.— CONTINUED. 

APPENDIX (B.) 

Official value of British produce and manufactures Exported from 
Great-Britain. 



ARTICLES. 



I Apparel, - 
I Bark, tanner's, 
jBeer, 

[Brass and copper, 
Cabinet and upholstery ware, 
Coals, - - . - 
Colors for painting. 
Cordage, - 
Corn and flour. 
Cotton manufactures. 
Do. jam, 

Fish, - - - - 
Glass and earthern ware, 
Gun-powder, 

Guns, - . - - 

Haberdashery, 

Hats, - . - . 

Hops, - - - 

Iron & steel, wrought &: unwro't, 

Lead and shot, 

Leather, tanned and wrought, 

Linens, - 

Musical instruments. 

Oil, train, - 

Plate, plated ware & jewellery, 

Provisions, . . _ 

Salt, 

Silks, - 
Soap and candles, 
Stationary, _ . - 
Sugar, refined, 
Tin and pewter. 
Woollen manufactures. 
All other articles. 



Total. 



Years ending the 5th of January. 



1809 

or 
1808. 



250,659 
60,786 
65,001 
364,607 
64,122 
526,845 
129,286 
32,621 
134,065 
12,836,803 
575,015 
118,843 
183,643 
33,428 
49,689 
61,436 
261,112 
124,346 
1,178,624 
81,801 
191,474 
874,460 
33,658 
26,025 
122,066 
154,294 
201,669: 
128,775 
89,528 
145,824 
948,304 
244,142 
4,853,999 
1,676,324 



1810 

or 
1809. 



26.,69 1,962 



269,835 
45,161 
65,727 
403,429 
78,966 
405,634 
196,968 
46,386 
70,641 
18,634,614 
1,097,636 
142,693 
240,123 
32,417 
30,480 
55,946 
335,941 
97,186 
1,391,761 
63,278 
179,946 
1,157,030 
41,971 
62,499 
140,730 
139,132 
288,258 
190,177 
129,703 
169,360 
1,346,769 
232,838 
6,416,149 
1,925,991 



35,104,132 



1811 

or 
1810. 



239,865 
41,990 
72,493 
366,677 
93,163 
609,991 
187,047 
63,052 
44,152 
18,041,633 
1,076,187 
134,296 
236,314 
31,300 
49,604 
64,797 
327,884 
52,462 
1,677,462 
101,993 
186,573 
1,016,240 
51,568 
54,779 
164,168 
126,249 
296,769 
188,023 
120,353 
212,176 
1,220,498 
256,681 
6,773,214 
1,974,127 



34,940,550 



2Si 

TABLE No. YIII.— CONTINUED. 

APPENDIX (C.) 

Official value of Foreign and Colonial Merchandize Exported from 
Great-Britain. 



ARTICLES. 



Annotto, 

Ashes, 

Barilla, 

Brimstone, 

Cassia lignea, 

Cochineal, 

Cocoa, 

Coffee, British plantations, 
Do. foreign c^o. 
Corn, grain, flour, and rice, 
Cortex peruvianus, 
Currants and raisins, 
Fish, cod and herrings, 
Flax and hemp, rough, 
Hides, tanned and raw, 
Jalap, 
Indigo, 
Iron, bar. 
Linens, foreign. 
Pepper, 

Piece goods of India, 

Pimento, 

Quicksilver, 

Salt, 

Salt petre, 

Silk, raw and thrown, 
Skins and furs, 
Spices, 

Spirits, brandy and geneva. 
Do. rum, 

Sugar, British plantations. 
Do. foreign do. 



Years ending 5th of January. 



1809 


1810 


181 1 


or 


or 


or 


1808. 


18.09. 


1810. 


£~~ 


£ 


£ 


3,670 


7,931 


28,427 


17,127 


21,003 


184,452 


8,951 


3,065 


70,683 


4,065 


1,840 


22,619 


4,068 


13,741 


3,666 


147,930 


73,341 


64,097 


57,377 


144,254 


38,494 


1,286,200 


3,038,027 


712,774 


561,720 


2,807,133 


741,398 


51,397 


35,911 


272,138 


44,780 


92,377 


127,686 


12,581 


35,217 


77,594 


320,144 


198,870 


126,835 


9,991 


60,035 


201,190 


15,256 


109,145 


225,893 


2,469 


5,319 


40,315 


323, f07 


636,807 


491,298 


86,231 


112,551 


167,916 


118,578 


604,424 


737,203 


55,201 


190,131 


126,185 


822,345 


1,179,728 


1,082,115 


15,926 


50,119 


29,740 


17,819 


11,757 


6,209 


31,263 


39,555 


21,973 


33,673 


13,200 


13,627 


55,264 


85,960 


92,917 


5,261 


48,646 


33,268 


128,579 


192,620 


161,188 


252,630 


271,647 


251,695 


334,339 


606,174 


339,470 


513,500 


679,281 


193,620 


270,463 


1,033,849 


1,277,374 



2'S2 



TABLE No. VJII.— CONTINUED. 



APPE^^DIX (C.) coNTiifuxn. 



ARTICLES. 


Years ending 5th of January. 


1809 
or 
1808. 


1810 

or 
1809. 


or 
1810. 


£ 


£ 


£ 


Tea, 
Tobacco, 

Wines, - _ . 
Woods, for dying. 
Wool, cotton. 
All other articles, 


714,939 
123,999 
455,265 
48,840 
60,283 
382,670 


703,724 
202,430 
626,649 
139,752 
156,215 
448,094 


569,368 
164,019 
555,040 
320,115 
343,550 
574,823 


Foreign and Colonial produce, 
Irish produce and manufactures, 


7,397,901 
464,404 


14,680,524 
502,244 


10,470,966 
474,343 


Total, 


7,862,305 


15,182,768 


10,945,309 



283 



o o o 

r-( CO ■>-( 

00 d CO 

O VOO CO 

C9 i-( 00 to 

<£) CO rH 



CO O 00 

00 »C i-( tH 

l^O CO 

o vToo" .-T 



oo 00 

Tjl XT) 

CO 00 

T-l (N 



»0 CO 

o 

O 00 



o 

»0 CO 



CO VO 



VO O CO 
00 «0 09 

00 tH iH 



O ■!-( O it^ 

»o CO a» ' 

COOO 

VO CO C9 



I ^ 

CO 



IT) O «0 
»0 r-l « 



CO 

00 00 
o 

CO 

th in 



o o 

V) o 
00^ Oj^ 

CT> CO 



O tH 1^ 

' 'o 

ocT 



tOOCOC^VOiO<NOOOC<)*OCOb-C<)CriOOOO% 
OOi-^CTiTf^OCOOOTfCOC^aii-IOOO^ai-^t^r-l 
»0^t^ *'l>^*'l^"^°°^'-^'~t'~i,*^'* CO CO ^ 

O ^"yD CO O o'co T-T C^UDKiOCO'^>0'*rHO 
CJt^'^VOr-tCOa^-^Ots.COTH T-(CO^ 



i*ncoi-(i-i*OTi<h,ooai»oco'*ts-coyDTHir>CN 
'*r>i-^CT>i^CNOoocoi-(C^CNoa>inococot^ 

l0t0rHOl0'^OC^C0'<^;^»0O^. 

Oi^i-ib, o) in 00 th i-( Ti< t}< (o 

00 r-l 00 CO 

ooooiooooa^oO'<^'>oaioot^t>^T;}<T-tcooovo 
ocoocoovoooaiVob-ooo(Nb«coooa>a5 

b^'*b-T-^O^t^O^»O'^<Oh>-*0t^O00^C^C0T-< 
'^UDCOC^J V5»O00 00CnC0r-( .-H-^'IO O 



' c« cn 2 <U .y 

55 ■? S STji " 3 = 



30 



2S4 



o 

pq 



I 



O) CO tH 

O 

CO 00 C^K. 00 
C7i CTi 00 oTtSH 
00 CO 



-<qf< Tj< 00 CO 
CN IH VO CO CO 
V> In. O 



00 >o Oi >o c?> 

CO rH V5 iH 
G>j_C^TH O CO 

oTo oToo 

VD V5 
CO 



00 C<> CO 
CN O 
CO O CO 



05 ^ 

CTi O 
»0 OO^CN 
to ^"tJ 



in o o 

CO CO CO 

i-H CO 



> 05 CO 0) 

bo c 



•5 



r-T lO 

CO rH 

VO 

"coTT" 



o .t; <u 
S c» l> h * 



to 
o ^ 
T-Tco 

to 



— H O 



bo 



.s 

.3 



235 



8 



>r5 CO 00 00 1-1 Ci 
Ol'^^C^CNO^^C^C'JOOCOiN.coCN 00 

r-i 



C90os.o*no*nvooooo 

CO 00 Tj. CO i-T CO CO 
COC5^ to^<o --^^O^^OO^tv. o 

O --I CO 



o*ooi^o(N»ov50oaiQO 

*OTj<-^^C^O^>Oi-IOOt^t^ 

■<TicoO'^«ovO'-iC?>oo»n^o 
c7> 3^1H^c^coT^^c9■^^s.a^-<* 
ori-J" oo'o'-rooodod^io 

1-1 ^ <0 00 <N »-r 
CN 1-1 



CO VI »0 CO 



CN 

CO Tj. Tji c<} 

Oi in 00 1-1 ,-1 

CN CO CO 

CO o i-Tco o 

1-i O 



O O 00 
1-1 Cft O 1-1 
0^ Cs> a» CN 

^ c» 00 <o 

tH 



CO CT> 
00 rH 

00 <o 
o 



ICO Tj< to <N in 
CO 1-1 1-1 CO o o 

^ C^f CO vo" oT 

l-J^T— t 



CN CO C> ^ 

CO CO CO 

00 

^ ^ 1-1 



CO ]a\ 

lO >o to 
CO to 00 

^ 



I o in 

i -* CO C9 *n o 
-T* CO <-0 
»0 li^ «o 
oT CO cT 



»o O 

to 

tJ. ts, to 
N. O Oi^ CO^ 

or -h" o" to* 



CN CO 00 

00 1-1 o 

tO^t^ to 

1-t 00 oo 



^■5 



1-. C-) 

to"^" 

CO 00 



»o o 00 

t-^ to to 

CO CO 

i-T to" 00' 

'O 1-1 

0> CTi to »C 



00 O C% to 
CO 1— I CO CTi Ol CO 
0C^-«i^C^ In- N. O 

t-^ X O X 1-^ o% 

c< »o o o a% CI 
10 N. a^ »o 

CO 



O CO in T-H CO CO 

a> o C-) c> a> 

Jn. 00 CO 00^ to 

C) -i" CO cC cT »o 

1-1 O X to to to 
00 CN 



^ .= tic: -3 = ::: = 



236 



I 

I 



o 

s 

o 



53 



CO CO CO 

<3^ !> i> t- 

00 O^vO^G^ 

l> CO 



O O O 
00 GO CO SO 
GO T-H OD 



CO u:( GO 
k-« CO J> 05 



O CO 
CO o< 

00 G^r 



G^J '-H 00 T-* 
GO CO o ^- 
G^OO O^O 

GO 



T-H CD T-H 

CO UO T-i 

CD^G^ 

r-T 

G^ 



CO CO 

^ 

O^OO CO 



GO O 

CO a< 

O 



^ GO 
l> O 



(MOO 
Oi CO 
G^ 



»0 G^ O 
^ O 
G^ l> 



^ »-< O 

CO Tf< O) CO 

o oo^cq^t> 
krT ^GO 



GO ^ J> O 
Oi 1-H CO 

»0 gT UO 



'i*" GO 

CO CO 
GO^iO T-^ 

go" 



GO CO ^ ilC CO 
CO )lO O CO 
CO 00 



!> O 

GO CO CO ^ 
CO CO 



G^ 



(3^ |> ^ ^ 
^ t- CO 
I^CO^J> CO 

t'" rj^" 



CO o 
CO CO CO 

CO G^ 



O o< 



'^T'OCOGO'OGOGO ctsco-^g^ 

GQ'-'^ OG^CO 'COOOCOt- 
Orf 

co" '-^G^ « oT T-TcrT 



CO CO 

gTg^ 



T-I o O 
1-1 CO CO O ^ 05 
G* CO CO 



. 1 

^ 1 

00 , 



'2 

1^ 



1— I O 05 o 
05 CO O J> '-^ 
O^ T-( GO O^ 

GO gT G^" 



T— t ■ 

CO . 



GO CO 

T-H CO 
T-l CO 



rf T-l "CO ' G^ 
O G>< , , T-< 



CO 



CO ^ 



O l> O CO 

l> GO O 

»^ G^ 



0000 
'T3 T3 



00000000 



m 

O • • . 

a> o o o 

• 



o <-> o 
o ^ 



^ ^'^ t." 

q; bp ^ 
^ ^ ^ o 

0) V- O ^'^ 

m o H 



CO 

'TIS C/5 

CT3 O O 

J2 



J c>Q Q 



23r 



CO CO^ 3^^ CO^ CO^ GO O^C0_'-'^O^ 

CO CO 1-1 f-i GO 



GOG^COCr:GO^i>^COG^GO'^'-iCOT-i 
iO'^l>GOOOOCOi-tr-ii>'r-iOCO^tO 
^'•^O^COCO'^^'^^'^'^'-'COCO^CO^O 

uo i-T -h" g^" o" CO ^ 

„ ^ 

GO 



of 
o 

GO 



COCSCO ,'-<C0!>COOiJ>CO'-«t>vo 

GO^t-'i' i-HtOO'*'^>OCOJ>C;^^ 

^ go" , G^" ^ CO T-T O 1> O G-f 

O GO r-l rH 



OS CO 
O G^ 

oT 

CO 
G^ 



C-uOCriG^OlGOOiCOGOG^JG^^OTft-O 
rt00500COCOGOOCOCOOG^G^05CO 
■3^i>t-;^CO G^COCOlO^^^O^CO^G^CD^CO 

i-T oT G^ go'' G^T 



02 ^ ^ 

CO 



CO GO CO 



00 
CO 

O^CO 

G^*" i-h" Co" Co" 



O G^ 
CO T-* CD 

G-} CO CO 



CD GO CO i-' 
00 O G^ 00 
CO r-( lO CO ^ 



G^ 



COC^^Ojr}'— tI>G0';f^O 
l>i-i';fOOrr'-il>G^GO 
T-iCDG0'-<COG^Ol>CD 



coiooii>cooiG^a)t-o 

J>>OOGOCOi-i»01>lOCD 
G^ GO^ -^T}"^ O^^ 

G^^ r-T ctT 



»-< G^ G^ 







Ol T-l "Tfl 


CD CO 


02 G5 


G^ 


CO G^ 





CO 

0:1 




LC lO CO , 


, CO 


l> lO 1> 


C5 


, GO 







CO^S^^CO G^^ 


' ^ 






G^^ 




i> 


CO 








T-H 


, ^ CO ^ 
















' ^ ^ CO 








G^ 




l> CO 


rr 


G<i GO ^ CD 




t-^ 




CD CO G^ , 


, 1 G^ 


02 


CD 


CO 


G^ 


CT5 


CO 


CO 






CO co^ i>^o^ 

GO t>GD'l>' 








1 1 


go" of 










^ CD 













'Oa5l>OCOOTCDO'5'— "^O^COCO 
O'-C0I>OCDC0G^OG^CDa:&<'!tG^( 
ry^ i-r-v ■ rr\ rv^. ry^ ^T\J rTN 



co^ 

CO CO of (>r T-T go" 

Cj CO 



V3X VJ-^ VJ- 

1-^ G^ CD^ CO^ O CO^ G^^ t-^ CO^ 

co" co" lo" i-*" o" »-rr oT 

G^ >-< T-< 



CO 

O GO 
>0 G^CO^ 
^"t>" 
GO 



G^G^CO-^^CO OOG^COO 

■rfCDl^O'-^'-' ,C0C0G^03 

CO CD « CD t-^ CD^ OD_ r> 

go" o , o crT ^ 

GO '-^ 



CD >0 
GO CD lO G^ 
CD CD CD CO 



CO rp O CD 

CD u:) OO Tf 
Tt" r-i CN( 05 1> 



GO ^ 



^ CD 



CD 
00 o 

i>^co 



'n • 

^Oooooooooooo 

o ^ O ^ ^ VI ^ 

2 ^ § S 



<D V. o a 
U, CQ O H 



o ^ 
c5 Jr 



I 



13 
O 

o 



2SS 



6 

5i 



1793. 


d 

CO 


5,398 
7,889 


000 

• 

1 G^ Ci^cn 
co" 


. 1 .' 




1 1 1 


1 1 1 
1 1 1 


02 


1 

h* 


35,104 
4,077 


! 1,300 
90 


• 1 t 




1 • I 


1 1 1 
1 1 1 


I 1791.1 


1 

d 


16,376 
800 


III. 
1 1 1 1 


. . . 


• • 


1 . 1 


1 1 1 
1 1 1 


1790.j 


g4 

G>* 


02 Tf »0 

G^ G^ i-H ^ 1 u:, . 
^0 G^ CO^ 1 CO , 


. . . 


• • 


. 1 1 


. . . 


[1789. 




CD 
O) »o 
CO Gs« 


2,000 


: : : 




: : : 


i • 1 
f 1 1 


1788. 1 


d 


2,766 
> 7,680 




CO , , 

CO T-H 

s ' ' 


1 • 
1—1 






1 ( 1 
1 1 1 


1787.1 




1 1 1 
1 1 1 


1 1 1 1 
till 


. 1 . 


CO 
' CO 


CO 
1 ^ 


to 
I ^ 1 


1786.1 


d 


7,112 
1,000 


1,600 
1,224 


• • 




. . 1 


1 1 1 
1 1 1 


|1785.| 


.1 


2,080 


■ 1 1 1 
) 1 i 1 


• 1—1 




CO 
1 ' 


1 1 1 


1784. 1 


1 


19,597 
481 


4,645 


1 1 
1 1 




1 1 1 
1 I 1 


1 1 1 



G^ 



CO CO 

02 lO 
T-< Oi O 



00000 
""O '"O '"O "T^ 



tn CO 



o § o ^ o o 



<D . 



^ o -tS o 

>-H iti 

2 ?3 2 is „ „ 

PQ PQ Oh O H H 



O i 

C 52 



o 

^2 



.-3 



2^ ^ C3 ^ 



o o 



0) 



Ow 

cu 



h2 1^ o^HH o :jr T 



230 





ICD CO C5 






CO 




S 


>0 












CO T 

CO O C5 


1 






■ 1 1 






1 1 


1 1 


o 














84,0 






CO 


CO 


CO 


1 




go" 


1 1 1 1 






1 1 


1 1 






CO O 


o 


o 




CO CO O 






o 


i-O GO 




CO 

o 




CO 1> C5 


o 


o 




— « 3^ 3^ 


■ 






,—1 














GO 






CO 






CO 


CO 


cT t^'co' 


1> 


CO 




















CO i> 




r-t 






1 











O 

O CO 
CO CO^G^^ 

oi 



o — 

CO jco 



lO CO 

'co 



CO O 
C5 



^ o 



O CO 
CO 



|CO CO 
l-H CO 
j-Tj-^CO^ 

go" of 



CO 

O 05 



uO CO O 

C5 c; o 

CD 



>-0 O O CO o 
cr; O O GO 
O CO 



O l> '-1 O CO 
O GO »0 05 GO 'CO 



CO o 



o o c 

CO ^o 



C5 G^ 
i> iCO 



lO GO 

CO CTj 

o o 



CO Oi o 

TJ' (X O 

^ Gn( 



G^COG^->OG^e>^COODC:cr2G^ 
— >C0C0CN«0t-O>-0C0 CO 

cj^G^^co^^iTi^ r> 



-« CO O '-I 



G^ 



CO 



CO . 

o: C5 

GO 



Ci G^ 



CO o 

CO C5 o 

CO ^ 



CO GO 



— t^coor^^G^ CO 

O 'G^G^COOt^-^t- 'CO 

G>i r-, t> 



{> GO 
l> CO 

l> co^ 

d^Go" 

G^ G^ 



O CO O ^ O 
O CO CO CO o 



^ to 
1-. o 

C-^CO^ 
CO ^ 



O c- 

' O CO 
r- CO 



O G^ 

o o 

0_G^^ 



ICS O 
GO Oi 



o o o 
o ^ o 

G^ '-I TJ- 



o CO 



CO G^ 
00 



o ^ 

G^ 

C5^G0^ 



o o 

O CN 



lO 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 


uo 


lO o ^ 






J<-^ ^ 


• CO ' ' 




CO ' — 


CO^ 






• co" 1 • 








o 


CO O 




c^ 


• O CO 


• CO • • 


o 


Gj^CO 




go" 


1 m 


1 1 1 



O O O 

"-a ^ 



o o c 

^ 



CIh o g o o 

^ ^ -d 

'T3 O 'T3 O 

«^ h 

2 J5 2 J3 -g 

CQ J?; PQ olh 



o 



^ s ^ ^ :2 r 
o 



xj — a; oj t 



— <D 



O O 



S 

0) o 



• ^ « 03 nj rt u u rr-J^ c5 •— — ' 



CHAPTER VII. 



Amount of trade witli the dilferent quarters of the world — ^Balance of trade 
— Estimate of the quantity of certain imported articles consumed in the 
United States, at different periods. 

Having presented an estimate of the amount of the trade of the 
United States with the different nations, with which they have any 
considerable commercial intercourse, we now give a general view 
of exports to each quarter of the world, from 1801 to 1812, accom- 
panied with some remarks relative to the balance of trade, between 
the United States and the rest of the world, with an estimate of the 
quantity of certain imported articles, annually consumed, at different 
periods. 

The following statement exhibits the value of merchandize, do- 
mestic and foreign, exported from the United States, to each quarter 
of the world, from 1801 to 1812:— 



£UI10P£. ASIA. 





Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Years. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


DoUs. 


1801 


27,569,699 


31,380,558 


371,737 


1,136,517 


1802 


19,904,389 


23,575,108 


547,386 


820,423 


1803 


25,939,111 


8,561,834 


292,593 


149,600 


1804 


23,094,946 


27,468,725 


546,278 


830,223 


1805 


23,640,776 


36,341,320 


612,683 


2,156,229 


1806 


24,384,020 


40,267,711 


514,621 


1,968,860 


1807 


31,012,947 


38,882,633 


497,769 


1,598,445 


1808 


5,185,720 


7,202,232 


26,649 


267,542 


1809 


17,838,502 


13,072,045 


703,900 


1,218,228 


1810 


27,202,534 


17,786,614 


377,795 


406,646 


1811 


29,552,442 


8,727,011 


581,815 


812,950 


1812 


20,626,488 


5,644,433 


.308,510 


588,299 






31 







24!2 

AFRICA. AV. IJ^DIES, AMERICAN CONTINENT, &C. 





Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Years. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


Dolls. 


1801 


934,331 


756,445 


17,482,025 


13,369,201 


1802 


747,544 


411,855 


14,982,854 


10,967,585 


1803 


636,106 


148,004 


15,338,151 


4,734,634 


1804 


1,264,737 


681,499 


16,561,516 


7,251,150 


1805 


1,359,518 


1,726,987 


16,774,025 


12,954,483 


1806 


1,371,475 


901,916 


14,983,611 


17,144,759 


1807 


1,296,375 


1,627,177 


15,892,501 


17,535,303 


1808 


278,544 


218,950 


3,939,633 


5,308,690 


1809 


3,132,687 


1,472,819 


9,732,613 


5,034,439 


1810 


2,549,744 


722,777 


12,236,602 


5,475,258 


1811 


1,804,998 


622,445 


13,354,788 


6,860,384 


1812 


1,235,457 


197,587 


7,861,655 


2,064,808 



It will be seen from this statement, taken from the custom-house 
books, that, in the most prosperous period of our commerce, when 
our exports amounted annually to more than one hundred millions of 
dollars, we exported to Europe, domestic produce of the value of 
more than twenty-six millions of dollars, and of foreign produce, 
more than thirty-eight millions of dollars ; to Asia, domestic produce 
of the value of about five hundred and forty thousand dollars, and 
foreign produce about one million and nine hundred thousand dollars ; 
to Africa, domestic produce of the value of about one million three 
hundred thousand dollars, and foreign produce^ about one million 
four hundred thousand dollars ; and to the West-Indies and American 
continent, domestic produce, about fifteen million eight hundred and 
eighty thousand dollars, and foreign produce, about fifteen million 
eight hundred and seventy thousand dollars. The average amount of 
exports of domestic produce during the years, 1805, 1806, and 1807, 
was ^44,863,198 and of foreign produce, ^57,701,937. Of the 
whole value of domestic produce, exported during this period, about 
six tenths went to Europe, about four elevenths to the West-Indies 
and American continent, and less than one twentieth to Asia and Africa. 

In the preceding chapter, we have, as far as practicable, given an 
account of the value of our imports, at different periods, with the 



243 



countries from whence derived. It would have been fortunate, had 
the custom-house books furnished us with the annual value of our im- 
ports, as well as exports. 

This would have enabled us, with much more certainty, to ascer- 
tain the balance of trade, between the United States and other coun- 
tries. 

On the subject of the balance of trade, as it has been called, wri- 
ters on political economy have very widely differed. Assuming dif- 
ferent data as the basis of their calculations, they have come to differ- 
ent results. Some have considered the rate of exchange between two 
countries, as the best evidence of the balance of trade between them ; 
others have considered the value of exports and imports as the surest 
criterion, by which to judge of the increase or decrease of the wealth 
of a country, while some have maintained, that the rate of the inte- 
rest of money is to be taken into the' account. A late celebrated 
French writer, in his able and learned inquiry into the various sys- 
tems of political economy, speaking of the " necessity of endeavour- 
mg to find out a way to know the balance of annual income, and an- 
nual consumption," asks this question, — " Is there any such way, 
that can be relied upon, as certain and positive And answers it 
by saying " there is none." " We must, as yet," says he, " be 
contented with mere conjecture, built upon an augmented population, 
and particularly upon the increase of the industrious classes and towns, 
upon the good condition of agricultural buildings, upon the number 
of acres cleared, or enclosed, and upon the facility with which the 
public contributions are collected. To these conjectures, some add, 
those resulting from the rate of interest of money ; but this conjec- 
ture is, in my opinion, erroneous and delusive. 

" A high rate of interest is not always a proof of the declining 
wealth of a country ; on the contrary, it is a proof of its prosperity, 
when this prosperity is progressive. The interest of money must al- 
ways be very high in countries whose prosperity is progressive, be- 
cause its agriculture and manufactures, increasing with its popula- 
tion, are always requiring fresh capitals, the demand for which ne- 
cessarily keeps the rate of interest very high." 

It is not, however, our intention to enter into a consideration of 
the various theories respecting the balance of trade. Whatever 



2M. 

doubts may have perplexed writers on political economy, on the 
subject of the increase or decrease of wealth, or the balance of trade, 
among the old nations of Europe, there can be none with respect to 
this country. 

That the United States, since the establishment of the present go- 
vernment, and particularly until the commencement of commercial 
prohibitions, and the war between them and Great-Britain, have in- 
creased in wealth, as well as population, does not rest on conjecture. 
It is proved by the great increase of their exports and imports, by 
the increase of the duties on imports and tonnage, by the unexampled 
increase of their commercial tonnage, by the accumulation of wealth 
in all their cities, towns, and villages, by the establishment of various 
monied institutions, and of manufactures, by the great rise in the va- 
lue of lands, and by various internal improvements. If we are to 
form an opinion of the increase of our national wealth, by a compar- 
ative view of our exports and imports alone, we shall be equally cer- 
tain, that this opinion does not rest on conjecture. 

It is true with nations, as with individuals, if their annual con- 
sumption exceeds their annual income ; if the actual value of the 
articles imported into any country, and there consumed, annually ex- 
ceeds the actual value of the articles exported in payment for them, 
that country must become indebted to the amount of the diflference, 
and if this difference be great, and continues for a number of years, 
that country must be proportionably impoverished. In determining, 
however, the increase or decrease of national wealth, by a compari- 
son of imports and exports, we are in the first place to inquire how, 
or in what manner, this value has been ascertained : a second ques- 
tion may also arise, whether the imports are all annually consumed 
in the country, or whether a part of them go to form an addition to 
the productive capital. The modes of valuing exports and imports 
are different in different countries. 

In England, the rates at which the exports and imports are valued, 
were settled in 1696. The value of all articles at that period, ex- 
ported or imported, was fixed, and the value of all the exports and 
imports of that country has ever since been stated in their custom- 
house books at the rates then established. This is called the official 
value in the English accounts of exports and imports. In conse- 



2^5 



quence of the great rise in most if not all the articles of trade, for 
more than a century past, this official value is much less than the real 
or actual value. The difference in some articles is very great, in 
most it amounts to forty, fifty, and sixty per cent. In 1807, the of- 
Jicial value of the exports of British produce and manufacture was 
j£24, 550,724, but the real or declared value, as ascertained by the 
inspector-general of imports and exports and laid before parliament, 
was £39,041,854. 

In the United States, as we have before obsen'ed, the value of ex- 
ports is stated according to the average prices of the articles, at the 
places of exportation. In 1807, the average price of tobacco, for 
instance, at the places from whence it was exported was eighty-eight 
dollars per hogshead, and the value of all the tobacco exported dur- 
ing that year was calculated at that price. The value of the im- 
ports, so far as they are ascertained at the custom-house, (and they 
are ascertained only on goods subject to the payment of duties ad 
valorem) is determined by law, as follows, viz. — ^' by adding twenty 
per cent, to the actual cost thereof, if imported from the Cape of 
Good Hope, or from any place beyond the same, and ten per cent, 
on the actual cost thereof, if imported from any other place or coun- 
try, including all charges, commissions, outside packages and insu- 
rance only excepted.'* From this, it will readily be perceived that 
the value of imports of the United States, as estimated in their cus- 
tom-house books, must, generally, if not always, exceed that of their 
exports. In the preceding Tables, containing the exports and im- 
ports from 1795 to 1801, it will be perceived that the value of the 
latter exceeds that of the former in each year. In 1801 , the value of 
imports (as estimated at the place of importation) was ^111,363,511, 
and the value of exports only ^93,020,673, making a difference of 
gl8,343,938. In 1807, our exports were valued at ^108,343,150, 
and the imports at J 138, 574, 876 84 cents, making a difference of 
$30,231,726. The value of the imports in 1807, it will be remem- 
bered, was estimated from the prices at which the same articles when 
exported in the same year were valued at the custom-house. 

Indeed, from this mode of calculating their value, and from the cir- 
cumstance that American merchants have been, for many years, prin- 
ripnllr their own carriors. howevor pnrnfloxical it may appear, it is 



246 

nevertheless true that the real gain of the United States has beea 
nearly in proportion as their imports have exceeded their exports. 
This will be evidelit from a simple statement in respect to a single 
voyage. A vessel carries a cargo of flour to Spain or Portugal, say 
five thousand barrels. This was valued in 181 1, at g9 60 cents per 
barrel, making the value of the cargo, at the place of exportation, 
^47,600. This flour would bring the shipper in Spain, say fifteen 
dollars per barrel, making the value of the cargo at a foreign port, 
§75,000, the difference being §27,600. This difference arises from 
the necessary charges on the voyage, including freight, insurance, 
commissions, &;c. and perhaps, also, a profit more or less, according 
to the state of the market. If the avails of this cargo should be 
brought home directly in money, the value of the imports arising 
from it would of course be §76,000, exceeding the value of the 
original cargo before its exportation, §27,600. If this cargo were 
shipped in an American vessel, and entirely on account of the Ame- 
rican merchant, this difference would be a gain to the United States. 
It is obvious, indeed, that unless the avails of the cargo, when sold in 
a foreign port, are sufficient to cover the expense of shipment in addi- 
tion to the first cost at the place of exportation, it must be a losing 
voyage. 

Returns, however, are not often made in money alone ; the avails 
of an outward cargo are generally vested in some foreign articles and 
imported into the United States in our own vessels. The freight and 
other expenses on the return cargo, with a reasonable profit, are in- 
cluded in the value of the articles, and go to increase the difference 
between the estimated value of the imported and exported cargo. As 
most of our exports consist of bulky articles, and are carried in our 
own ships, the profit from freight alone has been very great. In 
1811, one million four hundred and forty-five thousand and twelve 
barrels of flour were shipped from the United States, the average 
freight could not be less than two dollars per barrel, making for the 
whole quantity §2,890,024. When we add to this the freight on 
tobacco, rice, cotton, lumber, beef, pork, fish, &c. &,c. &c. the whole 
must amount to many millions. 

The imports are partly again exported, and the rest consumed in 
the United States. The quantity and estimated value of those ex- 



24.7 



ported are contained in our custom-house books, and are annually re- 
ported to congress from the treasury department, and Tables Nos. I. 
II. and III. shew the amount of goods paying duties ad valorem, to- 
gether with the quantities of spirits, molasses, wines, teas, coffee, su- 
gar, and salt, imported and exported at different periods. 

From these it will be seen, that the value of merchandize paying 
duties ad valorem, and the quantities of foreign spirits, molasses, 
wines, teas, coffee, sugar, and salt, annually consumed in the United 
States at different periods, were as follows, viz. : — 









Merchandize paying 








duties ad valorem. 


Average annual amount. 




Dolls. 


3 years. 


1 /yu 10 1 ivz 


- 


19,310,801 




1793 to 1798 


" - - 


27,051,440 


3 years. 


1805 to 1807 




38,549,966 








Spirits^foreign. 








Gallons. 


3 years. 


1790 to 1792 




4,108,802 


6 years. 


1793 to 1798 




5,176,810 


12 years, 


1801 to 1812 




6,834,873 








Molasses. 








Gallons. 


3 years, 


1790 to 1792 




5,423,122 


6 years. 


1793 to 1798 




3,822,351 


12 years, 


1801 to 1812 




7,207,589 






Wines paying spe- 


Wines paying du- 






cific duties. 


ties ad valorem. 






Gallons. 


Gallons. 


3 years. 


1790 to 1792 


- 1,091,478 




6 years. 


1793 to 1798 


- 1,502,403 


661,943 


12 years, 


1801 to 1812 


. 1.715,892 





248 



Teas, 
pounds. 

Average annual amount. 

3 years, 1790 to 1792 - - 2,215,749 

6 years, 1793 to 1798 - - - 2,175,694 

12 years, 1801 to 1812 - - 3,277,194 

Coffee, 
poimds. 

3 years, 1790 to 1792 - - - 3,836,391 

6 years, 1793 to 1798 - - 7,351,665 

12 years, 1801 to 1812 - - - 11,107,380 

Sug-ar. 
pounds. 

22,397,370 
36,149,664 
60,279,249 

Salt. 

pounds. 

3 years, 1790 to 1792 - - - 1,475,033 

6 years, 1793 to 1798 - - 2,210,942 

7 years, 1801 to 1807 - - - 3,856,643 

The consumption of foreign articles has increased, with the in- 
crease of population, and in the articles of coffee and sugar particu- 
larly, the ratio of increase has been in proportion to the wealth, as 
well as the population of the country. 

The increase of American population, it is believed, has been, 
without example, in the annals of the world. From 1749 to 1790, 
a period of forty-one years, the increase was, from little more 
than a million, to nearly four millions. By the first enumeration 
under the present constitution, in 1790, the number of inhabitants 
was— . . - . . 3,929,326 

By the second, in 1800, - - - 5,309,758 

By the third, in 1810, . - - - 7,239,903 

being an increase, in twenty years, of - 3,310,677 



3 years, 1790 to 1792 
6 years, 1793 to 1798 
12 years, 1801 to 1812 



249 



The numbers in each state, in each of these years, may be seen in 
tables No. IV. V. and VI. 

The whole quantity of sugar consumed in the United States, for 
some years past, must have been about seventy millions of pounds. 
In 1810, about ten millions were made, in the territory of Orleans, 
now state of Louisiana ; and in the same year, according to the re- 
turns of the marshals, more than nine millions and a half of sugar 
were made from the maple tree, in the United States. 

Sugar plantations have been, and still are increasing in Louisiana ; 
and it is stated, by those well acquainted with the subject, that, in 
1814, not less than fifteen millions were made in that state ; though 
but a small proportion of the lands there, suitable for sugar, have yet 
been planted with cane. 

The culture of the sugar cane has lately been introduced into the 
state of Georgia ; and the experiments already made have been at- 
tended with the most flattering success. In 1805, Thomas Spalding, 
Esq. a gentleman of wealth and enterprise, in that state, procured one 
hundred cane plants from the West-Indies, for the purpose of trying 
them on his plantation, on an island near the sea coast of Georgia. 
After repeated trials, in which he was guided, principally, by his 
own judgment and experience, he completely succeeded. About 
three years since, he made a small quantity of sugar of a good quali- 
ty ; and in 1814, he had one hundred acres in cane, which produ- 
ced seventy -five thousand weight of prime sugar, and four thousand 
gallons of molasses ; and but, for the want of boilers, which, on ac- 
count of the war, could not be brought to his plantation, would have 
produced one hundred thousand weight. The culture of the cane is 
found not to be more laborious than cotton, and is not liable to so 
many accidents. One thousand pounds per acre is not considered a 
great crop. This at ten cents, would be one hundred dollars. Al- 
most every planter, along the sea coast of Georgia, is now turning his 
attention, more or less, to the culture of the sugar cane ; and from ex- 
periments already made, the cane is found to grow luxuriantly, as 
far north as the city of Charleston, in South-Carolina. 

There can, perhaps, be little doubt, that, at a period not very far 
distant, a sufficient quantity of sugar may he made, within the lim- 
its of the United States, for the consumption of tlie inhabitants. 

32 



250 




•s ^ 



CO CO 
*J -^^ 



CO r-< 



lO r}* 00 
00 rH 
K 

CO CO 
CO 



T—l T-l 1— I 



&i5 



K to 

V3 to 

^ o 



CO CM 



00 CO 
00 00 !>. 

<Ji CTi ^ 



^ o 

O 00 
V> 00 



O 00 
V5 1—1 rH 
'^^K CO 
CjCiCco 

VO CO CO 
K C^O 



00 

a> o o r-i 
a> o 

'<^< 00 o <o 

CO <>r 



o 



< vrj in 

, F-( CO 

CO CT> 



o . 



vo CO CO 

in »0 CM O 
CO K. tv. 

od'o oTt^" oT 
00 i-( ^ cn 
o a> CN( T-i V5 



00 

CO T-l 

«3 CO 



T}< CN ID 
C<? CO 
00 CO CO 

V5 CO 'cjt 
C^ r-l 



O CL, 

ft, M 



*0 tH 

00 o 

C J^OO 
CO CO 

o 

■^co 



O iH iH 

<0 O) 00 
tH^CO 

oToo vf 

Jh- Tft 

V5 t}4 »0 



00 to 
CO 
T-Tco 
CO o» 
CO o 



CO O CO 
VJ CO iH 
O -^J. 

O 00 
V5 <0 



O iH C* CO 
CT> G» 0> 0> 

K K 




P 

g "t? f 'd 



■ ^ S s 2 -73 



^ •'H O c„ c2 
O 0) S O 



•73 



O O 

^. ^ -2 ^ ^""^ 



; S 3 ^ 



, ai ai 

H "5 H cc '+3 +3 ^ 



251 



i 

CO 



I CO CT> CN b>. 
^ I 1-1 

-2 ICO o '"i.co 

00 ^ 00 O 
(N O O O 



CO 

CO lOO 



CO Cfr-T (N , 



O 00 

<N CO 
00 o 

in 



V5 lO «3 
rf« Cn CO 
K CO 

O ^N. 

b^i^CN O 

oTco tC 
CO »o 



O ^ 

CN O 00 
Is. C^OO^^CO »H 

-rf oo iS 

2 CN ^ O 

^ \0 ^ ^ -r-* 00 

>n CO o 



2 



in CO 

O O CO 
V5 VO 



I I 



CO 

tH lO 04 

-H^CN CO 

•"^ o 00 

T-( o _ . 

CO CO o 00 o 

CN CN " " 



CO ,00 



is 



bo 



rH CO »0 

CO >n 

CO C|C^ 

CN 1-1 
CO V5 



O CM 
CO o 

O ts. CO 

CO tsTiC 

r-l CO 

T}< Tj. 



^3 <U 

cn ~ 



ia> (N 00 

^ N. ITS 

. 

JS id'^o'oo" 
-T^loo a» 
ac 00 00 *o 



tv. a> CO 

jj, lO o 
V5 O 



.-I a> IT) 

^ O 00 »o 
CN CO CO 

C74 CN 00 i-( 

oo^is. o oo^N;^ 
CO CO ^ CO CO 



o a, 



I t 



O 00 CO N. 
«0 C7> CO 

tv. IV. bs. 

oTcT 00 cT»n 

C4 i-t O 00 

in 00^ <o CO N;^ 
in TfiC'^ 



. bo si 



a» o o 1-1 

00 O CO 

in^ (N 00 <o 
o TjT C9 

O O O 



>n o CO CT» o 

C7> Oi d C> O 
is. 00 



<N O 
C? CO 



CM 
CN 



»n 

o vo 
00 00 

00*" o 

o vo 

o 

CO 



tH 0» 

th a> 

cn oT 

o <o o 

00 

^ CO ^ 



<o 

CO_ 

*n 

T-T 

in 
CO 



c« g I ^ JO c I 
cP ?o op ceo 



CO 



^ CO 



« 2 



252 

TABLE No. H. 



Statement exhibiting the amount or value of goods paying duties ad va 
lorem imported into the U nited States, together with the duties accru 
ing thereon — also the amount or value of the same goods exported 
distinguishing those entitled to drawback and those not entitled to 
drawback. 



1801 
1802 
1803 
1804 
1805 
1806 
1807 
1808 
1809 
1810 
1811 
1812 



Value of 
goods im- 
ported pay- 
ing duties 
ad valorem. 



55,569,255 
37,546,051 
36,842,865 
43,481,363 
49,148,064 
54,832,896 
57,820,532 
21,216,935 
28,549,588 
52,476,125 
21,874,953 
24,729,282 



Duties. 



7,070,430 
4,960,123 
4,850,630 
5,664,797 
6,410,440 
7,162,099 
7,560,929 
2,739,375 
3,806,263 
6,814,255 
2,820,166 
6,782,144 



Value of 
goods ex- 
ported pay- 
ing duties ad 
valorem enti- 
tled to draw- 
back. 



7,861,744 
10,121,468 
11,047,359 
2, .'50,192 
3,587,209 
3,791,835 
3,535,318 
1,630,122, 



Value of 
goods ex- 
ported pay 
ing duties 
ad val. not 
entitled to 
drawback. 



5,617,889 
6,066,099 
5,437,034 
1,443,198 
1,759,216 
2,837,076 
3,120,884 
888,900 



The importations in these statements are from 1st January, 1801, to the 31st 
December, 1812, and the exports from the 1st of October, 1801, to the 
30th September, 1812. 



25S 



«5 « 



53 ^-^ 



"3 



d\ 



. ]£- on 
CO CD 



\io zo ^ 00 CO 



CO r-i CO G'': 

CO CO '^f CO 
O^^ CO^ G^^ 

oTco CO 
lO i-i o o 

Oi CO uO 



o o 

CO <>J 

CO 
co^co^ 

uO t> 



o 

CO 



ICO OJ 
CO CD 

iyolG^ uo 



G^( CD CO 
lO O 1> C5 
G^ 

CO O CO CO 
GO O ^ O 



J> O CO >^ 

CO 
CD CO^ 



O-i O 
GO ^ 



J> ,-1 

CO O 

t- o 



|C5 G^ O 
l> £- GO 
CO CO '^'^^ 

s>r co" 

CO O CD 
O CD^ 

!co ^ 



o o 

G^ G^ 
CD 

CO 
CO 

cq^G^^ 
co"qf 
T-r't> 
»o uo 

CO CO 



r-^ '-^ CO CO 

CO CD i-i O 
0^>0 CD^'O^ 

CO*" co" crT ocT 

CO lO liD t> 
CO^ G0_ 
CO CO CO to' 
O !>" uO 
Gi "^f O 
O CO CD 



uO ^ uO 

CO l> 

O ^ CO 

CO co^ 

J> CO 



t- CO 

00 O CO 
CO^ O ^ 

CO o CO 

t- CO 

Cd'' O {>' O" Oi' go' CO 



CD O 
CD CO 



t> CO !> G^ 
O CO 
CO O CO 



O CO 
O C5 

CO O CO 

o 



ItO CO G^ 
O CO 

. ®i 

CI, bOlG^ O CD 



I ,0 GO to 
02 CO '-I 
O O^GO 

_ 

&0,C0 CO tO 
G^ G^ G--! 



CDCOOt-G^GOOCOtO 
uO^COG^05C5^0COCD 
0_ G^^ --^ 02^ O 1> CO^ 
ctT Gf Co" G^" cT Co" go" CO t-" 
T-(T-COG^G^{COG^'-HC0 
ricOGOCOG^G^'-HT-i 



OCOO-^t^COOtOr-i 
^t-tOt-CDCOOOCD 
!>tOCO'=:^COGOG^GO^tO 

co'gTgo'o^-'os r^co" cT 

i-<-:tI>Oi>CDOG^'^ 
t-;^ G^^ CO l> CD^ CO^ *0 tO^ ^ 

^ CD o" go" go" 



'-<G^JC0'*^COt>00C?2O'-'G^ 
OOOOOOOOO'-HT-Hr- 

COOOCOCOOOOOCOOOCOCOCOCO 



t- o 

o 

to CO 
CO T-i" 



^ CO 



CO ^ 
O 

CO^CO 

CO to 



CO I 



o 



I'^h CO 

05 OS 

o o 

T-( to 

lo cd" 

CO 



CO CO 

Oi T-H 05 CO 
CO^ 1> CO 

^G^r O ^ 

C5 T-i CO O 

CO^ 

o'co CO 

^ 



CO CO 

gTiO 
G^ 

'T-^CO^ 

rr 



0:1 l> 
O 

CO G^ 
C0^-1«^ 

G^ CO 



CO G^ 
GO G^ 
!> 

^"co" 

CO t- 
G^ O 



Ico CO 

CO UO 
00 CO 



o CO o CO 

05 O 
J> CO CO 



CO G^ G^ 
T-H 

co^n^co 
ctTctT co" 

to CO ^ 



CO 1— I Oi 
T-< G^ 1> 



O CO r}^ 

CO ^ CO 



c- O 

G^ ^ 
O G^^ 
CO oT 

CO J> 

CO 



05 
o 

oTgI 

CO 
CO 00 

GO CO 



G^ GO 
Oi^ to 

oTco" 
i> ©< 

CO >^ 

ccTco" 

G^ G^ 



i> O c- 

O 05 CO 
G|_ 

J> 1> o 

CO CO Oi 



to CO Oi 
0:1 to 05 
tO^ tO^ tC^ 

co'cTccT 

O CO CO 
CO CO 



CO 10 

1—1 to 

1> 1> 



CO 1> 
to G^ 
1-i CO 



10 '-^ CO 

l> . O OJ GO 
to ' to 05 lO 



G>)G^©<G<CO'*>^"* 



CO ^ ©< 



CO ©) CO CO 
CO 05 CO CO 
to ''^ G^CO 

■^co'crrco' 

Oi -Ti^ y-> CO 
00 G^ i> 



i> 1-1 CO 
O CO CO 
G^ O CO 

Gf GO !> 
O CO CO 
O CO ©( 



CO ©( ©< G^ 
i-H CO CO CO 
CO^ t"^ Oi 

cft-^ to'^oT 

1> CO G^ T-t 

i> CO o to 



r-<i-lCO"'-tG^©< T-lT-lT-t 



CO Oi CO T-i 

©I G^ G^ 
CO to CO rt< 



CO ^ 00 

O J> CO 
00 CO 



l> CO O) 

01 to CO 

05 T- O 



O CO ©* 
!> O ^ 
CO ^ CO 



©( Oi 00 CO 
CO GO '-^ ^ 
00 O O 



05 GO ©< O) 
CO ^ ©< 

G^OCO'-;^_^^ _ _^_^^_ 
■^CO G0tOCOCCr-^''-<'t>G0^G0' 
O CO 05 -C0 
to CO ^ CO 
CO 05 Oi CO 



»-H CO >0 

©i CO O 

©* 05^ tO_ J>_ 

T-T ^ co~©r 



to CO tft 

CO 1> 

G^cq^co 
CO 

05 CO 
00 O CO 

go" 



|> O CO CO 

©< to CO i> 

05^ CO 00^0 
-jTcO rjTco" 
to CO CO CO 
CO CO CO 



©^ 05 1> ©i CO 

to O 05 t> 
1-^^ CO^ i> 

t— t^co^i^oT 

CO ©< O CO ^ 
tOC0^G0»^»O^ 

^ ^ go" go" co" '-h" 



o:) to i-< 
o i> CO 

©J^'^O 
' t-" 
i> CO CO 

to < T— I 



GO GO T-t ^ 
O ©« ©I 05 
CO^ 05^ to CO 
i-TcsTrj^co' 

©< CO "^j* o 

CO ©< CO CO 



CJ5 O i-t 

to 00 T-H 

05 CO ^ 

ccT ©r trT 

^ 05 05 CO 
to G^O^G^ 
©f to' Co" 



•rji GO CO 
05 ©< to 
'^^00 •'^ 

CO oTco 

CO GO 

©* »o 



O CO 05 o 

CO 1> O 
to tO^r^ £^ 

co*^ tff oT cjT 

!> ©I l> CO 
T^i 05 CD 



T-iG^CO'^'OCOt'COOSO'-*©* 

ooooooooo^^^-^ 

COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO 



r 



255 



< 



o p 



CO 

CO cn 
co^co" 

CO 1> 
U3 00 



O O CO 

CO ^ 1> 1> 3^ 

'"^ C5^ 05^ CO 

CO urT co" 'St" 

rr O CO 05 1-1 CO 
to t- 1-) CO 



CO CO CO CO CO 



1 1 
^1- 



vO CO 
O 00 



OO J> CO 05 O 1> 
-"^f O 'TT O 
to CO^ OJ^ CO »0 lO 
uO~ CcT uo" G^" Od' 

3^ i-i CO 



t- 00 
to CT2 
CO CO 



00 CO 
I> O 

l> to CO 
1-^ CO CO ©I 
CO CO CO 
CT) to 'g" 1> 



to to o 

O G^ CO 

i> CO co^co 

CO O rt« 
G^ l> 



iG< I I 



CO CO CO CO CO '^f 



to CO G^ 
to to CT5 CO 
CTJ^ O to t-^ 

' to Co" CO' 
05 l> CO 
G^^ CO^ 05 

i>" T}'" G^r 

T- CO to CO 



05 t- G^ 
CT5 05 O O 
«> to 

t-^ co'^r-Trr' 

O CO 03 

^ l> l-^ 

to" G^" r-" od" 

to to ^ 



CO CO 

O CO O CJi 
®1 

OCO CO CO 
CO G^ C5 O 
1-H GO O^CO 

go" »o 

CO G>< l> 



^ to l> CO 

O G^ CO 

CO CO to CO O CO G^ 



O G^ T 
05 CO 00 
J> G^^G^^ 
rjT co" o" 

o 

CO^ 1> uO 

y-^ ^ CO 
to to 
G^ !> «> 
O i> 



O 05 1> 
GO '-H CO 05 
CO '-^Oi^G^^ 

trf crT ccT to" 
rf< 



'^r 00 i> 

G^ CO G^ 
G^^ 05^ 

i> co"co" 
n< ^ ^ 



COtO!>J>tOOO*OiOG^05^ 
05COCOC75VO'*OG^'^050CO 
tO^i— I ^CTi t-^OS^G^^G^^CO^C^CO^tO^ 

i-rco'crcTr&rj>co''^^co"coj> 

^l>rf"COO5C0C0O500COt>G0 
CO^ 05_ I> !>_ CO^ CO_ GO 

co" 00 to oT tfS cT >^ co" co" go" of 

TfJ>CO&IOO^COCOCOt>!> 
^ — G< G^ G^ 



-^G^CO-*>-OCOt-COC7iO'-<0^ 
OOOOOOOOO^^^ 

COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOOO 



256 



o 
pq 

t 





05 




!> 


»0 


CO 





O) 


CO Tf 


CO 





CO 


o5 






CO 






CO 


r}< CO 


G^ 




G^ 


CO 




3^ 


*-( lO 








C5 


G< 




lO CO u:) 


CO O) 


'-^ 0^ 1> 


CO Gi^ 







CO 


CO 


GO 




u::) 


CO CO 






oToi 


J> GO 


05 




GO 






CO 




CO 1> 


CO 


CO 




CO 


CO ^ 




05 




CO 




CO 


G^ 








CO 




G^ 


CO 






GO 


1> CO 








05^ 
CO 




CO 


CO 




00 






GO 




■X) 


i> 1— < 











CO 












CO 




G^ 


CO CO 


CO 


G^ 




CO 


GO 




Oi 











05 




GO^ 




i> CO 


o_ 


CO^uO 





G^ 






CO 






c c 




G^ 


1— 




CO co" 


go" 


G^ 


t> 


0:1 


G^ 


GO 


t» 














G^ 


'"^ 







CD 





G^ 






05 






















^ 


-TIL 








CO 









CO CO 


j> 


CO 




G^ 


1> Oi 


GO 


CO ^ 


■""^ 


CO 








•suosjsdaajj 




CO 


CO CD 








•O 


CO 


GO Oi 




CO 







I— 1 


^O 






CO 






00 










CO c:^ 


CO 


CO 




GO 






to 


GO 


G^ 




G^ 


CO GO 


co" 


G^ r^i 










lO 





^ 


G^ 


CO 





t> 


CO 


>o 


^ - -— - 

CO 




01 


G^ 




— 







CO 




•jO 




Gn< 


CO 


CO CO 


CTD 






CO 














CO 




co^ 


G^^ 


CO GO 


JO^ 





v> 


















G^ 




G^ 


CO" 


co'gT 




lO 


CO 




CO 










05 


CO 






CO 


G^ 




r-H 


CO 


G^ 


G^ 






















G^ 
















;^ Y 


CO 




CO 05 


oS" 


CO" 


G^ 


CO 


03 CO 


oT 


uO~^ 
















^ CO 


OS 




G^ 






GO 


CO 


G^ 




>J0 






ua3:iXTs Jap 




CO 


l> G^^ 


t> 










GO^ 








0^ 


®i 




-un sai^iu 


si 










CO 




CO G^ 




CO 















GO 


G^ CO 


1— < 


uo 


l> 








'-I 


GO 










































•sp.reAV 




CO 


CO 




CO 






CO CO 


,0 


CO CO 


CO 


■GO 








CO 


CO 


CO 




G^ 






CO CO 




GO CO 


i> 





uO 


i> 




-dn 25 sji53i 




0^ 


co^^^ 


0, 


>0 


1-^ 


G^^ 


t- !> 






0^ 










9X JO S91BUI 




co" 


ixf 


CO 


0" 


go" 








oT 


>^ 


co" 


»o 


CO 






CO 


G< O) 




CO 


CO 








^ CO 


CO 




T— I 






S^tqAV 99JJ 

































IS 



03 03 



o4 

o u 



03 



O 



-XJ 



o 3 

=5 D bOT'. ^ 



O C *- 



cc 00 



ID 

1-t O VO O 

ts. O rH O 

»0 ^ V5 VO 00 
CN rj« 



*o a. Oi 

cx) T}< i-^ 

0% tH 

t-T rn" hvT 

O '-I CN 

»-( CO 



O CO 



•IS 



00 o 
CO 



lou streipui idaoxa 
suosjad 33.1J jaqio 



nv 



00 O CO 

i-H CO O 

00 CO 40 CO »o 

vT CO 00 



1-1 1^ 

1-1 »o 

O 

1-1 

tH G^~C0~ 

O O V5 

00 Tj< 
i-T 



i-( 00 

,-( <o 

CO «N 

CO 00 



JO spB9t{ Smpiiput 



M JO sproq Suipnpui 

S :'S^ Japim pu^ 9S joi^S 



^ K. a> OO rH 

^ Tf- T}< vo 
O 00 o «D 



O C9 
^ CO 



V3 1-1 



<o O 
O CO 



o o Is. a> o 

00 00 1-t tH 
Tj< 1-1 <N CTi K 



CO 

o CO a> 

K to 00 

00 oT o 

1-1 CO 



iC 00 



•S3I|IU1BJ 



|5 Ijo sp^aq SinpnpuT 



V5 iH O CO 

o ^ o o CO 

to O T}< o 



o 00 o 

CO tH is- 

O O 00 

oT oT 



»0 CO 
O »<3^ 



•91 japun pu^oijo 



JO 00 <0 lO 

CO 1-t O 

CO CO O 00 

F-Too^i-H vTcN 

1-1 i-( 1-1 CO 



t^- 

C< 

<0 00^ ^ 
^O" CO 
iH 



CO CN 



aSB JO siB9i OT •t8pun I ^- 



CT> ^ 

CO C9 *0 
00 CN »0 t-^ 

o vToo oToT 

CO CN 



JO spB9t^ Suipnpur 
'spj^Avdn pire jq 



a> o to 

CO 00 Ov 

CO a» o 00 Tj< 



Ci ^ 

1-t C9 is. 

VO CN i-T 

1-f CO *o 

'56" '-^^ 

»0 CN 

CO ^ CO 



00 00 

^ «o 

00 iC 

''f 

"Ih CO 



•s9iTian?j 
JO sp«3q Suipnpin 
yfr Japan pug gz JOp 



00 O tr> r}< 

th 00 00 *o 

CO ^ 'O 



o o 

rj< »n 

rH a> 00 



^ o 



JO spwaq Suipnpui j"^! 
'9S aapun puB 91; jqi^ 



O CO C?i *o 

00 00 '"t 

01 VO CN 00 O 



CO o 

CO CO 

oT oT 

i-( <N 



1-1 

to 

00 r-l 



•9X aapun puB oi JO 



»0 00 to ^o 
O O T}< >o >o 
CO '"^ O CO <7> 



O en 00 
>0 CO 
CO 00 



aSB JO sa«aX qx Japu^.! 



O to O "O i-< 
^ CN '^t 'O 

a> i-" 



to o 

CO o vo 

a> o^^ i>- 

to" CO 

rH CO »0 



O 00 



^1 

3 -c: 




5^ .-a 

iz; S S o > a^SStC/;. . S^ M. P 



S3 



25S 



<o cr> 

00 Tjt 

to 



CO th <o cr> 

O 00 V5 
iH >0 to 
00 »o C^o 
In. TP «0 
CO 1-1 C^J 



>0 »-« O CN 

to v> o 

CO to 00 to 



to tH Oi CO 

»n a> 

CN rH to CO 

CO to^oTcT 

CO Tf< V5 T}< 



Vj CTi 
CO 00 00 

CO CO 



;ou suBTpuj :^d^^x^ 
suosaad aaaj aaq^o jiy 



tH CO 

Ti« a> 00 

T-l CO 

oo" 



CO V5 cr> T-t 

T}< 00 tH T^fl 

o iH a> 

K CO iH 



CO <N 

CO to 00 o 
CO tH r-l CO 



JO spB9i| Smpnpui 
*spji3A\.dn pire JO 



o a» 

0> 00 
T-( 00 iH 



K V) 
i-t CO 

>0 rfi^OO O 

oT CO 



o\ r-i to a» 

CO tH tH ^ 

i-T CO 



•S9T^TUI^J 

JO spT39q SuipnpuT 
'Sf japim pire 9g jp 



•saitTttrej 
JO sp^gq SuTpnpui 
gZ aapun piie 91 JO 



•QX J9pun puB 01 JO 



00 T-( CO 

w ^ b> 

CO tO^ xj< 
CO 



to to V5 r}< 
to CO CO CO 
to CN 00 Ov 



CO to G^? 

t}< a> a> 
CO CO ->4* a> 
CO to 



CO 00 



JO SJ129X OX Jgpufi 



c^} o CO 

to 1-f 
CN T}< CO 



a» CO 

00 Tj< T}< 
OJ r-t V> 



T}< K. T}< CO 

iv- V5 iH CO 

00 00 a> 



CN 

V) »o 

CO V5 



CO o to (N 

V5 00 K 

CO CO o 

CO tvT 



tv. O 

a> K 

>0 V5 to 



-"^ a> 

to o 

o to a> 



CO o 

Tfi 0% V5 >0 
to is, ^ 
00 CO 



•S9T\tUIBJ 

JO spi39H Surpnput 
spatJAvdn pu^ gf jo 1^ 



00 
O 



Tjt CO K 00 

CO 00 10 CO 

tH^ tOG^O^C* 

i-T ooo-^oT 



V5 to 

CM C<> i-H 



•S91tTUI^J 

JO sp^9i{ SuipnpuT 
'gf aapun piie 95 jq 



CO 00 b- 

^ 00 V5 

CO 10 

CO 



b- o iH a> 

to cn> CO a> to 

CO iH tH r-l 



CO *0 O C<f 
CO 00 v> 
00 to CO 



•S9T|tUn?J 

JO sp'sgq Suipnpui 
*9S Jgpun pire gx jQ 



•9X agpim pu^ oi JO 



00 



CO 

00 



O T-l VJ 

to to to 00 o 
to i-ThTorvT 

iH CO r-( iH 



CO to 00 CO 
to 'tf 
^ 00 



to 00 o 

c<t o\ c<t 
CM a> CO 



CO to CT> V5 
O K >0 to 
V) O iH T}< o 



1^ to T}< 
to CO CO -r^ 

CO i>r 



9S1! JO sj^9i OX 'rapun 



K b- CT^ 

to CO 00 

10 00 00 



T-t 00 T-t >-< -^f 

to '-^"^ooc^ 

TfT cotCoTKT 

CO to CO tH CO 



<» a> b- 
to *r> a> 
CO 00 o>(?? I 



'SfJidfUJQ Jo S^UIVJ^ 



.3 



<5 



V a 



^2; 



f-l •> "-I t/^ 

o o ^5 

Qj "-^ 'j;;; 4> 



259 



K o 00 o to^o^vo^»o^^^b^*n 
oo'cN •^''iC^o"'-ror^"o"c>? o ^ o <o' 
c< Tj. CM CN c^a^cNoo CO a> 



•S9ABIS 



00 O iH V) CN 00 1-i 

Or-li-(»OC>t^O'H <0 

iHC0O00t^'H^»0»0^ ' 

T-l r-( tH 00 



;da3X9 suosjad 93Jj jaxpo nv 



o 



is 



89^ 

-luiBj JO spB9n SuTpnpui 
'spj^Avdn pire 9Ag-A>ioj jq 



a>tN.OOCTiCOCOCOCN<Oh,OC7>CO 
<r>COK*r>OV5CO'<*C3»COCNts.O»r-( 

<yt K tv^vD^-^^co^oo^Tj^^i-^^o^vs 00^ 
vd" CO vd'io^K cn CO CO oi-Tt-T 

CN rH CO CO 



*0 t^-CN vOOOa>OVD'<4<CMh-C^ 

r-ta»OV5i^ai'HOT}<ts.»Or-(r-lOO 
iO00^CN^C0<Oh-i-^K00i-i iO t^"^ 

(M cTio^TH^ioc^^ vTin CM T^cioo CO 

iH CO >-(»-( CM'<^'r-l'<f4 r-(CO 'H 



•S9I|TU«rj JO 

sp^gq Suipnpui *9Ay-A":|, 
-joj J9pun xis-i(:^U9.u:^ JO 



''j'aiOCM^ocovsai^oh-oocoy:)© 

<OCM-*Cr>C0a)OV5CNCMO^C0CM 
T}<CMC^K^OCN00C000>OC^T-i-^C7> 



•S9T[TIUBJ 

JO spB9q SutpnpuT 'xis-A 
U9Av:i aapun pire U99:vxis jq 



•U99:VXTs a9puii pire U9:^ jo 



OvoCNCOOCOC^^Or-i'r^o^OTH 

c7i<oa>ooo)t^coo^o->^<i^a^a)T-4 

C^CO^b^Oj^VJ^Oj^r-^rH^O^V^OCJ^OOCI^iO 

T-TtrTootC-^ vTr-T »ovoco"<*oror 

CN r}< CM CM 00 (79 Is. CM rH CN 

~fZl^'C^~i^~Cri rHi-lKCOOCO^CTlCO 

cMa>*0'*ooco'-iooT}tKcooy3T}< 

00^ ^CN^CO CO c:^ 00 K C3^C0 OCJ^CM 00 

CO ocT 00*" o -"t iC CM <o »rr 

.H CO 'H 1-1 VO 1-1 <0 1H T}< T-H CM 



•93b jo fe-regi U9:^ J9puxi 



iHi-H CO r-|10 CO *OC^aVTHt^lOCM^O 
COOOi-<CMV5'-"'<*CO<OTj<cOT-(C7^t^ 
rH oq^co <0 *O^C3^C^ O O '-^^K 'H^t^ 

CO«DCOCOi-tCO>OCOCO COOi-^^O 



•S9T[ 

-luiBj JO spB9q Suipnioui 
'spjBAvdn puB 9Ay-iC;aoj jq 



i-l^OCMCOai'*V)'*OOOVO(MiCCM 
C7^t^«OlOCOOOOOOOh.VOO«OT}< 
CM<^'<^OT)<T}<aiOi-^00i-tC0C7^i0 
CO CO »rr O CO <0 CM CM »0 >0 rH 

t-(COtHi-( C^V)»-tlO i-(COr-(r-( 



•sgiiTUXRj 
jospB9qSuTpn]ou{ '9Ay-X; 
-JOJ .igpun ^5 xts-X;u9A\; jq 



CJ^Ttr-li-|40C7>CM'<tCO^>Ob,rHCO 

h-^coo><£)CTiooa»c7ivo»o«:)vo*o 

O0C3^>Ob>,K^q^00C0»-l00CM*0h-*0 
CMioOOVOCO-^rHT^vftOCMCMC^^' 
C9>*CMCM CMC7>CMt^ CM»OCMCM 



•soriiuxT?j 
JO sp'cgq SuTpupul xis-a:^ 
u9Ai^ a9pun pire ugo^xis jq 



ro 00 <r; X O O i-( CO O 00 CO CM 
Oi-iV0l^i000t^C0O»O00ls,00t^ 
Tj-OCOVOCMOOt^CSCMi-iVO-^T-tb, 



•U99;xTS jgpun pire ii9i jo 



co-itoh-Tfooc^-^^ooa^OiCTv-"* 

O^'>t'**CCJ^Oi-<O00 00i-(iHO 

«ta^ooco*c-<i<N.c7>*OTj<Tj«c^i-<oo 



c<ocMOKooaiooT}<<o<oi^vOTH 



^■'^■^vDcocO'-icovococo coa>^<o 



S 5^ 



3 



I • 

11 



J 3 ^" I' 3 



2&) 



•}otdjsip y3v9 m sjv^oj^ 



O O >0 CO 
O «D tH CO 
»0 CO CO tH '^j' 

in o <o »H *o 

>n ?H tH ■>^< CM 



to CN V5 O CN CO 
iO V) 'ti' 00 to 
V5 r-) 00 *C C<» 
<0 O O CN 

C9 rH C<{ 



■<4< to ch *n 00 

1^ >0 to i-H 
00 CO tH CO 



O 00 rH 00 V) 

to 00 r-( CO to 

to O O r-( CO 



iVO O )S- ^ iH 

•p3X«; ^OU SUeipUI V? § J?? § 



>n O K CO CO O CT> 

00 O 04 i-< 

V5 CN to CO to tH V5 



-im^j JO spT?9q SuipnpuT 
'spJLTJMdn pTO 9Aij-i^oj jol^ 



•C3TT |b-C?>tOtO00 
s^H »0 Cvf CO 



O V5 ^ O 

C% b- to to CO CO 
Tj< to »0 K CO r-l 00 



O ^ Tj^ O to tH 



CO CO 

-~ - iCObTooo (N 

-joj aapun xIS-A:^u^A^^. jok^ r-t th t-i 



SpK9q JSUipiiput '9AIJ-A-^ 



to CO a> o 

V5 to 00 tH CO 
O i-^CO OO^CO CO b^ 

CO fHr-Ti-r T-T 



spB9T| Sutpnpin 

-U9AV^ jgpunpire u99:^xts jq 



•U99:^xts aapim pu^ ug:^ jo 



CO V5 O CO to 
O^Vj^CO »o 

iCcOt-^ oco 

CO 



rH CS) r-l 



^ CO CO 00 CO 
b~ 00 CO GS) >0 to in 
00 »H r}<^CN O CO, tO^ 

T-T i-T ih" 



CO 'O CO Oi N. 
V5 T-t ^ CO 
O CN 'H tO^C^ 

CO rH T-( 



to 00 b- CO r-i 

(N tH tH r-T i-T 



j r-< to b- CO 

T-i a> a> 00 
-^■^co '^c^ 
vTbT'^b-rtcr 

to tH G^ CO 



*r5 CO *r> to 00 

00 tH r-t iO rH O CO 

CO O C9 in o >o 
lOTjTco'^C? ci 



•turej JO spB9q Sinpnput J. ^g. J 
■spJBAvdn puu ^ATJ-X:^aoJ jo[<^ ^ 



00 in to o <o 
o T}< to *n '<^' to 
*n T-( th vj CO 00 

C< r-T tH 



•S9inUI^!J JO 

-JOJ japim ^8 xTs-iC:^U9Av:^ jo'co 



<yi 00 CO G^ 
CO th 00 
in Tj. CO 



o o a> to c?> CO b- 

CO to to tH CO to o 
th T-i o CO CO b- r-t 

*n CO cTcitH" 



•S9TXTUI^JJ0 ^ 

spi?9q SutpTipuT 'xis-iC:^ 
-uom J9pun 53 U99ixts jo!^ 



to o CO in 
to CO 00 

G^ O 



CO 00 CO o 

to a> to 00 b. 00 
oj^tq^in c^c^in *n 



•U99:VXTS a9pim pu« ug:^ jq 



00 CS> CO 1-1 

1-H in o> in 
to in oj^ 

'brorbrrH" 



rH in C9 in rH 00 

CO csj ■<j4 V) in 
tq^ CO a> a» CO 

r-T th" rn" rH 



•9S?! JO sj^gX U9^ jgpun 



|tO o> 
'co a> o to o 

O CO rH «0 O 



00 b- 00 CO to o a> 

T}» rH CO G^ to O b* 

00 C>J G^ 00 

in-'^co'tfc^ 



eS 

O cn flJ ;3 
<U Co 

c c & 

O M O) rj Q 



.2 c3 O J3 e»- 
O § ^3 .S O 



CHAPTER VIII. 



Public debt at the commencement of the present goveriimcnl — ^Funded, and 
on what terms — Sinking" Fund — Increase or decrease of the debt at differ- 
ent periods — By whom owned in 1803 — Amount at tlie time of the declara- 
tion of the late war between the United States and Great-Britain — ^Its in- 
crease since — Amomit and terms of the late loans, and issues of Treasury 
Notes — Sketch of the national debt and sinking fund of Great-Britain. 

We have before stated, that in April, 1783, the debt of the Unit- 
ed States (exclusive of the State debts) was estimated at ^42,000,375 
and that from that time, to the commencement of the present go- 
vernment, a small part only of the interest of this smn was paid. 
The attention of the first Congress was early called to the subject of 
supporting public credit, and of making provision for the payment 
of the public debt. The first House of Representatives, under the 
constitution, directed the Secretary of the Treasury, to prepare and 
report a plan for the support of public credit. The Secretary, in 
pursuance of such direction, made a report on the subject, the 9th of 
January, 1790, which afterwards became the basis of the various 
laws passed by congress for funding and paying the public debt. 
By this report, the whole debt of the United States, foreign and 
domestic, liquidated and unliqui(iatecl , was estimated at ^54, 124,464 
and 56 cents. 

The principal of the foreign debt, was - ^10,070,307 
Arrears of interest to the last day of December, 
1789. . ... 1,640,071 62 



^11,710,378 62 



262 

The foreign debt consisted of loans from governments and indivi- 
duals in Europe, as follows, viz. — 



CAPITAL SUMS BORROWED. 



Livres. Dolls. Cts. 

Of the royal French treasury, on interest 
at five per cent. - - - 24,000,000 

In Holland, guaranteed by the French 
court, at four per cent. - - 10,000,000 



Livres 34,000,000 6,296,296 



Of the royal Spanish treasury, at five per 
cent. ----- 174,011 

Florins. 

Lenders in Holland, 
first loan, five per cent. - - 6,000,000 

second loan, four per cent. - 2,000,000 

third loan, five per cent. - - 1,000,000 

fourth l6an, five per cent. - 1,000,000 



9,000,000 3,600,000 



g 10,070,307 



ARREARAGES OF INTEREST TO 31ST DECEMBER, 1789. 



ON THE FRENCH LOAN. 



Livres. Dolls. Cts. 
1789, Jan. 1 , 5 yrs. interest on the 6,000,000 

at five per cent. - - 277,777 77 

Sept. 3, six years interest on the 18,000,000 

at five per cent. - - 999,999 96 

Nov. 5, four years interest on the 10,000,000 

at four per cent. - - 296,296 



263 



ON THE SPANISH LOAN. 

Dolls. Ct3. 

Arrearages on the Spanish loan of g 174,0 11 

to 21st March 1782, at 5 per ct. - 5,093 27 
March 21, seven years interest on do. 60,904 62 

1,640,071 62 

gll,710,378 62 

The principal of the liquidated domestic debt was J27,333,91 7 74 
The arrears of interest to the end of 1790, 

amount to - - - - 13,030,168 20 



g40,414,085 94 
The unliquidated debt was estimated at - 2,000,000 

Making together, - - - §54,124,464 56 

The state debts, including interest, were estimated at ^25,000,000. 
In this report, the Secretary recommends to Congress an assumption 
of the state debts, with like provision for payment as the debts of the 
union, as *' a measure of sound policy and substantial justice." If 
the United States should assume the state debts, the whole debt, to be 
provided for by the general government, would amount to about se- 
venty-nine millions of dollars, and the annual interest to §4 ,587,444 
and 81 cents, as estimated in the report. 

It was doubted by the Secretary, whether, in addition to the other 
expenses of the government, it was in the power of the United States 
'* to make a secure and effectual provision for so large a sum, on the 
terms of the original contracts." On this subject he says " the in- 
teresting problem now occurs : Is it in the power of the United 
States, consistently with those prudential considerations, which ought 
not to be overlooked, to make provision equal to the purpose of fund- 
ing the whole debt, at the rates of interest which it now bears, in ad- 
dition to the sum which will be necessary for the current servire oi 
the government 



'* The Secretary will not say that such a provision would exceed 
the abilities of this country ; but he is clearly of opinion, that to 
make it, would require the extension of taxation to a degree, and to 
objects, which the true interest of the public forbids. It is therefore 
to be hoped, and even to be expected, that they will cheerfully con- 
cur in such modifications of their claims, on fair and equitable princi- 
ples, as will facilitate to the government an arrangement substantial, 
durable, and satisfactory to the community. It will not be forgotten, 
that exigencies may, ere long, arise, which would call for resources, 
greatly beyond w^hat is now deemed sufficient for the current service ; 
and that, should the faculties of the country be exhausted or even 
strained to provide for the public debt, there could be less reliance 
on the sacredness of the provision. 

*' But while the Secretary yields to the force of these considera- 
tions, he does not lose sight of those fundamental principles of good 
faith, which dictate, that every practicable exertion ought to be 
made, scrupulously to fulfil the engagements of the government ; 
that no change in the rights of its citizens ought to be attempted 
without their voluntary consent ; and that this consent ought to be 
voluntary in fact, as well as in name. Consequently, that every pro- 
posal of a change ought to be in the shape of an appeal to their rea- 
son and to their interest ; not to their necessities. To this end it is re- 
quisite, that a. fair equivalent should be offered for what may be ask- 
ed to be given up, and unquestionable security for the remainder. 
Without this, an alteration, consistently with the credit and honour of 
the nation, would be impracticable." 

With these views, he submits to the consideration of Congress, va- 
rious plans and propositions for the modification, security, and pay- 
ment of the domestic debt. The main object of all his propositions 
was either to lower the rate of interest, or to postpone the payment 
of the interest, or a part of the sum, to a distant day, with the con- 
sent of the creditors themselves. On the 14th of August, 1790, Con- 
gress passed " an act making provision for the debt of the United 
States." This act proposed a loan of the whole of the domestic debt. 
The terms of the loan were, that two thirds of the principal of the 
debt subscribed should draw an interest of six per cent, per annum, 
from and after the first day of January, 1791, and the remaining 



2U 



third 01 the principal, to draw the same interest, from and after the 
year 1800 ; the interest on both to be payable quarter yearly ; and 
that so much of the debt subscribed, as consisted of arrears of interest, 
should, from and after the first day of January, 1791, bear an interest 
of three per cent. 

By the same aci ngress assumed twenty-one and a half millions 
of the debts of ti ^ ^ral states ; and the sums assumed were ap- 
portioned to each it^:' This sum was also to be loaned to the Unit, 
ed States, by/h; individuals who held certain evidences of state 
debts, on the xowing terms, viz. Each subscriber to be entitled to 
one certificate for the sum equal to four ninths of the sum subscribed, 
bearing an interest of six per cent, per annum, commencing the first 
■ •^ " r." January, 1792 ; to another certificate for a sum equal to two 
lintns of the sum subscribed, bearing an interest of six per cent, after 
Ihe year 1800 ; and to a third certificate, for a sum equal to three ninths 
of the sum subscribed, bearing an interest of three per cent, from the 
first day of January, 1792. This act was, at first, limited to one 
year, but was aftem^^ards extended until the whole of the assumed 
debt was subscribed, and nearly the whole of the domestic debt of 
the United States. On the 31st day of December, 1794, the amount 
of the domestic or original debt of the United States, which was sub- 
scribed and funded according to the provisions of law, (including the 
debt standing to tlie credit of individual states, being balances found 
due to them on a final settlement of accounts between them and the 
United States, and including also, that which, previous to that time, 
had been purchased by the commissioners of the sinking fund,) was 
as follows, viz. 

Six per cent, stock, - - - ^20,925,894 39 

Deferred stock, .... 10,462,947 61 
Three per cent, stock, - - - 13,394,280 01 

The amount of funded assumed debt, (including 
that purchased or redeemed by the commissioners of 



31 



^66 



the sinking fund,) on the last day of December, 1794, 
was as follows, viz. — 



Six per cent, stock, - - - g8, 120,836 23 

Deferred stock, .... 4,060,417 84 

Three per cent, stock, - - - 6,090,660 67 

Making in the whole six per cent, stock, - ^29, 046, 730 62 

Deferred stock, - - 14,523.365 45 

Three per cent, stock, - =^ 484 '40 68 

Redeemed by purchase, - - 2,2oo,02£ ^>7 



Total due, December 31st, 1794,* - g60,789,914 18 



The total amount of the unredeemed debt of the United States, both 
foreign and domestic, and the particulars of which it consisted, on the 
31st day of December, 1794, was as follows, viz. — 

Foreign debt, - - ^14,599,129 35 

Deduct instalments of foreign debt 
in the year 1795, to be paid 
out of proceeds of foreign 
loans, - - 853,750 

13,745,379 35 

Funded domestic debt, viz. 
1. Arising from original domestic 
debt, subscribed to loan pro- 
posed by funding act, 

Stock bearing present inte- 
rest of six per cent. - g 17,912, 138 01 

Stock bearing a future inte- 
rest of six per cent. - 8,538,228 97 

Stock bearing interest of 
three per cent. - 12,275,347 55 

* See Report of the Secretar}' of the Treasury, 1795. 



267 



2. Arising from state debts assumed, 

Stock bearing present inte- 
rest of six per cent. - §7,908,374 19 

Stock bearing a future inte- 
rest of six per cent. - 3,940,608 96 

Stock bearing an interest of 

three per cr - 5,994,115 70 



3. Arising irom baiaiices to creditor 
state.:, 

Stock bearing present inte- 
ffrst of six per cent. 

Stock bearing a future inte- 
rest of six per cent. 

Stock bearing an interest of 
three per cent. 



2,345,056 

1,172,528 

703,516 80 
60,789,914 18 



Unsubscribed debt, viz. 

Principal, exclusive of loan 
office certificates, bearing inte- 
rest, on nominal value, - g 1,072, 583 40 

Interest thereupon, including 
indents, - - 452,826 74 

Principal of loan office certi- 
ficates, bearing interest on no- 
minal sum, - - 27,937 

Interest thereupon, - 7,830 

1,561,175 14 



Total of unredeemed debt, - - g76,096,468 67 

This is exclusive of a sum of g 1,400,000 due to the bank of the 
United States, on account of the loan of J2,000,000 had of that in- 
stitution, pursuant to the eleventh section of the act by which it is 
/ncf.rporated, and which is not included in the mass of the debt, be- 
a- 't is morn thnn ronntpr-baloiircd, by a greater value in stock. 



It is also exclusive of those loans, which are temporary anticipations 
of the revenue. 

The United States, hy the terms of the loan, reserved to them- 
selves the right of paying the six per cent, and deferred stock, in any 
sum, not exceeding eight per cent, per annum, both on account of 
principal and interest ; and the three per cents, w^ere redeemable at 
the pleasure of the United States. 

The Secretary of the Treasury, in his repor f January, 1790, on 
the subject of funding the debt, proposes not oii that fiinds be ap- 
propriated for the punctual payment of the interest, b.;^ ;at jyema- 
oient funds, be also provided for the ultimate extinguishmei;: of the 
debt itself. 

On this subject he says, " Persuaded as the Secretary is, th:)t the 
proper funding of the present debt will render it a national blessitig ; 
yet he is so far from acceding to the position, in the latitude, it is 
sometimes laid down, that ' public debts are public blessings,' a posi- 
tion inviting to prodigality and liable to danger and abuse, that he ar- 
dently wishes to see incorporated, as a fundamental maxim, in the sys- 
tem of public credit of the United States, that the creation of a debt 
should always be accompanied with the means of extinguishment. 
This he regards as the true secret for rendering public credit immor- 
tal — and he presumes that it is difficult to conceive a situation in 
which there may not be an adherence to the maxim. At least, he 
feels an unfeigned solicitude, that this may be attempted by the 
United States, and that they may commence their measures for the 
establishment of credit, with the observance of it." 

In pursuance of these views of the Secretary, provision was made 
by law first for the punctual payment of the interest of this debt, and 
afterwards for the reimbursement and redemption of the principal ; 
and funds were appropriated and pledged for those purposes. 

Prior to the year 1795, the permanent duties on imported articles, 
the tonnage duties, the duties on spirits distilled within the United 
States, and on stills, after reserving out of the same, ^600,000 per 
annum, for the support of the government of the United States, and 
their common defence, were appropriated and pledged — 

1st. For the payment of the interest on foreign loans. 



269 



2d. For the payment of the interest on stock created by the loan of 
the domestic or original debt of the United States. 

3d. For the payment of the interest of the assumed debt. 

4th. For the payment of the interest on the balances due to the credi- 
tor states. 

These appropriations had priorities according to the order in 
which they are enumerated. 

A fund was also created, previous to the year 1796, for the re- 
demption of the debt, which was called " the sinking fund," and was 
placed under the management of the President of the Senate, the Chief 
.Justice, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the 
Attorney-General for the time being, who were called Commissioners 
of " the sinking fund." This fund consisted — 

1st. Of the surplus of the duties on imports and tonnage to the end of 
the year 1790. 

2d. The proceeds of loans, not exceeding ^2,000,000, authorized to 

be borrowed for that purpose. 
3d. The interest on the public debt, purchased, redeemed, or paid 

into the treasury, together with the surplusses, if any, of monies 

appropriated for interest. 
4th. The avails of the public lands. 

This fund was to be applied by the Commissioners, with the ap- 
probation of the President of the United States, as follows, viz. : — 

1st. To purchases of the debt, till the fund is equal to two per cent. 

of the outstanding stock, then bearing an interest of six per cent. 
2d. To the redemption of that stock ; and lastly, to purchases of any 

unredeemed residue of the public debt. 

There was reserved, however, out of this fund, a sum not exceed- 
ing eight per cent, per annum, towards the payment of interest, and 
reimbursing of the principal of the loans made for purchases of the 
debt. The amount of the debt purchased by the Commissioners of 
the sinking fund up to December 31st, 1794, was ^2,265,022 and 
56 cents. 



270 



On the 19th of Moveinber, 1794, President Washington, in his 
speech to Congress, at the opening of their session, recommended 
that further provision be made for the security of public credit, and 
the ultimate redemption of the public debt, in the following words. — - 

" The time which has elapsed since the commencement of our fis- 
cal measures, has developed our pecuniary resources, so as to open 
the way for a definitive plan for the redemption of the public debt, 
ft is believed, that the result is such, as to encourage Congress to 
consummate this work without delay. Nothing can more promote 
the permanent welfare of the nation, and nothing would be more 
grateful to our constituents. Indeed, whatsoever is unfinished of our 
system of public credit, cannot be benefitted by procrastination ; and 
as far as may be practicable, we ought to place that credit on grounds, 
which cannot be disturbed, and to prevent that progressive accumu- 
lation of debt, which must ultimately endanger all governments." 

The Secretary of the Treasury, according with the views of the 
President on this subject, on the 16th of January, 1796, submitted to 
Congress, a plan for the further support of public credit. This plan, 
drawn up with great ability, recommended the adoption of a perma- 
nent system for the ultimate extinguishment of the whole debt of the 
United States. For this purpose, he proposed an increase of the 
sinking fund, by adding thereto duties on imports and tonnage, on 
spirits distilled within the United States, and on stills, the avails of 
the sales of public lands, the dividends on bank stock belonging to 
the United States, and the interest of the money which should be re- 
deemed, and that there should be appropriated to the same fund, all 
monies, which should be received from debts due to the United 
States, antecedent to the present constitution, and all surplusses of the 
amount of revenue of the United States, which should remain at the 
end of any calendar year, beyond the amount of the appropriations 
charged upon them, and which, during the session of Congress com- 
mencing next thereafter, should not be specially appropriated. That 
this fund be applied to the payment and redemption of the six per 
cent, and deferred stock, (excluding that standing to the credit of the 
Commissioners of the sinking fund, and also that standing to the credit 
of particular states, on account of the balances reported in their fa- 
vour, by the Commissioners for settling accounts between the United 



1 



271 



States and individual states,) according to the right reserved to the 
United States ; that is, to the payment annually, of eight per cent, 
on account of the principal and interest, and to continue until the 
whole of the same should be paid and redeemed, and after such re- 
demption, the same fund to continue appropriated, until the residue 
of the debt of the United States, foreign and domestic, funded, and 
unfunded, should be redeemed and discharged. 

The Secretary also proposed, that the faith of the United States 
should be firmly pledged to the creditors, that this fund should be in- 
violably applied to the redemption, payment, and purchase of the 
whole debt of the United States, until the same was fully completed ; 
and that for this purpose, the said fund should be vested in the Com- 
missioners of the sinking fund, " as property in trust.''^ He also pro- 
posed, that all priorities before established, in the appropriations for 
the funded debt, as between different parts of it after the year 1796, 
should cease unless dissented to, by the creditors ; and that the rev- 
enue thus appropriated, should constitute a common or consolidated 
fund, chargeable indiscriminately and without priority. 

The remarks of the Secretary, on the danger of a great accumula- 
tion of public debt, and on the necessary means to prevent it, are too 
important not to merit a place here. — " There is no sentiment," he 
says in his report, " which can better deserve the serious attention 
of the Legislature of a country, than the one expressed in the speech 
of the President ; which indicates the danger to every government, 
from the progressive accumulation of debt. A tendency to it is per- 
haps the natural disease of all governments ; and it is not easy to con- 
ceive any thing more likely than this to lead to great and convulsive 
revolutions of empires. On the one hand, the exigencies of a nation 
creating new causes of expenditure, as well from its own, as from the 
ambition, rapacity, injustice, intemperance and folly of other nations, 
proceed in unceasing and rapid succession. On the other, there is a 
general propensity in those, who administer the affairs of government, 
founded in the constitution of man, to shift off the burden from the 
present to a future day ; a propensity which may be expected to be- 
strong in proportion as the form of the state is poi)ular. 

" To extinguish a debt, which exists, and to avoid contractini^ 
more, are ideas almost always favoured by public feeling and opiiv 



272 



ion ; hui to pay taxes for the one or other purpose, which are the 
only means to avoid the evil, is always more or less unpopular. 
These contradictions are in human nature. And the lot of a country 
would be enviable indeed, in which there were not always men ready 
to turn them to the account of their own popularity, or to some other 
sinister account. Hence it is no uncommon spectacle to see the 
same men clamouring for occasions of expense, when they happen to 
be in unison with the present humour of the community, well or ill di- 
rected, declaiming against a public debt, and for the reduction of it, 
as an abstract thesis ; yet, vehement against every plan of taxation 
which is proposed to discharge old debts, or to avoid new, by defray- 
V ing the expenses of exigencies as they emerge. 

" These unhandsome acts throw artificial embarrassments in the 
way of the administrators of governments ; and cooperating with the 
desire, which they themselves are too apt to feel, to conciliate public 
favour by declining to lay unnecessary burdens, or with the fear of lo- 
sing it, by imposing them with firmness, serve to promote the accumu- 
lation of debt ; by leaving that, which at any time exists, with^ 
out adequate provision for its reimbursement, and by preventing the 
laying with energy new taxes, where new occasions of expense occur. 
The consequence is, that the public debt swells, till its magnitude be- 
comes enormous, and the burthens of the people gradually increascj 
till their weight becomes intolerable. Of such a state of things great 
disorder in the whole political economy, convulsions and revolutions 
of governments are a natural offspring. 

*' There can be no more sacred obligation, then, on the public 
agents of a nation, than to guard, with provident foresight and inflexi- 
ble perseverance, against so mischievous a result. True patriotism 
and genuine policy cannot, it is respectfully observed, be better de- 
% monstrated by those of the United States at the present juncture, than 
by improving efficiently the very favourable situation in which they 
stand, for extinguishing, with reasonable celerity, the actual debt of 
the country, and for laying the foundations of a system which may 
shield posterity from the consequences of the usual improvidence and 
selfishness of its ancestors ; and which, if possible, may give immor- 
tality to public credit." 

On the policy of establishing a sinking fund, and of rendering its 



27S 



application to any other object, than that for which it is appropriated, 
inviolable, the Secretary, in the same Report, says " The intent is to 
secure, by all the sanctions of which the subject is susceptible, an invi- 
olable application of the fund according to its destination. No ex- 
pedients more powerful can be devised for this purpose, than to clothe 
it with the character private property, and to engage absolutely the 
faith of the government, by making the application of it to the object, 
a part of the contract with the creditors. But is this necessary ? 

" Its necessity rests upon these cogent reasons. The inviolable ap- 
plication of an adequate sinking fund is the only practicable security 
against an excessive accumulation of debt, and the essential basis of a 
permanent national credit. 

" Experience has shewn, in countries the most attentive to the 
principles of public credit, that a simple appropriation of the sinking 
fund is not a complete barrier against its being diverted when imme- 
diate exigencies press. The causes which have been stated, with 
another view, tempt the administrators of govemm-ent to lay hold 
of this resource, rather than impose new taxes. 

" This indicates the utility of endeavouring to give, by additiohal 
sanctions, inviolability to the fund. 

" But will those proposed answer the end ? They are the most effi- 
cacious that can be imagined ; and they are likely to be entirely effi- 
cacious. 

" They cannot be disregarded without a breach of faith and con- 
tract, destroying credit, and that at a juncture, when it is most indis- 
pensable ; the emergencies which induce a diversion of the fund are 
those in which loans, and consequently credit, are most needed." 

In pursuance of the plan suggested by the Secretary, an act was 
passed by Congress, on the 3d day of March 1796, " making further 
provision for the support of public credit, and for the redemption ot 
the public debt." 

By this act the following additional appropriations are made to th^ 
-inking fund, viz. — 

*• First. So much of the proceeds of the duties on goods, wares, and 
merchandize, on the tonnage of ships or vessels, and on spirits distilled 
within the United States, and on stills, as together with the monies, 
which now constitute the said fund, and shall accnir to it, by virtue of 

3.5 



274 



the provisions herein before made, and by tiie interest npon each in- 
stalment, or part of principal, which shall be reimbursed, will be Suffi- 
cient, yearly and every year, commencing the 1st day of January next, 
to reimburse and pay so much as may rightfully be reimbursed and 
paid of the principal of that part of the debt or stock, which on the 
said first day of January next, shall bear an interest of six per cent, 
redeemable on account, both of principal and interest, not exceeding 
in one year eight per centum, excluding that which shall stand to 
the credit of the Commissioners of the sinking fund, and that which 
shall stand to the credit of certain states, in consequence of the balan-^ 
ces reported in their favour by the Commissioners for settling accounts 
between the United States and individual states. 

" Secondly. The dividends, which shall be, from time to time, de- 
clared on so much of the stock of the bank of the United States, as be- 
longs to the United States (deducting thereout such sums as will be re- 
quisite to pay interest on any part remaining unpaid of the loan of two 
millions of dollars, had of the bank of the United States, pursuant to 
the eleventh section of the act, by which the said bank is incorpora- 
ted.) 

*' Thirdly. So much of the duties on goods, wares, and merchan- 
dize imported, on the tonnage of ships or vessels, and on spirits dis- 
tilled within the United States, and on stills, as with the said divi- 
dends, after such deduction, will be sufficient, yearly and every year, 
to pay the remaining instalments of the principal of said loan, as they 
shall become due, and as together with any other monies which, by 
virtue of provisions in former acts, and herein before made, shall on 
the 1st of January, in 1802, belong to the said sinking fund, not oth- 
erwise specially appropriated ; and with the interest on each instal- 
ment, or part of principal, which shall, from time to time, be reim- 
bursed, or paid, of that part of the debt or stock, which on the firbt 
day of January, 1801, shall begin to bear an interest of six per cent, 
per annum, will be sufficient, yearly and every year, commencing on 
the 1st day of January, 1802, to reimburse and pay so much as may 
rightfully be reimbursed and paid, of the said principal of the said 
debt or stock, &c. 

" Fourthly. The net proceeds of the sales i)f lands, belonging, or 



275 



which shall hereafter belong to the United States, in the western ter- 
ritory thereof. 

"Fifthly. All monies, which shall be received into the Treasury, 
on account of debts due to the United States, by reason of any mat- 
ter prior to their present constitution. 

" And lastly : All surplusses of revenues of the United States, which 
shall remain, at the end of any calendar year, beyond the amount of 
the appropriations charged upon the said revenues, and which, during 
the session of Congress next thereafter, shall not be otherwise special- 
ly appropriated, or reserved by law." 

By the same act, the monies thus appropriated to the sinking fund, 
were placed under the direction and management of the Commission- 
ers of that fund ; and were to continue so appropriated, until the 
whole debt of the United Slates should he reimbursed and redeemed ; 
and were declared to he vested in said Commissionin-s, in trust, to be 
applied to the reimbursement and redemption of the whole of said 
debt. 

And the faith of the United States was also pledged, " that the mo- 
nies or funds aforesaid shall inviolably remain and be appropriated 
and vested, to be applied to the reimbursement and redemption, in 
manner aforesaid, until the same shall be fully and completely effect- 
ed." 

The Commissioners were also authorized, if necessary, with the ap- 
probation of the President of the United States, for the purpose of pay- 
ing any instalments of the debt, which might become due, to borrow 
the sums required. This power was entrusted with the Commission- 
ers, in order to give complete security to the creditors, for the punc- 
tual payment of the principal, as well as the interest of the debt, ac- 
cording to the terms of the contracts. The reason for vesting the Com- 
missioners with this power, is given by the Secretary in his Report : 
" It is proposed to authorize the Commissioners of the sinking fund 
to provide by new loans for the reimbursement of the instalments 
which from time to time accrue. This is on the ground tliat it is es- 
sential to the perfection of the system of redemption, that all the 
means of ultimate execution should be organized in it, and (hnt there 
should be no need of future provision." 



276 



The Commissioners were directed, to apply tiiis fund — 

1st. To the payment of eight per cent, per annum, both on ac- 
count of principal and interest, on the six per cent, stock, commenc- 
ing the reimbursement on the 1st day of January, 1796. 

2d. To the payment of the loan had of the bank of the United 
States. 

3d. To the payment of eight per cent, per annum, on account of 
principal and interest, on the deferred stock, commencing the reim- 
bursement on the 1st day of January, 1802, and 

4th. To apply the surplus of the fund, towards the redemption of 
the debt, both foreign and domestic, by payment, or purchase, until 
the same should be fully paid or redeemed. 

By an act passed the 28th of April, 1796, the Commissioners were 
directed to pay this eight per cent, in the manner following, viz. — 
On the stock then bearing an interest of six per cent. 1st. By divi- 
dends to be made on the last days of March, June, and September, in 
each year, from 1796 to 1818, inclusive, at the rate of one and one 
half per cent, upon the original capital. 

2d. By dividends to be made on the last day of December, 1796, 
and from 1797 to 1817, inclusive, on the last day of December in 
each year, at the rate of three and one half per cent, upon the origin- 
al capital, and by a dividend to be made on the last day of Decem- 
ber, 1818, of such a sum, as will be then adequate, according to the 
contract, for the final redemption o'' the debt. 

The dividends on the deferred stock, to be made from the year 
1801 to the year 1824, in like manner and proportion. 

By this permanent arrangement for the final payment of the do- 
mestic debt, the holders of six per cent, and deferred stock, were to 
receive an annuity of eight per cent, on their capital, until the whole 
should be paid. This annuity, it was found on calculation, would 
extinguish the capital of the six per cent, stock, on the last day of 
December, 1818, and of the deferred stock, on the last of December, 
1824. 



277 

The following was the state of the public debt, on the 1st day of 
January, 1800 : — 

Guilders. Dolls. Dolls. Cts. 

Foreign debt, due in Amster- 
dam and Antwerp, - 26,900,000 10,760,000 
Premiums payable on the 

loan of 9th March, 1784, 147,500 59,000 

10,819,000 

27,047,500 



Domestic debt, viz. six per 

cent, stock, - - ^30,087,650 5 
Amount passed to the credit 

of the sinking fund, - 1,841,607 9 



^28,246,042 96 



Deduct instalments reimburs- 
ed to the close of the 
year 1799, - - g3,216,575 37 



Amount to be reimbursed, §25,030,467 59 

Deferred stock, - gl4,649,320 21 
Amount passed to the credit 

of the sinking fund, - 966,376 4 

§13,682,944 17 

Three per cent, stock, - §19,701,545 1 
Amount passed to the credit 

of the sinking fund, - 614,836 47 

§19,086,708 54 

Five and one half per cent. 

stock, - - - §1,848,900 
Amount passed to the credit 

of the sinking fund, - 1,400 

_ §1,847.500 



/ 



Doll 



Four and one half per cent, stock, - 176,000 
Six per cent, stock per act of 31st 

May, 1796, - - - - 80,000 

Six per cent, navy stock, issued, - 109,200 

Six per cent, navy stock, to be issued, 820,000 

Eight per cent, stock issued in 1799, 5,000,000 



■ $65,832,820 30 



Total amount of the unredeemed capitals of the 
foreign and domestic funded debt on the 1st of 
January, 1800, - - . . . $76,651, 820 30 



TEMPORARY LOANS. 



Sums obtained of the bank of the United 
States, in anticipation of the revenue 
at five per cent. - - - $1,400,000 
Sums obtained at six per cent. - * 1 ,840,000 
Sums due on the subscription loan for 

stock, 400,000 



$3,640,000 

Deduct the cost of two thousand two 
hundred and twenty shares owned by 
the United States, - - - 888,000 

2,752,000 



Debt of the United States, January 1st, 1800, - $79,403,820 30 

The above account of the state of the public debt was laid before a 
Committee of the House of Representatives, appointed on the 20th of 
March, 1800, " to examine the accounts of the United States relating 
to the public debt, and to report the amount respectively incurred and 
extinguished, and generally such facts as relate to the increase or 
diminution of the same, since the establishment of the government of 
the United States, under the present constitution and was by them 



279 



reported to the House- This Committee also reported the following 
as a Statement of debts contracted under the present Government 
of the United States, and of debts of the late Government discharged, 
up to January 1st, 1800, viz. : — 



DEBTS CONTRACTED. 



Five and an half per cent, stock issued for an equal 

amount due to France, . - . . gl,848,900 

Four and an half per cent. do. do. - 176,000 

Six per cent, stock per act of May 31st, 1796, - 80,000 

Navy stock issued and to be issued, - - 929,200 

Eight per cent, stock, - - . . 5,000,000 
Temporary loans, - - - ^3,640,000 
Deduct bank shares, - - - 888,000 



2,752,000 



Amount of debts contracted, - - - $10,786,100 



DEBTS DISCHARGED. 



Foreign debt, January 1st, 1791, $12,343,437 87 
Ditto January 1st, 1800, 10,819,000 

Foreign debt, reduced, - - - $1,524,437 87 

Six per cent, stock purchased or redeemed, - 1,841,607 9 

Three per cent. do. do. - - 614,836 47 

Deferred stock do. do. - - 966,376 4 

Five and an half per cent, stock, ... j ^400 
Reimbursement of the six per cent, stock to the close 

of the year 1799, 3,215,575 37 

Amount of debts discharged, - - - $8,164,232 84 

It may be observed, that the five and an half and four and an hall 
per cent, stock, was issued for the balance due to France, on account 
of the former loans from the French Government, during the revohi 



^0 

tionary war, and was made payable at the pleasure of the Govern- 
ment. 

The eighty thousand six per cent, stock was obtained on loan in 
the United States, in 1796, in pursuance of an act of Congress of 
May 31st of that year. The whole loan authorized by that act, and 
which was to be made by the Commissioners of the sinking fuftd, with 
the approbation of the President, was five millions of dollars, to be ap- 
plied to the payment of the capital, or principal of any parts of the 
debt of the United States then due, or to become due, in the course of 
that year, to the bank of the United States, or to the bank of New- 
York, or for any instalment of foreign debt. Books were opened for 
the whole sum, but eighty thousand dollars only were subscribed, and 
which was irredeemable, until the close of the year 1819. 

The navy six per cent, stock was issued or agreed to be issued, to 
certain persons, who built vessels of war, for the United States, in 
the years 1798 and 1799, and for which they agreed to receive in 
payment six per cent, stock payable at pleasure ; and hence it has 
been generally denominated, navy six per cent, stock. 

The eight per cent, stock of five millions was issued in conse- 
quence of a loan, opened in the United States, in pursuance of an act 
authorizing the same, passed July 16th, 1798, and was redeemable 
after the year 1808. 

The temporary loans were in anticipation of the revenue,* and for 
subscription to the bank of the United States. 

The views taken by the Committee above referred to, as to the 
amount of public debt, at various periods, from the commencement 
of the Government, and as to its increase or diminution, may not be un- 
interesting. The Committee in their report say *' The order of the 
House having particularly directed the attention of the Committee to 
the increase or diminution of debt, they have thought it their duty to 
bring into view the amount of debt with which the present Government 
commenced its operations, and to contrast the same with the balance 
of debt on the first of January in the present year. In discharging 
this duty, it will become necessary to explain the principles on which 

* The foreign debt was due in Holland, and was payable there, in unequal 
annual instalments, the last of which was due in 1809. 



281 



these statements rest ; which the Committee will do in as concise a 
manner as possible. But before they enter upon this detail, they 
cannot forbear to express the satisfaction which they feel in declaring, 
that the documents which have been obtained from the Treasury 
will, in their opinion, fully demonstrate the precision and abili- 
ty with which the business of that department has been conducted, 
and that by the fiscal operations of the government, the public debt 
has been diminished." 

" In ascertaining the amount of the old debt, two different principles 
have been taken by those, who have made their calculations on this 
subject. The first has been to include only the interest upon the 
debt to the close of the year 1789, as the nearest convenient period 
to the day, when the government commenced its operations, and after 
deducting from the aggregate of debt, the amount of funds then in the 
power of the government, to consider the balance as the amount of 
old debt. 

" The second principle has been, to take the amount of debt, as 
the same has been liquidated and funded under various acts of Con- 
gress, and after deducting therefrom the funds acquired or possessed 
by the government at the close of the year 1790, to consider the ba- 
lance as constituting the true amount of old debt. The difference be- 
tween these principles consists in this : by the last mode of computa- 
tion, the interest, which accumulated upon the debt, subsequent to the 
close of the year 1789, and until the debt was funded and provided 
for by law, is considered as a part of the old debt, whereas by the 
first mode of computation that interest is totally excluded. 

" In consequence of a difference in opinion, which it is understood 
still exists on this point, the Committee have thought proper to state 
the debt in both modes, that the result in both cases may be perfectly 
understood. 

*' The nominal amount of debt on the 1st of Jan- 
uary, 1790, as appears by statement No. 9, 
amounted to - - - - ^572,237.301 07 

The funds then in possession of the government, 
and to be deducted, were — 
36 



2S2 



' Cash in the Treasury, January 1st, 

1790, ^28,239 61 

' Cash in the hands of Collectors, 83,127 84 

' Bonds at the custom-house, - 690,468 60 

' Debts due to the United States, 
under contracts of the late govern- 
ment, collected at sundry times, 62,586 74 

' Debts paid in specie, during the 

year 1789, - . - . 16,927 13 

' Proceeds of the sales of land to the 
state of Pennsylvania, made by 

the late government, - - 161,392 41 



931,742 33 



Amount of debt January 1st, 1790, - - g7 1,306,559 64 

By the same document it appears, that the debt 
contracted by the late government, as the same 
has been liquidated and funded by acts of Con- 
gress, amounts to ... - ^76,781,953 14 

That the funds possessed by this government, and 
to be deducted from the debt, were as follows : — 

Cash in the Treasury , January 1st, 
1791, - - - - ^570,023 88 
Cash in the hands of Collectors, 225,786 95 
Custom-house bonds uncollected, 1,052,215 13 
Money collected from the credits 
of the late government, as in the 
preceding statement, - - 62,586 74 
Debts paid in specie, during 1789, 15,927 13 
Sale of land to Pennsylvania, 151,392 41 

Debts purchased and discharged 
during the year 1790, - - 518,424 8 

2,596,366 32 



True amount of debt January 1st, 1791, - ^74,185,696 82 



283 



By the same document No. 9, it appears that 

the debt, exclusive of temporary loans, on the 

Istof January, 1800, amounted to - - ' §76,651,820 30 
Temporary loans, without deducting bank shares, 3,640,000 

Nominal amount of debt January 1st, 1800, - ^0,29 1,820 30 

Funds acquired by the government and which 
may be applied to face the foregoing debt — 

Cash in the Treasury, January 1st, 
1800, deducting therefrom the 
amount of unclaimed registered 
debt, and debts due to foreign offi- 
cers, which are to be considered as 
a charge on the balance in the 
Treasury, - - - §2,06 1,683 49 
Remittance to Holland, beyond 
the sum necessary to meet all de- 
mands on the foreign debt, to the 
close of the year 1799, - - 548,955 84 
Cash in the hands of Collectors 
and Supervisors, - - - 532,247 81 
Bonds uncollected, at the custom- 
houses, estimated at six millions, 
payable on an average of six 
months, deducting the interest for 
that term leaves, - - - 5,826,214 
Two thousand two hun- 
dred and twenty bank 
shares, cost - - 888,000 
Advance twenty-five per 
cent. - - - 222,000 

1,110,000 

10,079,101 14 



True amount of debt January 1st, 1800. 



§70,212,718 16 



284 



" For the purpose of shewing the rapidity with which the public 
debt was diminishing, at the time when the hostility of France com- 
pelled the government to incur those great and extraordinary expen- 
ses, which appear in the Treasury statements, and to enter upon 
that extensive system of defence, which has resulted in the security 
of our commerce, the Committee thought it necessary, in addition to 
the preceding statements, to present a view of the debt on the 1st of 
January, 1798, remarking at the same time, that the reduction which 
at that time had been made, proves, in the most satisfactory manner, 
the ease with which the debt may be extinguished, whenever the 
Government shall be left unembarrassed by internal disorder, or 
foreign hostility. 

The nominal amount of debt on the 1st of Janua- 
ry, 1798, ^76,366,618 82 

" Funds to be deducted were — 

" Cash in the Treasury January 1st, 

1798, - - - . ^1,021,889 4 
" Cash in the hands of Collectors, - 265,369 3 
" Cash in the hands of Supervisors, - 32,964 39 
" Value of bonds uncollected at the 

custom-houses, January 1st, 1798, 

estimated at - - - 6,309,058 

Bank stock at its value - 1,1 10,000 

— 8,739,280 46 



True amount of debt January 1st, 1798— ^67,627,338 36 

" From whence it results (the Committe say,) that if the amount of 
debt on the 1st of January, 1800, is contrasted with the debt on the 
1st of January, 1790, it will appear, that the debt has diminished by 
the sum of ^1,092,841 and 48 cents, or if it is compared with the 
debt of January 1st, 1791, the debt has diminished, by the sum of 
,^^3,972,078 and 66 cents ; so that, in either mode of stating the ac- 
count, it clearly appears, that the debt has in fact been diminished." 



2S5 



The Committee proceed to say, they incliae to the opinion, that the 
debt, as it was liquidated and funded hy the government, after de- 
ducting the amount of funds, which arose prior to the 1st of January . 
1791, ought to be considered, as constituting the true amount of debt, 
with which the present Government has been charged by the Con- 
stitution. 

There can be little doubt, that the debt as funded, ought to be con- 
sidered, as the amount of the public debt, and whatever difference in 
opinion there may be, in estimating the amount of public debt, at 
any period, as to the propriety of deducting the amount of funds then 
in the hands of the government, from this funded debt, there can be 
no doubt, that the funds arising from revenues, and from the value of 
bank stock, should be otfset, against temporary loans made in antici- 
pation of that revenue, and for the payment of the bank stock. 

If we take this as a rule, the debt of the United States will be 
less, on the 1st day of January, 1800, than when the same was fund- 
ed, according to the various acts of Congress. 
The amount of debt as liquidated and funded, ac- 
cording to the foregoing statement of the Com- 
mittee was ^76,781,953 14 

-.\mount of debt, exclusive of temporary loans, on 

the 1st of January, 1800, was - - - 76,651,820 30 

Making a difference of 130,132 84 

And this, notwithstanding the great expenses in the mean time in- 
curred by Government, in the wars with the Indians, ^1,250,000 ex- 
pended in suppressing two insurrections in Pennsylvania, more than 
one million and a half in our transactions with Algiers and the other 
Barbary powers, and the still greater expenses occasioned by the dis- 
putes with France, in 1798 and 1799.* 

* In 1800, a further sum of §1,482,500, was borrowed at eight per cent 
in pursuance of an act passed on the 7th day of May of thai year, payable af- 
ter 1808. 

The funds provided and appropriated for the pajment of the debt, subse- 
quent to the 3d of March, 1795, up to 1801, were as follows, viz.— By an 
act passed March 3d, 1797, additional duties were laid on certain articles im- 
ported ini-othe United States, and were appropriated, first, for the payment 



286 



On a change ot Administration in 1801, a new modification of the 
sinking fund took place. On the 29th of April, 1802, an act was 
passed, entitled " an Act making provision for the redemption 
of the whole of the public debt of the United States." This act pro- 
vides, that the sum of seven millions, three hundred thousand dollars, 
should be appropriated annually to the sinking fund ; which sum was 
to be paid, out of the duties on merchandize and tonnage, and the 
other monies, other than surplusses of revenue, which then constitu- 
ted the sinking fund, or which might accrue to it, by virtue of any 
former provisions. This sum, the act declares, " to be vested in the 
Commissioners of the sinking fund, in the same manner, as the monies 
heretofore appropriated to the said fund, to be applied by the said 
Commissioners, to the payment of interest and charges, and to the 
reimbursement, or redemption of the principal of the public debt ; 
and shall be and continue appropriated, until the whole of the pre- 
sent debt of the United States, and the loans which may be made for 
reimbursing or redeeming any parts or instalments of the principal 
of the said debt, shall be reimbursed and redeemed." It was made 
the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury, by this act, to pay to the 
Commissioners of the sinking fund, this sum of ^7,300,000, in each 
year, and at such times, as to enable them to pay the interest and 
principal of the debt, faithfully and punctually, according to the en- 
gagements of the United States. The Commissioners were to apply 

of the principal of the tken existing foreign debt ; secondly for the payment 
of the principal of the debt then due by the United States, to the bank of the 
United States. 

By the act passed July 16th, 1798, authorizing a loan of five millions of 
dollars, and which was obtained at eight per cent, so much of the surplus of 
the duties on imports and tonnage, beyond the permanent appropriations be- 
fore charged thereon, were pledged and appropriated, for the payment of the 
interest and principal of the loans, which might be made under the act, ac- 
cording to the terms and conditions of the same. A similar pledge and ap- 
propriation were made for the loan, obtained under the act passed 7th of 
May, 1800, and which loan was obtained, as before stated, at eight per cent. 

On the 13th day of May, 1800, additional duties were laid on certain arti- 
cles, imported into the United States, and were solely appropriated for the 
discharge of the interest and principal of the debts of the United States, be- 
fore that time contracted, or to be contracted during the year 3 800. 



237 



this sum annuaUy, in the first place, to the payment of the interest 
and principal of the public debt, as the same should become due, ac- 
cording to the engagements of the United States, and also the interest 
and principal of all loans, which had been, or might be made on ac- 
count of the debt ; and in the next place, to apply the surplus, to- 
wards the further and final redemption, by payment, or purchase, of 
the debt. No purchases, however, of the debt were to be made 
above par. By the act of March 3d, 1795, the duties on spirits dis- 
tilled within the United States and on stills, constituted a part of the 
sinking fund, and were pledged for the payment of the debt, but as 
all the internal taxes were repealed, in 1802, these duties made no 
part of the fund provided by the act of the 29th of April of that year. 

In 1803, the nominal amount of the debt was a little more than 
seventy millions of dollars, of this ^32,119,211 and 25 cts. was own- 
ed by foreigners, of which the English owned - g 15,882,797 95 

The Dutch, 13,693,918 30 

Other foreigners, 2,542,495 



Of the residue — 

Particular States owned - - - - $ 5,603,564 

Incorporated bodies, in the United States, - 10,096,398 72 

Individuals, - - - do. - - 22,330,606 36 



In the purchase of Louisiana, the United States agreed to pay the go- 
vernment of France, fifteen millions of dollars, three millions seven 
hundred and fifty thousand dollars, to be paid to our own merchants, 
for their claims of a certain description on the French government, 
and the remainder, being ^11,250,000, to be paid, in stock, at six 
per cent. To carry into effect this agreement, stock to that amount, 
was issued, in pursuance of an act of Congress passed November lOtii, 
1803, and made payable to the assignees of the French government. 
The interest on this stock was payable in Europe, and the principal 
was payable in four equal annual instalments, the first becoming due 
in 1818. 

By the act, which created this stock, a further sum of ^700,000 
annually, was added to tiic sinking fund, for the purpose of enablini; 
the Commissioners to pay the interest on the s;ime : which sum wa^ 



to be paid out of the duties on imports and tonnage. By this addi- 
tion, the whole sum to be paid annually to the Commissioners of the 
sinking fund, amounted to g8, 000,000, and was vested in them, for 
the purpose of paying the former debt, and also the Louisiana debt 
so called, and was to continue, so vested and appropriated, until the 
whole was paid. And it was made the special duty of the Commis- 
sioners, out of this fund, to pay the instalments of the Louisiana debt, 
as they should fall due. 

On the 11th of February, 1807, the Government of the United 
States, by an act of that date, proposed to the holders of six per cent, 
deferred and three per cent, stocks, to exchange the same for six per 
cent, stock, redeemable at the pleasure of the Government. 

For this purpose, books were opened at the Treasury, and at the 
several Loan Offices, for subscriptions, to the whole amount of the 
stock standing on the books at the Treasury, and at the Loan Offices. 
On such subscriptions, the old certificates were to be given up, and 
new ones to issue, for the unredeemed amount of the six per cent, 
and deferred stock, due at the date of the subscription, bearing an 
interest of six per cent, per annum, payable quarter yearly, and re- 
deemable at the pleasure of the Government, with a condition " that 
no single certificate should issue for a greater amount than ten thou- 
sand dollars, and that no reimbursement should be made, except for 
the whole amount of any such new certificate, nor till after, at least, 
six months previous public notice of such intended reimbursement." 
For the subscriptions in the three per cent, stock, the subscribers were 
to receive a new certificate for a sum equal to sixty-five per cent, of 
the amount of the principal of the stock subscribed, bearing an in- 
terest of six per cent, per annum, payable quarter yearly, and sub- 
ject likewise to redemption, at the pleasure of the Government ; with 
a restriction, however, on the part of the United States, that no part 
of the stock thus converted, should be reimbursed, without the assent 
of the holder, until after the whole of the eight per cent, and four and 
half per cent, stock, as well as all the six per cent, and deferred 
stock, which might be exchanged, under that act, should be redeem- 
ed. The sinking fund was also pledged for the payment of the in- 
terest and reimbursement of this new stock. Under this act, the 
amount of unredeemed six per cent, and deferred stock, subscribed, 



289 



and for which new certificates were issued, was <J6, 294,051 and 12 
cents, and which was called exchanged six per cents, and the three 
per cents, subscribed, at sixtj-five per cent, on the amount, produced 
gl, 859, 850 and 70 cents, drawing an interest of six per cent, per 
annum, and was called converted six per cent, stock. In 1812, in 
pursuance of another act of Congress passed in that year, §2,984,746 
and 72 cents, of the unredeemed amount of the six per cent, and de- 
ferred stock was exchanged for other six per cent, stock redeemable 
after the 31st day of December, 1824. 

After the United States had concluded a peace with France in 
1800, the vast increase of their revenues, arising from duties on im- 
ports and tonnage, owing to a rapidly increasing population, and an 
unparalleled extension of their commerce, enabled them, very for- 
tunately, while Europe was at war, to pay oft" a large pro]:>ortion 
of this debt. 

The amount of public debt, on the 1st day of January, 1812, ac- 
cording to official Treasury statements, was - §45, 154, 189 

and consisted of the following particulars, viz. : — 

Six per cent, and deferred stock, unre- 
deemed, . - - . §17,067,096 

Three per cent, stock, §16,157,890 

Converted do. do. 565,318 

16,723,208 

1796 six per cent, stock, - - - 80,000 

Registered debt, and debt due to foreign 

officers, 33,885 



§33,904,189 

Louisiana six per cent, stock, - 1 1 ,250,000 

§45,154,189 



The payments made, on account of the principal of the debt from 
April 1st, 1801, to January 1st, 1812, according to Treasury state- 
ments, amounted to §46,022,810 

37 



290 

and were as follows, viz. : — 

L Foreign debt paid in full, - j( 10,075,004 

2. Eight per cent, five and a half per 
cent, four and a half per centi navy 
six per cent, stock, and temporary 
loans, due on the 1st of April, 1801, 

to the bank of the United States, 12,667,700 

3. Reimbursement of six per cent, and 

deferred stock, - - - 14,452,123 53 

4. For lands, and purchased, - 74,669 81 

5. Exchanged stock paid in full, • 6,294,051 12 

6. Three per cent, stock, including re- 
imbursement of converted stock, and 
deducting converted stock, outstan- 
ding, 2,379,269 44 

7. On account of unfunded debt, - 90,092 58 



§46,022,810 

During the period in which the Government paid this sum, no ad- 
ditional taxes of any importance were imposed, except an additional 
duty of two and a half per cent, on goods imported, paying ad 
valorem duties, to defray the expenses of the war with Tripoli, and 
of intercourse with the other Barbary powers, and which was called 

the Mediterranean fund." This duty was to cease in three months 
after the termination of the war with Tripoli, but was continued by 
various acts of Congress until 1816, when it was suffered to expire, 
and has been applied to the general expenses of the Government. 

The sums received into the Treasury from 1801 to 1811, inclusive, 
and which were applicable to the payment of the interest and prin- 
cipal of the debt, amounted to about ninety millions of dollars. 

Debt incurred during the late war between the United States and 
Great-Britain, as far as ascertained, up to February, 1815. 

War was declared against Great-Britain, June 18th, 1812. In 
anticipation of this event, by an act of Congress of 14th of March pre- 
ceding, a loan of eleven millions of dollars was authorized at an in- 



29i 



terest not exceeding six per cent, per annum, reimbursable after the 
expiration of twelve years from the 1st day of January, 1813. Un- 
der this act, there was obtained, in the course of the year 1812, the 
sum of ^10,184,700. Of this sura J2, 150,000 was obtained of cer- 
tain banks, on special contracts, and was payable as follows, viz. — 
§1,350,000 in 1813, §750,000 in 1814, and §50,000 in 1817 ; and 
the residue, being §8,034,700, was funded, and made redeemable af- 
ter January 1st, 1825. About one half of this last sum was obtained 
of banks, and the other half of individuals. In the year 1813, the 
Commissioners of the sinking fund redeemed, by purchase, §324,200 
of this stock, leaving the funded stock of this loan §7,710,500. 

On the 8iti of January, 1813, a further sum of sixteen millions of 
dollars was authorized to be borrowed, by the President of the Uni- 
ted States, without any limitation as to the rate of interest, or ani 
other limitations, except, that the United States should not be pre- 
cluded from reimbursing the same, at any time, after the expiratioM 
of twelve years, from the 1st day of January, 1814. This sum was 
obtained by contract, and principally from individuals, at the rate oi 
eighty-eight dollars for one hundred, viz. for every eighty-eight dol- 
lars, paid in money, a certificate of stock for one hundred dollarr^ 
was to be issued, bearing an interest of six per cent, or what is the 
same, for every one hundred dollars, which the United States receiv- 
ed, they were to issue a certificate of stock for §113 63 cents and 
7-llths of a cent, bearing interest at six per cent. The amount ol 
stock issued for this loan was §18,109,377 and 51 cts. making a bo- 
nus to the lenders, of §2,109,377. 

The first offers of the Secretary of the Treasury for this loan were, 
that the lender should be entitled to a certificate of stock, at six per 
cent, interest, and an annuity of one per cent, for thirteen years, and 
for which he was to receive a separate certificate ; §531,200 were 
eventually taken at par, with an annuity of one and a half per cent, 
for thirteen years. The annuities on this sum amount to §7,968. 
By an act of August 2d, 1813, a further loan of seven and a half mil- 
lions of dollars was also authorized, and without any other limita- 
tions, than was contained, in the act relative to the sixteen million 
loan. This loan was obtained, on the following terms, viz. for every 
§100 received, the United States issued stock for §113 31 cents and 



292 



4-9th of a cent, bearing interest at six per cent. ; and reimbursable, 
at any time, within twelve years, after January Ist^ 1814. 

The six per cent, stock issued on this loan, amounted to ^8,498,583 
and 50 cents, making a premium or bonus of ^998,683 and 60 cents. 
March 24th, 1814, a loan of twenty -five millions of dollars was also 
authorized, towards the expenses of the war, for that year. On the 
4th of April following, the Secretary of the Treasury issued his no- 
tice, that proposals would be received by him, until the second day 
of May then next, for ten millions, part of the twenty-five millions : 
the sums offered under this notice amounted to ^1 1,900,806, of which 
§2, 67 1,760 were at rates less than eighty-eight per cent, and 
g 1,183,400 at rates less than eighty-five per cunt, leaving 
^9,229,066, at eighty-eight per cent, or at rates more favourable to 
the United States. Of this sum, however, five millions were offered, 
with a condition, that, if terms more favourable to the lenders, should 
be allowed for any part of the twenty-five millions authorized to be 
borrowed that year, the same terms should be extended to those hold- 
ing the stock of the ten million loan. The Secretary of the Treasu- 
ry thought proper to accept the loan at eighty-eight and on the con- 
dition above stated. Offers were afterwards made to this loan, of 
sums, amounting to ^666,000, and which were accepted on the same 
terms ; making the sum accepted ^9,795,056. Of this sum, there 
Was paid into the Treasury, prior to the 1st of July, 1814, ^6,087,01 1. 
There was, however, a failure of payment on the part of some of 
those, whose offers Vvere accepted for this loan, on the days fixed by 
tlie term^ of the loan, to the amount of about two millions of dollars. 

On the 25th day of July, 1814, proposals were again invited, from 
the Treasury Department, for a loan of a further sum of six millions ; 
part of the twenty-five millions, to be received by the 22d day of 
August next succeeding. The amount offered, on this loan, was 
^2,823,300, of which ^100,000 was at less than eighty per cent. 
$2,213,000 at $80, for $100, in six per cent, stock ; and $510,300, 
at various rates, from eighty to eighty-eight. The loan was accept- 
ed at eighty per cent. The amount accepted, on these terms, was 
$2,723,300, to be paid, in four equal instalments ; the Ist on the 10th 
of September, and the remainder on the 10th of each of the ensuing 
months of October, November and December. On this loan, a fur- 



293 



fher sum of ^207,000, was afterwards accepted, on the same terms, 
making the amount taken g2, 930, 300. Some persons, however, who 
had offered to take §416,000 of this loan, gave notice, that they could 
not carry their proposals into execution. This reduced the sum to 
g2, 520,300. The sums actually paid into the Treasury, therefore, 
from the proceeds of the loans of twenty-five millions authorized by 
the act of March 24th, 1814, up to the 1st day of January, 1815, 
amounted only to about the sum of Jl 1,400,000. As the terms of 
the last loan were more favourable to th*e lenders, than those of the 
preceding two million loan, the same terms were extended, according 
to the original contract, to those who had taken the first. These 
terms were, that for every §100 paid in, the United States were to 
issue certificates of stock, for §125, bearing an interest of six per 
cent, per annum, payable quarter yearly, and reimbursable at the 
end of twelve years, from the 1st day of January, 1815. The 
amount of six per cent, stock, therefore, issued or to be issued. 
«p to the 6th of January, 1815, for the proceeds of the two loans, as 
far as the same had been ascertained, at the Treasury, was as fol- 
lows, viz. — 

On the ten million loan, six per cent, stock to the 

amount of §9,919,476 25 

On the six million loan, do. do. to the 

amount of 4,342,875 



§14,262,351 25 

Making a bonus or premium of about §2,852,000. 

The terms of these loans, were so disadvantageous to the United 
States, and the price of stocks was so depressed, some having been 
sold as low as sixty-nine and seventy, for cash, that no further sums 
were obtained under the act authorizing the twenty-five million loan, 
but Treasury notes were directed to be issued to make up the Hrfi- 
ciency. 



294 



The amount of stock issued, on these various loans, was as fol- 
lows, viz. — 

On the eleven million loan, - , - ^ 8,034,700 

On the sixteen million loan, - - - 18,109,377 51 

On the seven and a half million loan, - - - 8,498,683 60 

On the ten million loan, - . . . 9,919,476 25 

On the six million loan, - , ~ - - r 4,342,875 



^48,905,012 2G 
The amount received for this stock, was - 42,934,700 



Making a difference of . - . . <^5,970,312 26 

Tn addition to these sums, the committee of defence of the city of 
Philadelphia, loaned to the Government g 100,000 for the special pur- 
pose of fortifying an Island in the river Delaware, at par, for which 
stock has or will be issued under the act of March, 1812, and the cor- 
poration of the city of New- York have also advanced money, for the 
defence of that city, on the terms of the six million loan, and for 
which stock has, or will be issued to the amount of ^1,100,009 87 

Making the whole amount of funded stock issued 

or to be issued on these loans - - - ^50, 105,022 13 
^500,000, part of the eleven million loan, which become due in De- 
€ember, 1814, was not paid on the 20th of February, 1815. 

TREASURY NOTES. 

On the 30th of June, 1812, the President of the United States was 
authorized to cause to be issued Treasury Notes, not exceeding five 
millions of dollars, to be reimbursed within one year, from the time 
of issuing the same, and bearing an interest of five and two fifths per 
cent, per annum. These notes were to be signed by persons to be 
appointed by the President, and countersigned by the Commissioner 
of loans for that state, where they were made payable, and were 
made transferable, by delivery and assignment, endorsed thereon, by 



295 



the person, to whose order, the same were made payable, and were 
receivable, in payment of all duties and taxes, laid by the authority 
of the United States, and of all public lands sold. The whole sum of 
five millions was issued at various times under this act. By an act 
of February 25th, 1813, the President was authorized to issue a fur- 
ther sum of five millions, with the same limitation, as to rate of inter- 
est and time of payment, as the former. Five millions were also is- 
sued, at different periods, under this act. As a part of the supplies, 
for the year 1814, a further sum of five millions was authorized to be 
issued by an act of March 4th, 1814, and by the same act, the Pre- 
sident was authorized to issue an additional sum of five millions, if 
he should deem it expedient, to be taken as part of the sum of twen- 
ty-five millions, authorized to be obtained on loan, during that year. 
On the 26th of December, 1814, a sum not exceeding ^7,500,000 was 
authorized to be issued to make up the deficiency of the twenty -five 
million loan, and in lieu of the three million loan authorized Novem- 
ber 16th, 1814. Part of the Treasury notes were paid, as they be- 
came due, others, to a large amount, were left unpaid ; and the amount, 
which had been issued, and were unpaid, or were ordered to be issu- 
ed, on the 20th of February, 1815, was as follows, viz. : — 

1st. Those payable on or before the 1st of January, 

1815, due and unpaid, amounted to (principal) - ^2,199,200 



2d. Those payable since January 1st, 1815, due and 

unpaid, 620,000 

3d. Those payable almost daily, from the lllh of 

March, to and including the 1st of January, 1816, - 7,227,280 

4th. Those payable from 11th of January, to and in- 
cluding the 1st of March, 1816, - - - 7,806,320 

Making ^18,452,800 



The amoimt of the debt incurred by the late war, so far as the 



296 



same had been ascertained at the Treasury, on the 20th of February, 
may be stated as follows : — 

1st. Stock issued or agreed to be issu- 
ed on permanent loans, - ^50,105,022 13 

Deduct purchased by Commissioners 

ers of sinking fund, - - 324,200 



Leaves, - - - - §49,780,822 1-3 

2d. Temporary loans, part of the eleven million loan, 

unpaid, - 550,000 

3d. Treasury notes issued, or ordered, as above 

stated, . ^ . - 18,452,800 



Makes, - - - - §68,783,622 13 

To which add the old debt, or debt created before the late war, es- 
timated on the 31st of December, 1814, at §39,905,183 66, and con- 
sisting of the following particulars : — 

1st. Old six per cent. 

stock nominal a- 

mount being, - §17,250,871 39 
Reimbursed, - 12,879,283 78 



Leaving due December 31st, 1814, §4,371,587 61 

2d. Deferred stock, 
nominal amount be- 
ing - - §9,358,320 35 

Reimbursed, - 3,971,148 36 



Leaving due December 31st, 1814, §5,387,171 99 
3d. Three per cent, stock, - 16,158,177 34 



297 



4th. Exchanged six per cent, stock 

under the act of 1812, - g2,984,746 72 

5th. Six per cent, stock of 1796, - 80,000 

6th. Louisiana six per 

cent, stock, - g 11,250,000 
Purchased by Commis- 
Moners of sinking fund, 326,500 

Leaves, - - g 10,923,500 



$39,905,183 66 

Makes the debt of the United States on the 20th 
of February, 1815, as ascertained at the 
Treasury, - - . . j5 108,688,805 79 

There are also claims on the Treasury, to a large amount, yet un- 
settled, which may go to increase the public debt. It appears by the 
letter of the Secretary of the Treasury of the 24th of February, 1815, 
to the Committee of way and means, that " contracts for loans" 
had been made " through the medium of the war department, which 
had been recognized at the Treasury, to be paid in six per cent, 
stock, but which had not been so liquidated as to furnish a ground to 
estimate their amount." 

This is the first, and only account, which has l>een given to the 
public, or even to Congress, of any loans, made " through the me- 
dium of the war department." In what manner, under what authori- 
ty, and on what terms, these loans were obtained, is not stated by the 
Secretary. It is understood, however, that commanders of divisions 
of the army, probably by orders from the head of the war depart- 
ment, made these contracts for tlie purpose of either paying or sup- 
plying the men under their immediate command. 

Treasury notes, to a large amount, have been issued since the 20tb 
of February, 1815. On the 24th day of February, 1815, the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury was authorized to issue Treasury note*;, trt the. 

38 



298 

amount of twentj-rive millions of dollars; those under g 100, to be 
without interest, those over that sum, to bear an interest of five and 
two-fifths per cent, or to be without interest, as the Secretary, with 
the approbation of the President, should direct. The notes, without 
interest, to be funded at seven per cent, and those bearing an interest, 
part of the twenty-five million, as well as those previously issued, 
may be funded at six per cent, reimbursable at any time, after the 
last day of December, 1824. The Secretary was also authorized to 
re-issue the notes, which might be delivered up and exchanged for 
funded stock, or paid in, for taxes of other demands, and to apply 
them to the same purposes, as when originally issued. The amount 
issued, under this authority, has not been made public. Probably the 
whole, or nearly the w^hole of those fundable at seven per cent, will 
be funded, and go to increase the amount of the fuhded debt. 

On the 3d of March, 1815, a loan for the sum of gl 8,452,800, was 
also authorized ; this loan might be made in Treasury notes, pre- 
viously issued, and which, by law, were made a charge on the sink- 
ing fund ; and the stock was reimbursable, after the expiration of 
twelve years, from the last day of December, 1815. 

Individual states have, also, large claims upon the general govern- 
ment, for expenses incurred in defending themselves, during the late 
war. 

To what amount, the national debt will be increased, from these 
sources, cannot yet be ascertained. 

The sinking fund, as before stated, since 1803, has consisted of a 
permanent annual appropriation of eight millions of dollars. The 
funds, from which this sum is paid, are — 

1 . The fund arising from the interest on the debt, re- 
deemed by payment, or purchase, and which has 
passed to the credit of the Commissioners of the 
sinking fund, and which, in 1813, amounted to ^1,932,107 92 

%. The fund arising from the sales of public lands, 

which in 1813, was , . ™ - . 830,671 53 



299 

3, From the proceeds of the duties oji goods, wares 
and merchandize, imported, and on the tonnage of 
vessels, sufficient to make up the balance. 

If the whole of the eight millions was not expended, by the Com= 
Bfiissioners, in any one year, the balance went into the expenditure? 
of the succeeding year. After paying the interest and reimburse- 
ment of the debt, and such parts of the principal as became due, by 
contract, it was made the duty of the Commissioners, to apply the 
balance of the eight millions, to the purchase of stock, whenever it 
was below par. Notwithstanding this, the whole of the late loans, as 
well as all the Treasury notes, issued prior to February 20th, 1815, 
were made a charge on this fund, without any addition being made to 
the fund itself. In consequence of this, the fund became overcharged 
several millions, (even without applying any part, to the purchase of 
stock, though it was much below par,) and afforded no security to 
the money lender. 

Sensible of this, at last. Congress declared by the act of Novem- 
ber 13th, 1814, authorizing a loan of three millions of dollars, for 
which stock was to issue reimbursable in twelve years, " that in ad- 
dition to the annual sum of eight millions of dollars, heretofore ap- 
propriated to the sinking fund, adequate and permanent funds shall, 
during the present session of Congress, be provided and appropriated, 
for the payment of the interest and reimbursement of the principal ol 
said stock created by this act." And by the same act, declared 
" that an adequate and permanent sinking fund, gradually to reduce, 
and eventually to extinguish the public debt, contracted, and to be 
contracted during the present war, shall also be established dur- 
ing the prevent session of Congress.*' And by various subsequent 
acts, passed during the same session, an annual direct tax of six 
millions of dollars, and all the internal taxes, including the du- 
ties on the postage of letters, were pledged " towards establishing 
an adequate revenue, to provide for the payment of the expenses of 
Government ; for the punctual payment of the public debt, principal 
and interest, contracted and to be contracted, according to tiie terms 
of the contracts respectively ; and for creating an adequate sinking 
fund, gradually to reduce, and eventually to extinguish the public 
debt, contracted and to be contracted," &c. ** and were to remain so 



^00 



pledged, until other taxes and duties, equally productive, were pro= 
vided, and established by law, for the same purposes." 

The plan of the sinking fund, originally adopted by the United 
States, was taken, substantially, from that of Great-Britain. The 
present British sinking fund, was established by Mr. Pitt, in 1786 ; 
and commenced, by a permjinent annual appropriation of one mil- 
lion sterling, to be applied by Commissioners, called Commissioners 
of the sinking fund, to the redemption of the public debt by purcha- 
ses of stock ; and the interest of the stock, thus purchased, was to be 
applied to the same purpose. A further permanent annual grant of 
two hundred thousand pounds, was afterwards added to this sum for 
the same object. Afterwards, Parliament made it a standing rule, 
that the creation of a new debt should be accompanied with the 
means of extinguishment, and on every new loan, permanent funds 
to the amount of one per cent, of the loan, were provided, and added 
to the sinking fund. Other sums. were afterwards added to the sink- 
ing fund, in consequence of loans obtained on a particular plan of ex- 
tinguishment, the details of which it is unnecessary to specify. The 
sinking fund of Great-Britain has, generally, been applied to purcha- 
ses of stock ; while that of the United States has not been so applied, 
except in its commencement, unless a balance remained in the hands 
of the Commissioners, after the reimbursement ot the six per cent, and 
deferred stock, and the payment of that part of the principal of the 
debt, which fell due in each year ; and not then, unless stocks were 
below par. 

The United States stock redeemed by payment, or purchase, has, 
in the Treasury books, passed to the credit of the Commissioners of 
the sinking fund ; the interest of which, as before stated, constitutes, 
in their hands, a part of the sinking fund. 

The amount thus passed to their credit, on the 1st day of Janua- 
ry, 1814, was as follows : — 

Foreign debt— five per cent, stock, ^8,200,000 
Four and a half per 

cent, stock, - 820,000 
Four per cent, stock, 3,18O,O0O 

g 12,200,000 



301 



Domestic debt— six per cent, stock, g 1^946,026 92 
Three per ct. stock, 698,555 41 
Deferred six per ct. 



stock, - - 1,005,179 83 
Eight per cent, stock, 6,182,500 
Exchanged six per 



cent, stock, 


6,294,051 12 


Converted six per 




cent, stock, 


1,859,850 70 


Four and a half per 




cent, stock, 


176,000 


Five and a half per 




cent, stock, 


1,848,900 


Navy six per cent. 




stock, 


711,700 


Louisiana six per ct. 




stock. 


326,500 


Six per cent, stock 




of 1812, 


324,200 



21,373,463 98 



^33,573,463 98 

Those, who have a curiosity to see the increase of the national 
debt of Great-Britain, from the time of the revolution, in 1689, to 
February 1st, 1813; together with the amount of money applied to 
the redemption of the national debt of that country, from the com- 
mencement of the sinking fund in 1786, to February 1st, 1813, and 
the produce of the sinking fund, at the latter period, may consult Ta- 
bles No. I. and II. taken from Hamilton's late enquiry, concerning 
the national debt of Great-Britain. 

From these, it will be seen, that, in 1689, the British national debt, 
was only £1,054,921 sterling, and that on the 1st of February, 1813, 
the funded debt of that Kingdom amounted to c^S 12,01 3, 135 sterling ; 
that of this sum 06*210,461,356 had been redeemed by the Commis- 
sioners of the sinking fund, 06*1,961,582 converted for life annuities, 
and that £24,378,804, had been transferred, for the purpose, of the 



302 



land tax, making £236,801,742 redeemed, leaving the unredeemed 
amount of funded debt, February 1st, 1813, £576,211,393; that 
this debt was invested in the following funds, viz. — 

Bank annuities, £11,686,800 

Loan of 1 726 , 1 ,000,000 

South Sea annuities, including loan of 1751, - 16,125,684 
Three per cent, consolidated, - . , _ 312,894,703 
Three per cent, reduced, 78,760,033 



£420,467,222 

Four per cent, consolidated, - - . _ 61,060,921 
Five per cent, consolidated, £92,060,264 
Loyalty loan, - - - 1,622,994 

93,683,248 



£575,211,393 

The three per cents, were redeemed, at an average nearly 

at - 62| 
The four per cents. - at - 84§ 

The five per oents. - at - 89| 

That the produce of the sinking fund, on the 1st of February, 1813, 
ivas £13,013,914 sterling. 

Besides the funded debt of Great-Britain, the floating debt, as it is 
called, consisting of navy debt, and exchequer bills outstanding, 
amounted, on the 6th of January, 1813, to £53,155,372. (See No. 
VL Appendix No. IL) 

For the amount of the funded debt of Great-Britain, redeemed and 
unredeemed, the annual charges of the same, with the sinking fund, 
applicable to the reduction of the debt, for each year, from 1804 to 
1813, see No. TV. in Appendix No. IL 

The amount of capital funded in Great-Britain, has greatly exceed- 
ed the sums raised, as most of the loans have been taken in the three 
per cents. This excess, during the war of the American revolution, 



303 

and from 1793 to 1812 inclusive, is stated by Mr. Hamilton, as fol- 
lows. — 



Sums raised. Capital funded. 

Debt contracted during the war of 

the American revolution, - £ 91,760,842 £115,267,993 

Loans from 1793 to 1812 inclusive, 322,358,532 498,861,867 

Bills funded, in that period, - 62,258,173 74,920,020 



£476,380,547 £689,049,880 

Of which redeemed by the Com- 
missioners, - - - 133,536,836 210,461,356 



£342,843,711 £478,588,524 
342,843,711 



Excess of capital funded, above sums raised, - £135,744,813 



In consequence of the operation of the sinking fund in Great-Bri- 
tain, the national funded debt of that Kingdom has increased but 
about ninety-one millions sterling, from 1804 to 1813, a period of 
nine v,ears ; notwithstanding the loans, obtained in each year, were 
large. In 1804, the unredeemed amount of funded debt was 
£484,162,622, and in 1813, was £575,211,393. The difference is 
£91,048,771, or about $400,000,000, principally in the three per 
Gents, being an annual increa.se, of about forty-four millions of dollars. 

The British sinking fund, in 1804, was £6,282,947, being in pro- 
portion to the debt, as one to seventy-seven, and in 1813, was 
£13,013,914, being in proportion to the debt, at that time,as one to 
forty-four. (See No. IV. in Appendix No. II.) - f 

What will be the annual increase of the debt of the United^States, 
in consequence of the late war, cannot yet be ascertained with preci- 
sion. Making an allowance, for the difference between the value 
of stock at three per cent, and six per cent, the annual increase of 
the American national debt, during the late war, cannot fall much 
short of the annual increase of the British funded debt, for the abovr 
period of nine yenrs. 



304 



That the United States, however, while they remain at peace, will 
be able to pay the interest of their debt, as well as the other necessa- 
ry expenses of the government, and also to extinguish the principal of 
the debt, within a reasonable time, with a proper application of their 
funds, there can be no doubt. 



305 

TABLE No. I. 



The amount of the National Debt of Great-Britain, at the Revolution 
and at the commencement and termination of each war, to February 
1st, 1813, has been as follows : — 

£ 

1689 1,054,925 
1697 21,515,742 
1701 16,394,701 
1714 53,681,076 
1740 46,449,568 
1748 78,293,313 
1756 72,289,673 
1763 133,959,270 



National debt at the revolution, 

— at the peace of RysAvick, 

— at the commencement of the war, 

— at the peace of Utrecht, 

— at the commencement of the war, 
Funded debt at the peace of Aix la Chapelle, 

— at the commencement of the war, 

— at the peace of Paris, 
including what was contracted in sub- 
sequent years, to discharge arrears. 

— at the commencement of the American 
war, 

— at the peace of Versailles, 

— including what was funded in subse- 
quent years, and this being reduced 
by purchases made by the Commis- 
sioners for the redemption of the 
national debt, there remained unre- 
deemed at the commencement of 
the war, 

— at the peace of Am.iens, 
including the loan of 
that year, - £567,008,978 

of which redeemed, 67,225,915 



1775 
1783 



1793 
1802 



122,963,254 
238,231,248 



There was no reduction of the national debt dur- 
ing the short peace which followed the treaty 
of Amiens. 
Funded debt 1st February, 

£812,013,135 
Of which redeemed or converted 

into life annuities, - 212,422,938 



1813 



In this statement the value of annuities granted for 
years is not included. 



227,989,148 



499,783,063 



599,590,197 



39 



306 

TABLE No. II. 



The amount of money applied for the redemption of the national funded debt\ 
of Great-Britain, and o f capital and interest redeemed since the commenced 
ment of the sinking fund in 17 to 1st February, 1S13, and the produce 
of the sinking fund, at that time, are as follows : — 

Sums Capital 



Three per cents. 
Four per cents. 
Five per cents. 

Converted for life annuities, 
Transferred for purchase of land tax, 



expended. 

£ 



126,822,903 
6,586,934 
126,998 



133,536,835 



redeemed. 

202,522,956 
7,796,400 
142,000 
210,461,356 

1,961,582 
24,378,804 



Interest 
redeemed. 



236,801,742 



Permanent annual grant to sinking fund, 

Additional permanent annual grant. 

Amount of one per cent, sinking ftmd, 

Sinking fund of 1807, on Lord Henry Petty's plan. 

Annuities, the term of which is expired. 

Life annuities, of which the nominees have died, piior to July 

5th, 1802, - - - 

Life annuities unclaimed for thi'ee years, prior to January 5th, 

1813, 



Deduct life amiuities gTanted for capital. 
Of which expired. 



£40,333 
4,660 



Amount of sinking fund 1st February, 1813, 



6,075,6881 
311,8561 
7,100; 



6,453,491 



1,000,000 
200,000 

4,738,683! 
626,255j 
79,880j 

21,141| 

30,135 



13,149,587 
35,673 



13,013,914 



The three per cents, were redeemed nearly at 62 7-8 at an average. 
The four per cents, at 84 1-2. 
The five per cents, at 89 3-8. 

The funded debt, 1st of February, 1813, was - £812,013,135 

Redeemed by sinking fund, - - - 210,461,356 



Converted for life annuities, - - . 

Transferred for purchase of land tax. 
Unredeemed debt of Britain, 1st February, 1813, 



£601,551,779 
1,961,582 



£599,590,197 
24,378,80 4 1 

£575,211,393; 

Which debt was invested in the following funds : — j 



Bank annuities. 
Loan of 1726, - . - 

South sea annuities, including loan of 1751, 
Three per cent, consolidated, 
Three per cent, redeemed. 



Four per cent, consolidated. 
Five per cent, consolidated. 
Loyalty loan. 



£92,060,254 
1,622,994 



£11,686,800; 
1,000,0001 
16,125,684 
312,894,7031 
78,760,033 'i 
£420,467,222: 
61,060,9211 



93,683,248; 
£575;2n,.392! 



CHA.PTER IX. 



Reyenues, derived, principally, fi'om duties on imports and tonnage- 
Amount received from the customs, from tlie commencement of the Go- 
vernment, to 1814 — Gross and net amount of the customs, accruing amiu- 
ally, in each state and territory, from the commencement of the Govern- 
ment, to December 31st, 1810, with the amount of drawbacks, &c. — An ac- 
count of internal duties laid prior to 1802 — Amount received, prior to, and 
since tlieir repeal ia that year — Vai-ious internal taxes laid since 1812 — Di- 
rect taxes, which have been laid, at different periods — Amount of the va- 
luation of lands and houses, in 1799 — Comparative view of tlie value of 
lands and houses, in 1799, and 1814, in several states — Proceeds of sales 
of public lands — Estimate of the quantity of public lands yet unsold — 
Post-Office establishment — Amount of postage received — Receipts and ex- 
penditures, at different periods. 

Previous to the late war, between the United States and Great- 
Britain, the revenues of the United States were derived from the fol- 
lowing sources, viz. — 

1 . Imported articles. 

2. The tonnage of ships and vessels. 

3. Spirits distilled within the United States, and on stills. 

4. Postage of letters. 

5. Taxes on patents. 

6. Dividends on bank stock. 

7. Snuff manufactured, in the United States. 

8. Sugar refined, in the United States. 

9. Sales at auction. 

10. Licenses to retail Wines and distilled spirits. 

1 1. Carriages for the conveyance of persons. 

12. Stamped paper. 

13. Direct taxes. 

14. Sales of public lands. 

The revenues of the United States, have been principally derived 



308 



from duties on imports and tonnage. Internal taxes were laid, at 
different periods, after the commencement of the Government, and by 
an act passed April, 1802, were all discontinued, from and after the 
30th of June of the same year. On the 14th of July, 1798, a direct 
tax, of two millions of dollars, was laid upon the United States, and 
was the only direct tax imposed previous to the late war. 

The customs, as they are called, consist of duties on imports and 
tonnage, and also of monies, arising from passports, clearances, light 
money, &c. The gross amiount of the customs is that, which ac- 
crues on the importation of merchandize, the net amount, as it is call- 
ed in the Treasury book, is that which remains, after deducting the 
drawbacks on the exportation of the same merchandize ; and also for 
drawbacks on domestic spirits exported, on which a duty has been 
paid, and for bounties and allowances for the fisheries, and on the ex- 
portation of salted provisions, and also, after deducting the expenses 
of prosecution and collection. 

This amount is secured to the Government, by bonds payable at 
different periods, according to the term of credit, given to the import- 
er. Owing, however, to the bankruptcy of obligors, failure of col- 
lectors, and other causes, the whole of the money thus secured, does 
not come into the public Treasury. 

The amount of the actual receipts from the customs, from the com- 
mencement of the Government,, to the year 1813, was as follows, 
viz. — 



From 4th March, 1789, to 




31st December, 


Dolls, Cts. 


1791 


4,399,472 99 


1792 


3,443,070 83 


1793 


4,255,306 56 


1794 


4,801,065 28 


1795 


5,588,461 26 


1796 


6,567,987 94 


1797 


7,549,649 66 


1798 


7,106,061 93 


1799 


6,610,449 31 



309' 



Years. 
1800 
1801 
1802 
1803 
1804 
1805 
1806 
1807 
1808 
1809 
1810 
1811 
1812 
1813 

The amount receivable, in 1814, was esti- 
mated at about 

In consequence of the late peace, and the double duties, there is 
no doubt, that the amount of the customs, which will accrue in 1815, 
will exceed that of any former year ; estimates of the amount have 
varied from fifteen to thirty millions. 

The gross and net annual amount of the customs, which have ac- 
crued, with the amount of drawbacks on merchandize, and on spirits 
exported, of bounties and allowances, and expenses of collection, in 
each state, and territory, from March 4th, 1789, to 1810, inclusive, 
appears from table No. I. This statement was laid before Congress, 
on the 27th of February, 1812, and serves to shew, not only the 
amount of the customs, with the drawbacks, but also the extent of 
trade in each state and territory. 

The amount of duties, which accrued, in 1805, 1806 and 1807, 
was much greater, than in any preceding, or subsequent years. 

The net amount accruing in 1805, being - 14,980,2 18 62 

1806, - - 16,081,976 60 

1807, - - 16,493,434 75 

Making $47,555,629 97 



DoUs. Cts. 

9,080,932 73 
10,750,778 93 
12,438,235 74 
10,479,417 61 
11,098,565 33 
12,936,487 04 
14,667,698 17 
15,845,521 61 
16,363,550 58 

7,296,020 58 

8,583,309 31 
13,313,222 73 

8,958,777 53 
13,224,623 25 

7,000,000 



310 



Of this sum, the amount which accrued, and was secured in the states 
of Massachusetts, New- York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and South- 
Carolina, was as follows, viz. — 

Massachusetts in 1805, - - ^3,308 ,046 41 

1806, - 3,624,326 92 

1807, - - 3,576,674 15 

g 10,409,047 48 

New-York, in 1805, - - ^4,882,076 56 , 

1806, - 4,875,783 02 

1807, - - 4,826,713 42 

$14,584,573 00 

Pennsylvania, in 1805, - -$2,300,563 37 

1806, - 3,017,403 45 

1807, - - 3,162,733 16 



$8,480,699 98 



Maryland, in 1805, - - $1,130,834 31 

1806, - 1,446,697 73 

1807, - - 1,633,899 84 



$4,211,331 88 



South-Carolina; in 1805, - - $843,135 47 
1806, - 871,393 26 



1807, - - 736,527 84 

2,460,056 67 



Making, in these five states, = - - $40,135,708 91 

The duties remained nearly the same from 1802 to 1812, except 
an addition of two and a half per cent, on merchandize imported, 
paying duties ad valorem, which constituted the Mediterranean fund ; 
the great increase of the duties, therefore, from 1802, to the com- 
mencement of commercial restrictions, was owing, principally, to 
the increased population, and consumption of the country, and to 
the prosperous state of American commerce, during this period. 



311 



The duties on imports are laid, either upon the value of the arti- 
cles imported, and which are called duties ad valorem, or a certain 
sum is imposed, on the articles themselves, called specific duties. 
Many articles, however, are imported duty free. These consist of 
articles in a raw state, which are necessary for our manufactures, or 
agriculture, such as bullion, copper, old pewter, tin, salt-petre, sul- 
pher, dying drugs and woods, woad, wool, furs, raw hides, to which 
are added sea stores, wearing apparel, personal baggage and imple- 
ments of trade, belonging to emigrants, and philosophical apparatus, 
for the use of seminaries of learning. 

For some years, prior to 1804, goods imported subject to duties 
ad valorem, were divided into three classes, the first class paid twen- 
ty per cent, the second fifteen, and the third twelve and a half per 
cent on their value.* 

On the 25th of March, 1804, by an act, entitled " An act further 
to protect the commerce and seamen of the United States against the 
Barbary powers," an additional duty of two and a half per cent, was 
laid on all the imports then paying duties ad valorem. This increas- 
ed the rate of these duties to twenty- two and a half, seventeen and a 
half and fifteen per cent. A separate account was to be kept, of the 
monies arising from this additional duty, and it constituted a distinct 
fund, by the name of " the Mediterranean fund," and was to be ap- 
plied solely " for the purpose of defraying the expenses of equipping, 
officering, manning, and employing such of the armed vessels of the 
United States, as may be deemed requisite by the President of the 
United States, for protecting the commerce and seamen thereof, and 
for carrying on warlike operations against the regency of Tripoli, or 
any other of the Barbary powers, which may commit hostilities 
against the United States, and for the purpose of defraying any other 
expenses incidental to the intercourse with the Barbary {)owers, or 
which are authorized by this act." This additional duty was to 
cease, and be discontinued at the expiration of three months, after 
the ratification of a treaty of peace, with the regency of Tripoli. 

Peace was made with that regency, in 1805, yet this additional 

* On goods imported in foreign vessels a.u addition of ten per rent, is 
made to the amount of tl/is and other duties. 



312 



duty has been continued by various acts of Congress, until March 3d, 
1815, when it ceased; and the proceeds of it have been applied, to 
the general expenses of the Government. On the 1st day of July, 
1812, an addition of one hundred per cent, was made to all the per- 
manent duties, to continue during the war then existing between Great- 
Britain and the United States, and one year thereafter. As the addi- 
tional duty, which constituted the Mediterranean fund, was temporary, 
this was not increased by the act. This addition of one hundred per 
cent, increased the rates of duties ad valorem, to forty-two and a half, 
thirty-two and a half, and twenty-seven and a half per cent, until 
March 3d, 1815, when the Mediterranean fund ceasing, they will 
continue at forty, thirty, and twenty-five, until the 18th day of 
February, 1816, being one year from the exchange of ratifications of 
the treaty of peace, between the United States and Great-Britain. 

The articles subject to duties ad valorem, are numerous, and in- 
clude all manufactures of wool, cotton, silk, hemp and flax, all manu- 
factures of metals (except nails, spikes, steel, wool and cotton cards, 
which pay specific duties) all manufactures of earth, stone, and leath- 
er, (except boots and shoes) all carriages and parts of carriages, ca- 
binet wares, paper hangings, carpets and carpeting, and many other 
articles. 

The net amount of the ad valorem duties, from 1801 to 1812, was 
as follows, viz. — 





Dollars. 


1801 


7,070,430 


1802 


4,960,123 


1803 


4,850,630 


1804 


5,664,797 


1805 


6,410,440 


1806 


7,162,099 


1807 


7,560,929 


1808 


~ 2,739,375 


1809 


3,806,263 


1810 


6,814,255 


1811 - , 


2,820,166 


1812 


5,782,144 



313 



Imported spirits, wines, molasses, teas, coffee, sugar, and salt, 
have paid specific duties. In some years prior to the late war, the 
duty on spirits was, on an average, about twenty-nine cents per gal- 
lon, wines from fifty-eight to twenty-three cents per gallon, and mo- 
lasses five cents, teas, on an average, about twenty cents per pound, 
coffee five cents, sugar two and a half cents, and salt twenty cents 
per bushel, weighing fifty-six pounds. 

Table No II. shews the gross amount of duties, on each of these 
articles, from 1793 to 1810, inclusive, (except on salt, which ceased 
in 1807,) and the amount of drawbacks on the same, for the same 
period. 

The net amount of duties accruing, on each of them, for the years 
1805, 1806, and 1807, was as follows, viz. :— 

Dolls. Dolls. 
Spirits, 1805 - 2,267,389 

1806 - 3,102,219 

1807 - 2,683,802 

8,053,410 

Wines, 1805 - 843,319 

1806 "- 559,703 

1807 - 868,812 

2,271,834 

Molasses, 1805 - 464,445 

1806 - 428,883 

1807 - 414,133 

1,307,461 

Teas, 1805 - 681,774 

1806 - 975,053 

1807 - 1,223,968 

' 2,880,795 



40 



su 



DoUs. Dolls. 
Coffee, 1805 - '362,871 

1806 - 1,005,674 

1807 - 714,976 

2,073,420 

Sugar, 1806 ^ 1,922,220 

1806 - 1,999,886 

1807 - 1,886,473 

6,807,679 

Salt, 1806 - 763,391 

1806 - 846,318 

1807 - 711,819 

2,321,528 , 

The net amount of duties on spirits imported, from 1793 to 1810, 
inclusive, was ^33,536, 140, being about one fifth of all the duties on 
imports, during that period. Specific duties have also been laid, on 
various other articles imported, at different rates, which produced, in 
1806, the net amount of ^1,014,841 and 30 cents. (See Table 
No. III.) 

INTERNAL TAXES. 

Soon after the establishment of the Government, duties on spirits 
distilled within the United States, and on stills, were laid ; other in- 
ternal taxes were afterwards, at different periods, added, and which, 
as before stated, were repealed in 1802. Those which were impos- 
ed, prior to that time, and, in the Treasury books, were denominated 
internal taxes, were — 

1. Duties on spirits distilled within the United States, and on stills. 

2. — on snuff" manufactured in the United States. 

3. — on refined sugar. 

4. — on sales at auction. 

5. — on licenses to retail wines, and spirituous liquors. 



315 



6. Duties on carriages for the conveyance of persons. 

7. — on stamped paper. 

The sums actually paid into the Treasury from those internal tax- 
es, from their commencement, to September 30th, 1312, was 
^6,460,003 54 cents, and the annual receipts were — 





DoUs. Cts. 


1792 


208,942 81 


1793 


237,705 70 


1794 


274,089 62 


1793 


337,755 36 


1796 


475,289 60 


1797 


575,491 45 


1798 


644,357 95 


1799 


779,136 44 


1800 


809,396 55 


1801 


1,048,033 43 


1802 


621,898 89 


1803 


215,179 69 


1804 


50,941 29 


1805 


21,747 15 


1806 


20,101 45 


1807 


13,051 40 


1808 


8,210 73 


1809 


4,044 39 


1810 


7,430 63 


1811 


2,295 95 


1812 


4,903 6 




$6,460,003 54 



The greatest amount of these taxes accrued, in 1801, being 
$989,533 and 29 cents, and the amount accruing in each state ac- 
cording to official Treasury statements, was as follows, viz. : — 

IJolls. Cts. 

New-Hampshire, - - 9,785 70 



816 









Dolls. 


Cts. 


Massachusetts, 


- 




23i%566 


33 


Rhode-Island, 


- 




32,156 


99 


Connecticut, 


- 


- 


27,220 


14 


Vermont, 


- 


- 


3,360 


73 


New- York, 


- 




143,757 


89 


New- Jersey, 






8,043 


53 


Pennsylvania, 


- 


- 


209,545 


46 


Delaware, 


- 


- 


6,994 


81 


Maryland, 


- 




83,562 


96 


Virginia, 


- 


- 


115,444 


32 


North-Carolina, 


- 


- 


32,476 


23 


OOUlll-V^drOllUd, 






4P» fi 1 9 

^0,D 1 A. 


DO 


Georgia, 






6,452 


37 


Kentucky, 










Tennessee, 






9,456 


99 


Ohio, 






23,095 


21 








^989,533 


29 



And during that year, the following was the amount accruing from 
each object — 

From spirits distilled within the United States, g 178,659 21 

From stills, - - - 257,070 3 

From refined sugar, - - 76,539 65 

From sales at auction. - - 66,122 84 

From licenses to retailers, - - 69,173 74 

From carriages, - 73,926 21 

From stamped paper, - - 268,041 61 



^989,041 61 

Although these internal duties were repealed in 1802, their collec- 
tion has never yet been completed. Considerable sums have been 
annually paid into the Treasury, from officers entrusted with the col- 
lection of them, since their repeal; and on the 1st day of January, 
1812, the balances due from the Supervisors and other officers of the 
internal revenue, in the several states, as appears by the Treasury 
books, amounted to - - ^254,940 64 



3ir 

At the first session of the thirteenth Congress, held in the summer 
of 1813, the following internal duties were laid, viz. : — 

1 . Duties on licenses for stills and boilers. 

2. — on carriages, for the conveyance of persons. 

3. — on licenses to retailers of foreign merchandize, wines, 

and spirituous liquors. 

4. — on sales at auction. 

5. — on refined sugar. 

6. — on stamped paper of a certain description. 

These taxes were to commence on the 1st day of January, 1814. 
And for the purpose of collecting the same, each state was divided in- 
to a certain number of collection districts, each district having a prin- 
cipal collector, with power to appoint deputies under hira. 

The amount of the tax laid, on most of these objects, was about 
double the former tax on the same, and on licenses to retailers, was 
about three times the amount of the former. 

The original plan of the Treasury department, and which was 
adopted by Congress, contemplated a reliance on loans to carry on 
the war, and to pay the reimbursements of the old debt. A revenue 
sufficient to defray the ordinary expenses of the Government, to pay 
the interest of the existing public debt, and tlie interest on new loans, 
was to be provided. 

The Secretary of the Treasury, in his letter to the Committee of 
ways and means, of January 10th, 1812, in answer to their enquiries 
relative to supplies and revenue, in the event of tear, stated, that the 
sum of about nine millions of dollars, would be sufficient to defray the 
ordinary expenses of Government, and to pay the interest of the ex- 
isting public debt ; and that this sum, with the amount of interest on 
new loans, must annually be provided. 

Supposing ten millions to be borrowed in 1812, the sum to be rais- 
ed by taxes in 1813, according to the statement of the Secretary, 
would amount to ^9,600,000. To meet this, the Secretary calcula- 
ted, that the duties on imports, if doubled, and with a duty of twenty 



318 



cents per bushel on salt, would produce — - ^6,400,000 

and proceeds of sales of land, - - 600,000 



6,000,000 

Leaving a deficiencj of - - . 3,600,000 



9,600,000 

To make up this deficiency, the Secretary proposed a direct tax of 
three millions of dollars, and a tax on spirits distilled and on stills, 
on refined sugar, on licenses to retailers, on sales at auction, on car- 
riages, and stamp paper, sufficient to produce two millions more, both 
amounting to - - - ^5,000,000 

Deducting the expenses of collection, assessment, and 

losses, estimated at - - - . 750,000 



Leaving, when in full operation, in 1814, - 4,250,000 

But which were estimated to produce, in 1813, only 3,600,000 



These taxes, however, were not laid by Congress, until the sum- 
mer of 1813, to commence from the 1st of January, succeeding. 

The sums which accrued from these internal taxes, (exclusive of 
the direct tax) for the two first quarters of 1814, amounted to 
^2,212,491 and 73 i cents, and the sums accruing from each, were 
as follows, viz. : — 



Licenses on stills and boilers, 
Carriages, 

Licenses to retailers. 
Sales at auction, 
Refined sugar, 
Stamped paper, 



^1,062,758 99 
214,639 731 
663,887 
53,695 38| 
146 34 
217,364 281 



$2,212,491 73i 



319 

The amount accruing in each State and Territory, was as follows, viz. : 







V5 




cn 
















Q 





05 9 



SI 

J -3 



VA^ Mj >^ s;^ uu V4_> S4J 

CO 00 CD V5 00 Tj< 00 CO iH tN. 00 <o 

r-(C0 0^00*r5OOi-HO00CNO»r>OO>0CnV5 
OOi-ICNOOCO>OO^OOh,'HT}<00»-IT}«Tj.rH 
CN CO CO CO »0 CO CO O) CN T-( 00 i-H i-H 

>o ^^l4' co vfcN o i-TirTco ■^''o" cotC 
th *o ^ cn cn iH 



cft»o<ocoooa>vOT-iv5,HOT}<(ooocN} 

C>< aiCN"^<O00<OCNr-lCNrHC0 *0 
r-i|i5ls.C^C^CNCOi-ivO'*OOT5<i-(OCO 

VJOO C0tN.ls.CNh.r-(-*r-(T}<O«3C^ 
CO CN O 00 00 00 ,-( CO O '<^' r-l 
CN «0 OOCNO lOCN 





*D O <0 




' -cff *rj 




*0 (N 




*r> V) 




' 




O 







O 


1 ^ 1 


, CN CN 


CO 




00 CO 


CO 00 


00 






I ^ 1 




O 00 








Vi *i OOOOCOCOi-HCOCN 00^00 t^iH O^T^OirMrHCNrH 

4) o t^i-ioc^ocNa^ »Haia>CNCN<ot^i-HT-(oo 

rt^ ^^O(NC9CN^^.C0K00»0^0Tf<l^>Tf<rfr-lCNC)(N-<^''^»0C0'<t 

T oi *'^OC0T}<0^00»nO'-<OC0C7J<OC0C^V0C0"*«0*0 i^O'«5< 

2 ^ '-J^'-<^>^00 O O CN h. rH^C^ 00 *0 Ti< o «o »^ • ^ 

rt Q <0 CO CN CN cTi-Ty^'i/f irf trTod'co CN^'T CN 

O CO CN TH T-1 0< T-» i-i 



*l 00<OCNC0<ON.Cr> ti.CO 00 , CO 00 K 

OC7>00»OCNC0<O»O tH^O >-( CO 

J^i^OincOT}<C7jOl^OC"}OCOCN>OiDO>00 col^CN 

M :i'-''-<tOh-00CN00Ti-C0'<t00O00i-(iOt^,000^ VOCNUD 

C ^"oTo^C^rT^ 00 -H ^"vo'oo"''* O CN <0 T-r>0 'i-Tc^t-T 
Q <OT-(r-(T}<»o»Ht^ COTt<'<;}*CO»OCO"<l''-i 



-_r , ' ' ' ' r- £ 

•J ' ^ ■ ^ ' ' g s ' .^4444-% 

<u=2 •I'-S o a3 Oj2-=! 3 — ^ ^ ^ c — ■»!; isUS'tH--' 



320 



It is calculated that the duties accruing in the two last quarters of 
1814, will amount to about one million of dollars, making for that 
year, three millions from internal duties, of which about two mil- 
lions will be received into the Treasury, in 1814. 

During the session of Congress which commenced the 19th of Sep- 
tember, 1814, a duty of twenty cents, on every gallon of spirits dis- 
tilled within the United States, was laid, in addition to the duty on 
licenses for stills and boilers, fifty per cent, was added to the duty on 
licenses to retailers, an addition was also made to the duties on car- 
riages, sales at auction, and on stamped paper. 

TAX ON MANUFACTURES. 

Duties were also laid during the same session, on the following 
goods, wares, and merchandize, manufactured within thfe United 
States, viz. : — 

On pig iron per ton, one dollar. 

Castings, of iron, per ton, one dollar and fifty cents. 

Bar iron, per ton, one dollar. 

Rolled or slit iron, per ton, one dollar. 

Nails, brads, and sprigs, other than those usually denominated 
wrought, one cent per pound. 

Candles, oi white wax, or in part of white and other wax, per 
pound, five cents. 

Mould candles, of tallow, or of wax. other than white, or in part of 
each, per pound, three cents. 

Hats and caps, in whole, or in part of leather, wool, or fur, bon- 
nets in whole or in part of wool or fur, if above two dollars in value, 
eight per centum ad valorem. 

Hats, of chip or wood, covered with silk or other materials, or not 
covered, if above two dollars in value, eight per centum ad valorem. 

Paper, three per centum ad valorem. 

Umbrellas and parasols, if above the value of two dollars, eight per 
centum ad valorem. 

Playing and visiting cards, fifty per centum ad valorem. 
Saddles and bridles, six per centum ad valorem. 



321 



Boots and shoes, exceeding five dollars per pair in value, five per 
centum ad valorem. 

Beer, ale, and porter, six per centum ad valorem. 

Manufactured tobacco, snuff, and segars, twenty per centum ad va- 
lorem. 

Leather, including all hides and skins, whether tanned, tawed, 
dressed, or otherwise made, on the original manufacture thereof, five 
per centum ad valorem. 

Gold and silver plated ware, jewellery, and paste work, six per cen- 
tum ad valorem. 

These duties, as the act imposing them directs, are " to be paid by 
the owner or occupier of the buildings or vessels, in which, or of the 
machines, implements, or utensils wherewith the said goods, wares, and 
merchandize, shall have been manufactured, or made, or by the agent 
or superintend ant thereof." 

To insure the collection of this tax on manufactures, the law also 
directs, that no person, after the expiration of ninety days, from the 
passing of the act, owning or occupying any building, or vessel, ma- 
chine, implement, or utensil, used or intended to be used, in such 
manufactures, shall use the same, without a license from the Collector 
of the district, for a term not exceeding one year, so to do ; and be- 
fore such license can be obtained, such person is to give bond, with 
two sureties, 1st. That he will make a true and exact entry and re- 
port in writing, to the Collector, of every building, or vessel, ma- 
chine, implement, or utensil owned or occupied by him, with the size 
thereof, the place where situate, and the manner, in which, and the 
time for which, not exceeding one year, he intends to employ the 
same. 

2d. A like report of the denominations and qualities of articles 
manufactured, on hand, and the value thereof. 

3d. That he will from day to day, as long as he may use the 
same, enter in a book or books, to be kept for that purpose, the de- 
nominations and qualities of articles manufactured, and an account of 
the denominations and quantities sold, with the price for which tlir 
same were sold, and the name of the person to whom sold, when the 
amount shall exceed ten dollars in value, and that he will render to 
the Collector, at the end of every three month^^. or within ten dnr> 

41 



622 



thereafter, a general account of the denominations and quantities of 
articles manufactured, with the aggregate value thereof, for three 
months preceding, also a statement in writing, taken from his books, 
specifying the denominations and quantities of manufactured articles 
sold on each day, stating distinctly each sale, with the name of the 
purchaser, and the price, when the quantity sold shall exceed ten 
dollars, and the aggregate denominations and quantities and aggregate 
value of all other sales ; this account and statement to be verified by 
oath or affirmation. The Collector to have a right to inspect the 
books kept by the' manufacturer, every day, between the rising and 
setting of the sun. 

4th. That he will pay the duties on the articles manufactured. 

In addition to these duties on manufactures, duties were likewise 
laid, the same session, on household furniture, on gold and silver 
watches, and fifty per cent, was added to the rate of postage on let- 
ters, besides an annual direct tax, on houses, lands, and slaves, of six 
millions of dollars. 

From estimates made at the Treasury, it was calculated, that these 
internal duties, for an entire year, when in full operation, would pro- 
duce ^10,159,000, (except the duty on gold, silver, and plated ware, 
and jewellery, not laid at the time of the estimates.) 

The product of each, was estimated as follows, viz.— ~ 

Stamps, - - - - ^510,000 

Carriages, - - - 300,000 

Sales at auction, - - - 300,000 

Refined sugar, - - - - 150,000 

Licenses to retailers, - - . 900,000 
Licenses for stills, with the duty on spirits, 4,000,000 

Postage, - - . . 250,000 

Furniture, - - - 1,238,000 

Gold watches, - - 60,000 

Silver watches, - - - - 170,000 

Boots, - - - - 75,000 

Saddles and bridles, - - - 66,000 

Paper, - _ . - _ 50,000 



323 



Candles, 


$200,000 


Playing cards, 


- 80,000 


Tobacco and snufF, 


200,000 


Hats, - 


- 400,000 


Iron, - - - 


350,000 


Nails, - - - 


- 200,000 


Beer, ale, and porter, 


60,000 


Leather, - 


600,000 



$10,159,000 

Their product, however, for 1816, was es- 
timated at only $7,053,000 

It will be observed, that most of the internal duties, and particular- 
ly those on manufactures, are laid upon the articles according to their 
value ; and that, not only the value, but the quantity of the articles^ 
manufactured is made to depend, principally, on the books and oath 
of the manufacturer himself, or of the persons employed by him. 
This is a new mode of collecting duties, and whether it will ensure a 
faithful collection, can be best known from experience. The policy 
of multiplying oaths, among so many classes of the community, es- 
pecially in cases, where the temptations to .violation, arising from in- 
terest, are so strong, may well be questioned. 



DIRECT TAXES. 



On the 14th of July, 1798, the first direct tax under the Constitu- 
tion, (being two millions of dollars,) was laid upon the United States, 
and was apportioned among the several states, according to the prin- 
ciples of the Constitution, as follows, viz. — 

Dolls. Cts. MU. 
New-Hampshire, - - 77,705 36 2 

Massachusetts, - - - 260,435 31 2 

Rhode-Island, - - 37,502 8 

Connecticut, - - - 129,767 2 

Vermont, - - - 46,864 18 7 



334 

DoUs. Cts. Mis. 





181 680 


70 


7 


*hf p w -.T p p v 


- 98 387 


25 


3 


Pennsylvania J 


237,177 


72 


7 


Delaware, 


30 430 


79 


2 


Maryland, 


162,599 


95 


4 


Virginia, 


345,488 


66 


5 


Kentucky, 


- 37,643 


99 


7 


N. Carolina, 


193,697 


96 


5 


S. Carolina, 


112,997 


73 


9 


Georgia, 


38,814 


87 


5 


Tennessee, 


18,806 


38 


3 



This tax was laid upon all dwelling-houses, and lands, and on 
slaves between the ages of twelve and fifty, within the United States. 
The houses and lands were valued, according to the provisions of a 
law passed, on the 9th of July, 1798, and by the same act, all slaves 
above the age of twelve and under the age of fifty, except such as 

from fixed infirmity or bodily disability, were incapable of labour," 
were also enumerated. This sum of two millions was assessed, on 
the dwelling-houses, lands, and slaves according to the valuations and 
enumerations, made by said act, in the manner following, viz. — 

" Upon every dwelling-house, which, with the out-houses, appurtenant 
thereto, and the lot, whereon the same were erected, not exceeding- two 
acres, shall be valued at more than one hundred dollars, and not more than 
five hiuidred dollars, a sum equal to two tenths of one per cent, on the 
amount of valuation — 

At more than ^500, and not more than ^1,000, three tenths of one per ct. 
At more than 1,000, and not more than 3,000, four tenths of do. 
At more than 3,000, and not more than 6,000, five tenths of do. 
At more than 6,000, and not more than 10,000, six tenths of do. 
At more than 10,000, and not more than 15,000, seven tenths of do. 
At more than 15,000, and not more than 20,000, eight tenths of do. 
At more than 20,000, and not more than 30,000, nine tenths of do. 
And on all dwelling-houses, valued at 
more than - - - 30,000, one pr ct. on the valuation." 

Upon every slave enumerated, there was assessed fifty cents. 
After deducting the amount of the sums, thus assessed upon dwell- 



S26 



ing-houses and slaves, within each state, from the sum apportioned to 
such state, the remainder was assessed, upon the lands in such state, 
according to the valuation made in pursuance of said act, and at such 
rate per centum, as was sufficient to produce the said remainder. 

The number of acres of lands in the 

United States, valued under the And was valued at 

act, was . - - 163,746,688, ^479,293,263 13 

The number of dwelling-houses, 

over onjB hundred dollars, was - 276,695, 140,683,984 79 



Making for both, .... g619,977,247 92 
And the number of slaves enumera- 
ted, was - - - - 393,219 

The proportion of the two millions, assessed upon hou- 
ses, according to the foregoing principles, was - §47 1,988 96 

Upon land, 1,327,713 21 

And upon slaves, 196,609 60 

Table No. IV. exhibits a general view of the number of acres of land, 
and number of dwelling-houses, with their respective valuations, and 
number of slaves, in each state, with the proportion of the tax, assess- 
ed upon each of them. 

The quantity of land valued in each state, and the amount of its 
valuation, was jis follows, viz. — 

No. of acres. Valuation. 

DoUs. Cte. 

jS[ew-Hampshire, - 3,749,061 - 19,028,108 03 

Massachusetts, - 7,831,628 - 59,445,642 64 

Rhode-Island, - - 565,844 - 8,082,355 21 

Connecticut, - 2,649,149 - 40,163,955 34 

Vermont, - - 4,918,722 - 15,165,484 02 

New-York, - 16,414,510 - 74,885,075 69 

New-Jersey, - - 2,788,282 - 27,287,981 89 



326 





No. of acres 


Valuation. 






Dolls. Cts. 


Pennsylvania, 


- 11,959,866 


72,824,862 60 


Delaware, 


1,074,106 


4,063,248 42 


Maryland, - 


- 6,444,272 


- 21,634,004 67 


Virginia, 


- 40,458,644 


- 69,976,860 04 


N. Carolina, 


20,966,467 


- 27,909,479 70 


S. Carolina, - 


9,772,687 


- 12,456,720 94 


Georgia, 


13,634,169 


10,263,506 96 


Kentucky, 


- 17,674,634 


- 20,268,326 07 


Tennessee, 


- 3,961,367 


6,847,662 00 




163,746,686 


^479,293,263 13 



In some of the states, the valuations were not completed, until three 
or four years after the tax was laid. The amount of this direct tax, 
received into the public Treasury, to the 30th of September, 1812, 
was Jlj767,240 84, and in the following years, viz. — 





Dolls. Cts. 


In 1800 


734,223 97 


1801 


534,343 38 


1802 


206,566 44 


1803 


71,879 20 


1804 


60,198 44 


1806 


21,882 91 


1806 


65,763 86 


1807 


34,732 56 


1808 


19,159 21 


1809 


7,517 31 


1810 


12,448 68 


1811 


7,666 66 


ToSept.SOtb, 1812 


859 22 



g 1,767,240 84 



Large balances of this tax are still due, from the Supervisors, or 



other officers entrusted with the collection of it, in some of the states ; 
and in the act of July 24th, 1813, establishing the office of Commis- 
sioner of the revenue, it is made the duty of the Commissioner " to 
superintend the collection of the residue of the former direct tax and 
internal duties, which may be still outstanding," &c. 

The balance of this tax, due from the Supervisors and other officers, 
on the 1st day of January, 1812, was - - - J9 1,684 33 
Of this balance there was due from the Supervi- 
sors, ^'c. of Massachusetts, . - . . ^6,528 46 
of Vermont, - - - - 7,226 62 

of South-Carolina, - - - 24,374 62 
of Georgia, 24,588 96 

A second direct tax was laid, August 2d, 1813, its amount was 
three millions of dollars, and was apportioned among the states, ac- 
cording to the Constitution, on the census of 1810, as follows : — 





Dolls. Cts, 


New-Hampshire, 


96,793 37 


Massachusetts, 


- 316,270 98 


Rhode-Island, 


34,750 78 


Connecticut, 


118,167 71 


Vermont, 


98,343 71 


New- York J 


430,141 62 


New-Jersey, 


- 108,871 83 


Pennsylvania, 


365,479 16 


Delaware, 


32,046 25 


Maryland, 


- 151,623 94 


Virginia, 


369,018 44 


Kentucky, 


168,928 76 


Ohio, 


103,150 14 


N. Carolina, 


220,238 28 


S. Carolina, 


151,905 48 


Tennessee, 


110,086 55 


Georgia, 


94,936 49 


Louisiana, 


- «8,295 11 



328 



The sums, thus apportioned to each state, were, by the act laying 
the tax, again apportioned to each county, in the state. This appor- 
tionment among the several counties, was made, according to two dif- 
ferent rules, recommended by the Secretary of the Treasury. In 
those states, where there was a state tax, each county's quota of the 
direct tax was made to bear the same proportion to the whole quota 
of the state, as the amount of the state tax, paid by such county, bore 
to the whole sum paid in the state, for the state tax. 

The second rule, as stated and explained by the Secretary, was as 
follows, viz. — 

*' In those states, where there is no state tax, or if there be one, 
the proportions, in which it is apportioned among the counties is not 
known, the principle assumed for a basis is, that the comparative ad- 
vancement of wealth (or rather the increase in the value of property, 
subject to the direct tax now to be imposed) and of population in the 
different districts of the same state, have been equal, since the year 
1799 ; so that if a given portion of a state containing, for example, 
one fourth of the population of the state, and which paid in 1799, 
one fourth of the direct tax of that state, now contains one third of the 
whole population of the state, it ought now to pay one third of the 
whole tax to be imposed upon the state. And in respect to popula- 
tion for both epochs, although the federal numbers, or numbers repre- 
sented in Congress, have been taken as the Constitution directs, for 
ascertaining the quota of each state, of the whole sum to be raised in 
the United States, yet, for apportioning the sum thus found as the 
quota of any state, among the several counties of that state, the whole 
numbers of the several counties, including slaves, have been taken ; 
because it is considered that the slaves increase the wealth, or the 
ability to pay, in a ratio at least, equal to the augmented quota, which 
this mode will give, to those parts of a state, in which slaves are pos- 
sessed, over those in which there are none, or a smaller number. 
Maryland is the only state where there is a considerable proportion of 
slaves, to which this mode of apportioning the tax among the counties 
has been applied. The process then is, to make the quota of each 
county in a given state, compared with its population in 1810, bear 
the same proportion to the present quota of the state, compared with 
its whole population m 1810, a,? the quota of the same county, of the 



320 



direct tax of 1799, compared with its population by the census ol 
1800, bore to the quota of the whole state of the direct tax of 1799, 
compared with its whole population in 1800." A difference in the 
value of lands and houses, in different counties, produced a great ine- 
quality in the sums paid by individuals, in the same state, though 
possessed of lands valued alike, and shewed the injustice of both of 
these modes, of apportioning each state's quota, among the several 
counties. In the state of Massachusetts, the inhabitants of the county 
of Cumberland, for every hundred dollars value of their lands and 
houses, paid thirty-eight cents and nine mills, while in several other 
counties, the sum paid on every one hundred dollars value of lands 
and houses, was only seventeen cents, and the average paid through 
the whole state, was only twenty-one cents and two mills, for every 
one hundred dollars. Similar inequalities, though not, in many in- 
stances, so great, took place, in all the states in which valuations were 
made. 

This tax was laid and assessed " on the value of all lands and lots 
of ground, with their improvements, dwelling houses, and slaves 
and these several articles were to be enumerated and valued by the 
respective assessors, at the rate each of them was worth in money. 
The valuations were to be made, within sixty days, after the 1st day 
of February, 1814. Each state had the right of assuming its propor- 
tion of this tax, with a deduction of fifteen per cent, if assumed and 
paid, before the 10th day of February, 1814, and if assumed and 
paid before the 1st day of May of the same year, with a deduction 
of ten per cent. The states of New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, 
South-Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, and Ohio, assumed their propor- 
tion of the tax, and were allowed a deduction of fifteen per cent. 
The sums paid into the Treasury by these states, was Jl,159,79G 
and 83 cents. 

In the states which assumed the tax, no valuations were made, un- 
der the act. In the other states, the valuations and enumerations 
were made, according to the law. 

In the following states, the valuations were as follows : — 

New-Hampshire, - - ^30,957,825 

Massachusetts, - - 149,253,514 

42 



330 



Vermont, - - - ^32,747,290 

Rhode-Island, - - 21,667,020 

Connecticut, - - - 86,550,033 

Delaware, - - 14,361,469 

Maryland, - - - 122,577,672 

The amount of valuations, in the state of New- 
York, (except the counties of Essex, Clinton, 
Franklin, Gennessee, Niagara, Allegany, 

Chautaugue, and Cattaragus,) was - 232,494,940 

North-Carolina, according to the best estimate 

from the returns made, - - 92,167,48T 

Tennessee, exclusive of the valuations in the 

third district, - - - 34,415,971 

The above sums include the valuations taken of slaves, as well as. 
of lands and houses. 



A comparative view of the difference in the value of lands and 
houses in 1799, and in 1814, is highly interesting ; and serves to 
shew the increasing wealth of the United States. As the valuations 
in many of the states were not made in 1814, and in others not com- 
pleted, this view, at present, can only be a partial one, and confined 
principally to those states, where there are few, or no slaves. 

New-Hampshire, Massachusetts, Vermont, Rhode-Island, Connecti- 
cut, and New- York, have few slaves ; and the valuations in these 
States in 1799 and 1814, were as follows : — 

1799. 1814. 

Lands & houses. Increase, 
Dolls. Dolls. Dolls. Dolls. 

New-Hampshire, lands, 19,028,108 
houses, 4,146,938 

23,175,046 36,957,825 13,782,779 

Massachusetts, lands, 59,445,642 
houses, 24,546,826 

83,992,468 149,253,514 65,261,046 



331 



Vermont, 



Connecticut, 



New-York, 



1799. 1814. 

Lands & houses. Increase. 
DoUs. Dolls. Dolls. Dolls, 

lands, 15,165,484 
houses, 1,558,389 

16,723,873 32,747,290 16,023,417 



Rhode-Island, lands, 8,082,355 
houses, 2,984,002 



lands, 40,163,955 
houses, 8,149,479 



11,066,357 21,567,020 10,500,663 



48,313,434 86,550,033 38,236,599 



lands, 74,885,075 
houses, 25,495,631 



100,380,706 232,494,940 132,114,234 



§283,651,884 559,570,622 275,918,730 



The increase, therefore, in these six states, in the value of lands 
and houses, so far as ascertained, has been, in fifteen years, nearly 
two hundred and seventy-six millions of dollars. Making every al- 
lowance for a difference in the judgments of the assessors, and for the 
depreciation of money, arising from the increase of banks and bank 
paper, and other causes, the increase in the real value, mu.st be great 
beyond example. In 1799, the whole value of lands and houses, iu 
the United States, was g6 19,977,247, and in 1814, in these six states, 
the value falls but about sixty millions short of that sum. The whole 
amount of the valuations, in New- York, when completed will proba- 
bly be two hundred and fifty or sixty millions. 

In Maryland, in 1799, the value 

of lands, was - ^21,634,004 

of houses, - - 10,738,286 

^32,372,290 

And in 1814, the valuations made of lands, houses, and 

slaves, was - - - 122,577,572 

Being a difference of - ^90,205,282. 



332 

In Delaware, in 1799, the value 

of lands, was - §4,033,248 

of houses, - - 2,180,165 

§6,234,413 

' and in 1814, the value of lands, houses, and slaves, was §14,361,469 
Being a difference of - §8,127,066. 

In North -Carolina, in 1799, the 

value of lands, was - §27,909,479 
of houses, - - 2,932,893 

— §30,842,372 

And in 1814, the value of lands, houses, and slaves, 

from the best estimates, was - - 92,167,487 

Being a difference of - §61,315,116 



In Tennessee, in 1799, the value 

of lands, was - §5,847,662 

of houses, - - 286,446 

§6,134,108 

And in 1814, the value of lands, houses, and slaves, 

(with the exception of one whole district) was §34,416,971 
Being a difference of - §28,281,863 



What part of the valuations, in these states, was made from slaves, 
we have not been able to ascertain. If we take the number of slaves 
in each state, from the census of 1810, and estimate the value of each 
slave at three hundred dollars, the increase in the value of lands and 
houses, will be 

In Maryland, about - §57,000,000 

Delaware, - - 7,000,000 

North-Carolina, - - 11,000,000 

Tennessee, (so far as ascertained) 15,000,000 

Being an increase, in these states of about §90,000,000 



Making the value of lands and houses, in 1814, so far as can, at 
present, be ascertained, and from the foregoing estimate, of the value 



333 



of slaves, about seven hundred and twenty-four million five hundred 
and seventy thousand dollars, in ten states, being an increase, in the 
value of lands and houses, in those states, since 1799, of about three 
hundred and sixty-five millions of dollars. 

The average value of lands, per acre, including all the buildings 
thereon, according to the valuations made in 1814, in the states of 
New-Hampshire, Massachusetts, Vermont, Rhode-Island, Connecti- 
cut, and New- York, was nearly as follows : — 

Per Acre. 
Dls. Cts. 



New-Hampshire, 


9 


Massachusetts, 


13 75 


Vermont, 


6 40 


Rhode-Island, 


39 


Connecticut, 


34 


New- York, 


14 50 



The amount of this direct tax of three millions, received at the 
Treasury, from the non-assuming states, up to December 31st, 1814, 
was about one million two hundred and ten thousand dollars ; at 
that time, there were in the hands of Collectors, about sixty-six thou- 
sand dollars, and the sum then remaining to be collected, was about 
three hundred and seventy-six thousand. 

On the 9th of January, 1815, Congress passed an act laying an 
annual direct tax of six millions of dollars. This was laid, and was 
to be assessed in the same manner, as the direct tax of 1813. In 
those states, which had assumed the former direct tax, valuations and 
assessments are to be made under this act ; and in those, which did 
not assume the tax, the assessments made under the act of 1813, are 
to remain, except, where changes of property, have rendered altera- 
tions necessary. 

The quotas of each state were not again apportioned among the 
several counties, in this tax, as in the former, but the valuations 
through each state are to be equalized by the principal assessors, and 
the tax is to be laid and collected on the assessments thus equalized. 



334 



Each state has, also, the right of assuming and paying, every year, 
its quota of this tax, and if assumed and paid, before the 1st day of 
May, in each year, is to have an allowance of fifteen per cent, and 
if paid, before the 1st of October, an allowance of ten per cent. 
This tax was laid, as the title declares " for defraying the expenses 
of Government, and maintaining the public credit ;" and is to be col- 
lected every year, and the Secretary of the Treasury, is authorized 
to fix a day, in the month of February, in each year, when the Col- 
lectors shall proceed, and collect the same. This tax, as well as all 
the interne^ tdxes^ as before stated, are pledged and appropriated, 
" towards establishing an adequate revenue, to provide for the pay- 
ment of the expenses of Government ; for the punctual payment of 
the public debt, principal and interest, contracted and to be contract- 
ed, according to the terms of the contracts respectively ; and for cre- 
ating an adequate sinking fund, gradually to reduce and eventually 
to extinguish the public debt, contracted and to be contracted," &c. 
and remain so pledged and appropriated, until other taxes or duties, 
which shall be equally productive, and for the same purposes, shall 
be provided and substituted. 

SALES OF PUBLIC LANDS. 

Since the opening of the several land offices for the sale of lands 
belonging to the United States, the following sums have been receiv- 
ed into the Treasury, each year from the proceeds of the sales of 
public lands, viz. : — 





Dolls. Cts. 


In 1796 


4,836 13 


1797 


83,540 60 


1798 


11,963 11 


1799 




1800 


443 75 


1801 


167,726 6 


1802 


188,628 2 


1803 


165,675 69 


1804 


487,526 79 



335 





Dolls. Cts. 


1 OV/«J 








1 tjyj 1 ~ 




1808 


fi47 QSQ fi 


1809 


442,252 33 


1810 


696,548 82 


1811 


1,040,237 53 


1812 


869,219 8 


1813 


821,218 8 


1814 


1,038,173 75 




^8,437,531 60 



The whole number of acres sold, at the different land offices, up 
to September 30th, 1814, was five millions three hundred eighty- 
five thousand four hundred and sixty-seven acres ; the whole pur* 
chase money amounted to ^11,356,687 and 71 cents ; and the bal- 
ance, remaining due at that time, was about three millions of dollars. 

In December, 1813, the Commissioner of the land office, in his 
report to Congress, estimated the lands then belonging to the Unite(J[ 
States, to be four hundred millions of acres, and which were situated 
as follows : — 

In the state of Ohio. 

Lands to which the Indian title has been 

extinguished, - - 6,725,000 

Lands to which the Indian title has not 

been extinguished, - 5,575,000 



Total number of acres of land in Ohio, 



12,300,000 



336 

In the Territory of Michigan, 



Lands to which the Indian title has been 

extinguished, - - 5,100,000 

Lands to which the Indian title has not 

been extinguished, - - 11,400,000 

Total in Michigan, - - 16,500,000 

In the Indiana and Illinois south of the parallel of latitude passing by 
the south extremity of Lake Michigan. 

Lands to which the Indian title has been 

extinguished, - - 33,000,000 

Lands to which the Indian title has not 

been extinguished, - - 23,200,000 



Total in Indiana and Illinois, - - 56,200,000 

In the Territory west of Lake Michigan, and north of said parallel 
of latitude. 

Lands to which the Indian title has been 

extinguished, - - 5,500,000 

Lands to which the Indian title has not 

been extinguished, - - 54,500,000 



Total west of Michigan, - - 60,000,000 

In the Mississippi Territory, 

Lands to which the Indian title has been 

extinguished, - - 5,900,000 

Lands to which the Indian title has not 

been extinguished, - - 4 100,000 



Total in the Mississippi Territory, 



55,000,000 



337 



In the cession made by the French Government, 
April 30th, 1803, and including the Territory of 
Missouri and State of Louisiana, and the Land east 
of the River Mississippi and Island of New-Orleans, 
as far as the River Perdido, at least, - 200,000,000 



Grand total number of acres, - 400,000,000 

Making the quantity of lands, unsold, to which the Indian title has 
been extinguished, east of the Mississippi river, fifty-six millions two 
hundred and twenty-five thousand acres. As to the quantity obtain- 
ed by the cession from France, the Commissioner of the land office 
does not give the data on which he made his calculation. As the north- 
em and western bounds of Louisiana are yet undetermined, the cal- 
culation, it is presumed, must rest, in no small degree, on conjecture. 

The various taxes laid in 1815 were considered as war taxes, and 
necessary to support public credit ; and iji addition to the internal du- 
ties and direct tax, the produce of the customs was estimated, at four 
millions a year, during the war, and the proceeds of the sales of pub- 
lic lands at one million, making the whole revenues of the United 
States, when all the taxes were in full operation, about twenty-one 
millions of dollars. 

Internal duties by estimate, - - )J 10, 159,000 

Direct tax, 6,000,000 

Customs, 4,000,000 

Lands, 1 ,000,000 



j^21,159,000 

This is about three dollars and fifty cents for every white inhabit- 
ant, in the United States, or including slaves, about three dollars for 
every person. 

The annual amount of the revenues of Great-Britain and Ireland, 
for some years past, has been about seventy millions sterling, or 
g3 10,000,000. The population of the United Kingdom of Great- 

43 



338 



Britain and Ireland, is about fifteen millions ; making the amount of 
taxes for each person about twenty dollars and seventy cents a year. 

The amount of the net revenue of France, in 1806, was estimated 
at one thousand and fifty millions of francs, or about two hundred and 
ten millions of dollars.* 

The return of peace, and revival of commerce, will, probably, en- 
able the United States to dispense with many of the internal duties, 
and so to modify those, which may be retained, as to be less oppres- 
sive and burdensome to the community. 



POSTAGE. 



By the Constitution, Congress have power to establish post-offices 
and post-roads : and soon after the commencement of the Govern- 
ment, laws were passed, to carry this power into effect. 

The benefits arising from the post-office establishment, to individ- 
uals are immense, and in some years, the public have derived no in- 
considerable revenue, from this source. 

Table No. V. exhibits an account of the post-office establishment, 
from 1789 to October 1st, 1813, containing the number of post-offices, 
amount of postage, compensation to post-masters, incidental expen- 
ses, transportation of the mail, net revenue, and extent of post-roads, 
for each year, during that period. 

From this will be seen, the increase of the establishment, at the 
following periods — 

No. of post- Net revenue. Extent in miles 

offices. Dolls. Cts. of post-roads. 

1791 - 89 - 9,637 29 - 1,905 

1801 - 1,025 - 65,291 84 = 22,309 

1811 - 2,403 88,148 51 - 37,035 



* See Mr. Walcli's very able letter, on the genius and disposition of the 
French Governnient, including a view of the taxation of the French Em- 
pire—lBlO. 



339 



The net revenue for each year, was as follows : — 





Dolls. 


Cts. 


1 >yQf\ 

1 /yu 




yo 


1 '7Q1 


U,00 4 


OQ 


1 7QQ 

J /y* 


1 Q 1 '5 


Uo 


I 70"^ 

I I ao 




in 
lU 


1 nOA 


00, c// 4^ 


OQ 
-CO 


1 /yo 




•7Q 

7o 


1 TQA 


Do,4yo 


/lO 
4x 


1 TO"? 

1 /y / 


£•0 00,1 
DO,oo4 


lb 


1 17QQ 


£•0 QQO 


Q,l 

y4 


1 yyy 


7d,oUo 


44 


1 oUU 


ob,olU 


1 
01 


1 oni 
loUl 


DOjzyJ 


QA 

o4 


loUz 


A a 1 Cif\ 
<• 4o,lzU 


oc; 
zo 




OQ A PiQ 

zy,4oo 


•7/1 

74 


1 ork/i 


ol,y47 


Af\ 

4(J 


loUo 


A A nrkfi 


QO 

yz 


loUo 


00,0 /z 


1 / 


1807 


24,877 


62 


1808 






1809 


8,621 


78 


1810 


55,715 


02 


1811 


88,148 


51 


1812 


109,042 


66 


to Oct. 1, 1813 


24,178 


87 



The weekly transportation of the mail, in stages, on the 3d ol 
March, 1793, was eight thousand five hundred and sixty-seven miles, 
in sulkies and on horseback was seven thousand six hundred and six- 
ty-two miles, and yearly transportation, was eight hundred forty-five 
thousand four hundred and sixty-eight miles ; and on the 3d of March, 
1811 , the weekly transportation, in stages, was forty-six thousand 
three hundred and eighty miles ; in sulkies and on horseback, was 
sixty-one thousand one hundred and seventy-one, and yearly trans- 
portation was five million, five hundred ninety-two thousand, six hun- 



340 



dred and fifty-two miles. In some of the states, the expenses of the 
establishment, have generally exceeded the amount of the postage ; 
while in others, the receipts have greatly exceeded the expenses. 
Table No. VI. presents a view of the amount of postage on letters and 
newspapers, with the expenses, in each state and territory, in 1802, 
by which it appears, that in Massachusetts proper, and in the states 
of Rhode -Island, Connecticut, New-York, New-Jersey, Pennsylva- 
nia, Delaware, Maryland and Georgia, and the District of Columbia, 
the amount of postage exceeded the expenses, and in New-Hampshire, 
Vermont, Province of Maine, Ohio, Virginia, Kentucky, North-Caro- 
lina, Tennessee, and South-Carolina, and in Indiana and Mississip- 
pi Territory, the expenses exceeded the receipts. The debt and 
credit account, between the states, and the post-office establishment, 
during, that year, was as follows, viz. — 





Cr. 




Dr. 






Dolls. 


Cts. 


Dolls. 


Cts. 


New-Hampshire, 


- 


- 


558 


85 


Vermont, 






1,836 


73 


Massachusetts, 


12,767 


84 






District of Maine, 






421 


17 


Rhode-Island, 


- 1,760 


05 






Connecticut, - 


744 


71 






New-York, 


26,118 


40 






New-Jersey, 


397 


35 






Pennsylvania, - 


27,810 


11 






Ohio, 






2,971 


21 


Indiana Territory, 






1,242 


97 


Delaware, 


827 


15 






Maryland, - 


- 12,903 


49 






District of Columbia, - 


9,096 


35 






Virginia, 






3,417 


83 


Kentucky, 






3,526 


62 


North-Carolina, - 






12,122 


43 


Tennessee, 






2,957 


99 


South-Carolina, 






3,991 


10 


Georgia, 


- 361 


15 






Mississippi Territory, - 






1,664 


32 




§92,786 


60 


$34,713 


21 



341 



The revenue derived from the post-office, in Great-Britain, for 
the year ending the 4th of January, 1808, was £1,277,538 sterling, 
and in the year ending January 5th, 1812, was £1,478,505 sterling, 
or about ^6,600,000. The net revenue from the post-office in 
France, in 1807, was about seven millions of francs, or one million, 
four hundred thousand dollars.* 

The receipts from fees on patents, and other sources, may be seen, 
in table No. V^II. under the head " Miscellaneous." 

RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES. 



A general view of the annual receipts from the various sources of 
revenue, and of the annual expenditures of the Government, from its 
eommencement, to 1814, and the objects of expenditure, cannot be 
uninteresting. Table No. VII. exhibits a statement of the annual re- 
ceipts, from the customs, internal revenue, direct tax, postage, pub- 
lic lands, and other miscellaneous sources ; and also, the annual ex- 
penditures for the military, Indian, and naval departments, foreign 
intercourse, Barbary powers, civil list, and miscellaneous civil, from 
the commencement of the Government to the 30th of September, 
1812. 



The aggregate amount of the receipts and of the expenditures for 
the objects above mentioned, for that period, were as follows : — 

From 4th of March, 1789, Receipts. Expenditures, 

to 3l3t December, Dolls. Cts. Dolls. Cts. 

1791 - 4,418,913 99 - 1,718,129 37 

1792 - 3,661,932 31 - 1,766,077 15 

1793 - 4,614,423 14 - 1,707,348 28 

1794 - 6,128,432 87 - 3,500,348 20 

1795 - 5,954,534 59 - 4,350,596 45 

1796 - 7,137,529 65 - 2,531,930 40 

1797 - 8,303,560 99 - 2,833,590 96 

1798 - 7,820,575 80 - 4,623.223 54 



• Walch's letter 







Expenditures. 


Years. 


Tlz-kllo Ci-a 
JJOllS. \j\S. 


JLlOllS. CIS. 


1799 


7,475,773 31 


- 6,480,166 72 


1800 


10,777,709 10 ■ 


- 7,411,369 97 


1801 


12,846,530 ^5 


- 4,981,669 90 


1802 


13,668,233 95 ■ 


• 3,737,079 91 


1803 


11,064,097 63 • 


- 4,002,824 24 


1804 


11,826,307 38 


- 4,452,858 91 


1805 


13,560,693 20 ■ 


■ 6,357,234 62 


1806 


15,559,931 7 


- 6,080,209 36 


1807 


16,398,019 26 ■ 


■ 4,984,572 89 


1808 


17,060,661 93 • 


- 6,504,338 85 


1809 


7,773,473 12 - 


7,414,672 14 


1810 


9,384,214 28 - 


• 5,311,082 28 


1811 


14,423,529 9 - 


■ 5,592,604 86 



Prom January 1st, to 30th 
of September, 

1812 - 6,927,706 56 - 11,760,292 21 



§215,786,783 27 $108,102,221 21 

The receipts from the customs, during this 

period, were - - $199,524,131 78 

Internal revenue, - - 6,460,003 54 

Direct tax, - - 1,757,240 84 

Postage of letters, - - 667,348 70 

Sales of publiclands, - 6,161,283 2 

Miscellaneous, - - 1,216,775 39 



$215,786,783 27 



The expenditures, for the pay and 

subsistence of the army, were $38,572,575 15 
Fortification of ports and harbours, 3,493,758 96 
Fabrication of cannon, - ^63,611 54 

Purchase of salt-petre, - - 150,000 
Additional arms, - - 300,000 



343 



Arming and equipping the militia, 500,000 

Detachment of militia, - 170,000 

Services of militia, - - 406,800 

Serv ices of volunteers, - 210,000 



-$44,066,745 65 



Indian department — 

Holding treaties, &c. - §822,838 68 
Tradincr houses, - 430,298 84 



§1,253,137 52 



Naval department, - - 29,889,660 78 
Foreign intercourse, exclusive of Barbary powers, 
and which includes the sum of §6,361,000 paid 
under the convention with France, of 30th of 
April, 1803, and with Great-Britain, of 8th of 

January, 1802, - - - 10,311,145 33 

Barbarv powers, - - - 2,328,810 40 

Civil list, .... 12,686,493 36 

Miscellaneous civil, - - - 7,566,228 17 



§108,102,221 21 

In addition to the above sum of - §215,786,783 27 

received, from various sources of revenue, from 
March 4th, 1789, to September 30th, 1812, there 
was received into the Treasury, during the same 
period, for 

Sales of bank stock, - - 2,671,860 

Dividends on do. - • 1,101,720 

Interest on stock remitted to Europe, - 136,400 
Gain on exchange, - - 805,127 59 

And from foreign and domestic loans, (of 

which §5,847,212 50 cents, was part of 

the eleven million loan, in 1812,) - 35,141,512 61 



Making the total amount of receipts to the 30th of 

September, 1812, - - §255.643,403 2' 



344 



Besides the sum ol - - $108,102,221 21 

expended for the above objects ; the expendi- 
tures, during the same period, tor the payment 
of the interest, charges on the foreign loans, and 
principal of the foreign and domestic debts, at 
the Treasury of the United States, and by Com- 
missioners abroad, were - - $144,862,260 6? 

And the expenditures, on account of the revo- 
lutionary Government, were - - 316,268 70 



Making the whole expenditures of the United 

States, to 30th September, 1812, - $263,280,750 68 
Leaving a balance, in the Treasury, at that 

time, of . - _ _ 2,362,652 69 



$266,643,403 27 



It will be observed, that the foregoing account of receipts and ex- 
penditures, includes those of nine months of the year 1812, when the 
United States were preparing for, or were engaged in war, and the 
expenditures were much greater than in any former year. 

The receipts from the whole revenue of the United States, from 
March 4th, 1789, to December 31st, 1811, were $208,869,076 71 ; 
and the expenditures, (exclusive of the public debt) for the same pe- 
riod, were $96,341,929. The receipts, for a little more than the 
first half of this period, that is, from March 4th, 1789, to 1801, in- 
clusive, were - - - $78,139,915 80 
And from 1802 to 1811, inclusive, were - 130,719,160 91 



Being a difference of - - $62,579,246 11 

The expenditures, from March 4th, 1789, to 

1801, inclusive, were - - $41,904,460 94 

And from 1802 to 1811, inclusive, were - 54,437,478 6 



A difiference of - - $12,633,027 12 



345 



The increase of expenditures, in the latter period, was principally 
in the naval department, foreign intercourse, civil list, and miscella- 
neous civil. 

Since the 1st of January, 1812, the whole amount of the expenses 
of the United States, has not yet been ascertained. 

The expenditures from January 1st, 1812, to September 30th, 
1812, as far as they have been ascertained, were — 

1. For civil list, foreign inter- 

course, kc. - g 1,536,864 46 

2. For the military department, 7,464,814 80 

3. For the naval department, 2,638,612 95 



■gl 1,660,292 21 



From September 30th, 18 1 2, to Sep- 
tember, 30th, 1813, the money paid 
from the Treasury : — 



1. For civil list, foreign intercourse. 



&.C. amounted to 

2. For the military department, 

3. For the naval department, 



g 1,705,0 16 35 
18,404,650 49 
6,317,411 15 



^26,427,077 99 



And from September 30th, 1813, to 
December 31st, 1813, being the last 
quarter of 1813, the amount paid : — 



1. For civil list, foreign inter- 



course, &c. was 

2. For the military department, 

3. For the naval department. 



^400,000 
5,887,747 
1,248,145 10 



g7,535,892 10 



Making an aggregate, for the years 
1812 and 1813, of 



^45,623,262 30 



44 



346 



The sums authorized to be ex- 
pended in 1814, and for which ap- 
propriations were mstde, were — 

1. For civil list, foreign inter- 

course, &c. - ^2,445,355 59 

2. For the military department, 24,502,906 

3. For the naval department, 8,169,910 87 

— §35,118,172 46 

It is well known, that the expenses of 1814 exceeded the appro- 
priations, by some millions, and that there are claims upon the Trea- 
sury, to the amount of many millions, yet unsettled, some of which 
are mentioned, in the preceding Chapter, on the subject of the pub- 
lic debt. What will be the amount of the expenses, on a final ad- 
justment of these various claims, is yet uncertain. The whole amount 
of expenses incurred in the years 1812, 1813, and 1814, for the civil 
list, foreign intercourse, &c. and for the military and naval depart- 
ments, will probably equal, if not exceed, the whole expenses, for 
the same objects, from the commencement of the Government, to the 
1st of January, 1812. As the army was not disbanded, until the 
summer of 1815, and the naval establishment remained nearly the 
same, the expenditures of 1815 cannot fall greatly short, of those of 
the preceding year. 

The receipts into the Treasury, for the years 1812, 1813, and 
1814, from the various sources of revenue, and other incidental re- 
ceipts, (exclusive of loans and Treasury notes) were as follows ■ 



1812 
1813 

1814 (on estimate) about 



§9,801,132 7^ 
14,340,409 95 
12,000,000 



347 



g CO 



1 1 



i £ 



° 5.2 



>0 '*(NCO'*C5'-"CO>0©<kX501> 

GO 'cOCOi-HOCOCOOOt-OGOCO 
CO ^GOCOt-hOGv(G^G^i-h,-(0005 

co" . ^^:oco'*''^^OT-^'r-^loco'T-^ 
'i>rtocoT-Ho:)Tf^iO'-iGOc: 



GO 

00 1 

GO : 
CO i 

GO 



i> »o t- 
^ 



C500COCi^l>CO'-< 



C5C:>Ol>l>OG^G^C5GOOii5 
!>— <C5COC01>CO!>»^-^0&< 
CO CO G-J C:^ CD^ O CO^ 

oTc^trrco'i-rurrG^^ ^ ^ CO CO 

^ CO ^ 



•:2 



05 GO 1> Oi 
lO CO l> 

CO CO CO G^ 1> 
-i" G^ l> CO 
O G^^ CO 

G^ 



o o o 

a: CO 



05 


, C2 i> 


, o 


1—1 


y-< CO 


' G^ 




O ^ 


OJ 




CO 


CO 


CO 
















G^ 



G^> CO UO CO CO 
ri CO C5 CO 

CO CO ^ Ci rt' G^< 

t- GO CO O G^ CO O 

05 T— I >X5 CO G^ 

CO co" co" 



: 11 i 



CSt^t^COCOCOCOCOi-Ht^rtiT^ 
T-iCOG^COCOCO^^>OCOG^ 

G^!>iOC5COOCOG^05VO'*CO 
J>0^'^-^l-^rt<C:OG^t^G^ 
CO^CO^CO "^'^^'^'^G^ O CO cr: 
'-Tco'go'^CO'O coocoGioco 
C0OG^^'-iC0'^C0t>G<C005 
O^G^-^ >0 COCOt-iuO 



S2 

5 c 



CD 



S 3 - ^ 
^ ^ g ^ ^ g b/D^ ^ S 

fs -G o <y S <y.<i.i: o 



T S ^ .2 « 
^ s: S JS t*'bJO 
^ O iz; e2 Q S > ;z; O 



348 



o 

12; 

Hi? 

pa 



t>r-»(v:)0£^co(roocococ5toco»-i ^ 

COCO^>^CO'-H©^a5G^COG^Oi CO 



©<C0COG^C0O5C0C0»>i-tiO©JO:C0 
O O CO CO O G^^ rj^^ Oi^ 



CO 



o|6 

M d O 

GOO' 



Q § o S 



CO 'i-j 



cooot-Oco-^cocococo 



$> CO ^ ivo 

05 T-! lO 05 



|>05C0C0C0C0C0C0>l0O^^C0C0 

GO CO co"t> T-^of t-TccT t-^crTccT 

CO ^ 



05 i-< CO CO O Oi 
Ol CO t> CTS 

G^ 05 CO O 

^ 00 O CD T-i GO 
CO O 05_I>^ CO 

^Oi G^CO 
T-i CO 



CO 

CO wo 
02^ G^^ 

CO't-^" 



O t- 
CO 1> 

CO 

CO 05 

GO "^r 



^ 1-H !> TJI 

1> Oi CO G^ 
05 

O GO 05 

O tr^ 

©jT G^ ^ 



05 CO 
CO CO 

©< 



CO CO G^ 
05 CO 

O O 05 

CO «o 

TH CO 



s g s s 



0505COG^C005t-"COT-<C?5>0 
G0t-.O5»-( 05 .GO-'tG^'-. 

O5C0C0O:^C0O2t-iG^O2'-' 
■^GOCOt-OiCOCOOCOCD^ 
O G^^ O CO i> 05^ 00^ 

f-T-i^Tr^G-Tcooco'— 

GOOiO>^ »J0Gv(O5O5 
CO r-i T- G^ '-I 



O 05 t- 
CO ^ 

CO r-t O 

LO 

co^O^c^ 
' o" oT 

CO CO uo 
GO 



<y S 3 



S ^ 3 ^ ^ ^ oT^-^ 



12 



349 



a: ^ O CO 
o CTJ c; Ci >o 



^•2 

5 S 



!> 3^^ G^^ G^^ CO O CO 

id" ^ O" si CO" Co" CO O CO 

CO '-^ 3^ CO — " « 



Si 

S J 



= c 



COS^COCOI>COCOCOG^OC5 
C5 CO uO 3^ 00 ^0 

COCOCOO'^S^^COG^'^CO 
!>COO'^-^=3COO'=?<COO 

co^ i> ^ q_ -^^ 
co" co" co' 3^ '-^ n 



1— CO ^ O 
£- 1> 

CO CO O 1> O 

CO CO CO C5 CO 

CO rr 



CO CO CO Oi rr O 

CO CO CO i> a> 

C) G^ G^ !> O G^ 1> 

»o CO ^ 00 lo 

CO CO CO Tj« 



3-. S 



— ^ 



^^-^G^COG^&tC-OOOiCSOCOGO 
0<OOrJ<a)J>COJ>05COiOCOOOCOCO 

l>^C0O-^OG^C5l>C0t>OOO 

r:)oc^-^coO'^^o-^^G^^^•co^ 
co^ o co^ co^ G^^ CO o 20 c;^ i-*^ 

G^ 3 ^ G^ ©r !> 1> Co" CO O" G^" G^ 

O '«TCO«>CO«rrCO'^Ot>'-'-^ 



350 



o 

12; 



a5(3^C0G^G^00O2O5O5t>a5a2'-i'— < 

'-^^ ^ ®1 ^ <^ 
CO ocoj>cDT-(i>©<a»cot>)Oco 

O T-i CO i> GO <X) 



t= .2 

<u o 

OQ O 

AS 



'i-tG0C0'-'<X5i0Tt©<(3^O&<'-<C0GQ O 

. ... ^ . ^ ■ ^ CO 



Gs(C0OiO>^-^C0O'-'C0C0r-(Tt 

oT o 1^". lo CO ^^ CO CO CO 



T-t CO 



Q 2 



O T-I }> CO T-I Ifi 

03 !> I> 

i-i CO O CO 
O 00 1> CO 
O CO^ !> lO GO 

o go" iS go" 



ZD ^ 
i-< 00 i> >o 

as CO uo CO 
o 00 

CO CO CO 



O ,»J0G^C0T-iL01>t-OCO ,OL0 

Q<^ T-ii>T-HLOr^coG^ooco a a 

G^ rti01COG^(ODCOCOOOCO i>G^ 

CO Ol^t^O^O-^OSCOt- GOt-( 

>^o CO co^'-' ■^'^ '^'^ '^'^ 

^ j> uo co" G^r t^crT . CO T-T 

' CO O O G^ ' ^ 
CO G^ >^ rj^ 



(4-1 

o 
o 

s 



-I • 

I OJ S 



t3 



COOOOti-^t^OOCOO^^^t^G^ 

■^u:)GOG^(Co CO iocot-* est- 

'^i-iiOU^OlCOt-Tj'COCOOOT-iGOCJS 
O^OOC00500COO>OiOG^COOO 

©r&r iOi>oo^co©f oo^oTaTt-'cTrco 

>0 CO'*COCOT-i.T-iG^GOG.<cOC^a5 



a. 

s . 



OS 

CO O 



.se g ^ -S 9 9 .5 



03 ^ 



S5l 



CO l> CO --H^ CO^ CO_ 1:0^ lO^ CO^ CO^ (X)^ 'rr^ co^ 
rjT rgT urT Co" ■^'^ ■^'^ C0~ CD oT O ^ 



G^ 



G^ 



M ;3 

COS 

<U <U cj 



'-iG^^OiCMCOG^'^G^^CCCO'-'CO 
COa505^COOt>COCO"^Ol»OCOCO 

{>G^iOC0<NG^00O2Ort»iX)^COG^ 

t-Occasost^cocnaiOjcoG^'Trco 



^ S 3 ^ 

-Q ^ 



c ^ 
Q O 3 C 



o c 

ci 4) 



OiCOCOODOG^iOCOOOCO . 

cocoiot^t-icocO'^G^^co ' c;i 

CO 1^ O Oi o:> »o G^ CO 
'-'u:5i>'CO'^co'=*'C50'-<co 
i>^t>^t-(CO^ CO cq^— <G^G^ 
o oT co" Lo" r-T 

CD G< 



CO .coOT-iOst-t^aii-it^Tfcoo 

i:^COCO»-«CO^G^ t-i-xr^iOO 

l> rt<00»^G^G^O^t>OG^Oa5 
CT) ©<C0O:i>CO»OCiCO0DC0»O'* 

00 . !>" GO ^ oo'' G^" G^" ■<^<'' oT cT ^ CT O" 
'>0C0 00 »0 CO'^ cco< 

CO t> i> 



o 



r 



^u:51>-?*<xOt^COr-tT-.>OC0COCOCO 
C0i01>l> i-«Oj cococ-cjsg^co 

oococoicco'^'«ta5t>cooioccco 

GOO^OiOSG^OOCOCOOLO'^^Tj- 
CO^G^G^CD OG^^i-H i>iOLOa5CO^CO^CO 
O 1-^ CO oT i-" 1>" G^" oo" G^" oT '-T of 



— . ^ G^ 00 G^ 05 

CO '-'Tlft-coc^<cocO'^cooa50o 
O CO »-< 1> O 



CO r-. t- 



s . 

3h o 



"S "5 

W2 O C 



^: ?: S 

m O) aj 0) 



.S c 

.S j3 'bf 



352 



O) U3 !> T-i CO CO 

^ CO O) UO 

O d Sv( 

J> CO O O 
UO CO 

Cf^ ^ J> Co" 

lO CO CO ^ 

CO T-i 1-1 T-l 



I ilC lO O CO 

!> r-i lO 

•rt< G^ CO CO O) OS 

rf GsJ T-H t> O lO 
i> CO^ 00^ G^ t-^ O 

G^*" i-T ccT ocT co' T-T 

1-1 CO Oi CO UO CO 

o i> >^ 



.2 



O 05 .2 

^ o o 



G^j>t-T-(i-(<^JG^l>C0CO CO 

co»^'^!>^>o<•x)G^"*o<3^^^^o^05 

Tf cq^ G^ i> CO CO G^^ CD co^ 

!>" crT '^'^ co' i-H*" co" rjT luo o oT t'" 05 
coT-ii-<rr cOG^ 



o be ^» 

^ S 



;h o 
2 s 



CO CO '-I CO 

!> ai '-I 

O O G^f CO 

1> CO O Oi 

"^tr^O CD 

CO CO 



O O CO 
CO J> G^ 

CO CO O CO 
O l> CO i-< 

CO G-} ^O G^ 



as 



CO CO CO O CO 
CO G^( CO CO l> 



CO G^ C 
CO CO CO 



COi^UOt^G^'^^COt^^t^G^ 
t>0:)C0I>C0CDt^OO0<'^CT5 

co_coco^coa50ooco_i>'^'*G| 

■^O'co'io' CDoT G^TcOO'cO'O 
T-iLOCOCO COG^rtrJHrHTtiG^ 
CO ^ CO UO CO CO 



2 •> 



f= 5 § 

o <ij a 

5s 



C0OC01>C0J>C0C0C005C0rt<0i0i 

oj>a5cococO'*cocococo-^f>o 

,C0G^COl>OGv(C00:iG^^C0'*C0C0 

!coco^cot^o^G^<'^cocol>-*co 

Oi»-HTfCOCOO^OOCOOCO^COi>OCT5^ 

co'gT t^GTcoco^r-T -Tir-Tof GfcrTcf^ 

05 i> 05 l> -1. ^ . 

co^co ^ o 

CO" CO' r-i 



CO CO CO CO 

CO CD CO ^ 



a 

CO 'a 

o 



o 



0) 



O o 

_r cc 



20o 



O cr> 

00 

to 

CO 



00 

yo 

CO 



(1) 



o o 



353 



^ ,G^l>OCOCOCOCOCOOl>CO(S^CO 

i> ^ ^ *^ '"^ '^l. 

. G^*" o*" »o as co" (tT trf co' >cf 

'!>1>^0 ^ GO ^ O O <0 Z£> 



PQ 

< 



; O 



!^ O O 



CO 



tOI>OC0GM!O^>Ot'C0<301>i-i 
COG^i-^^'-'i-iOuOT-irtvOCOG^ 

"^t-CO^^^COGOG^COr-t^t^Oi 
COt— T-i-5f CO GOG^T-'CO'-i 



> -Ji ft ^ 



G^ CO O 

i> as 



J> rt r-H CO CO CO 
O ^ CO 



COCOCO^ 0-^t0 0"^0 
G^uOCOiO C0G^C2C0G^«1> 
COG^iOG^ OG^'^COG<1> 



CO ^ 05 CO 
G^ ^ G^ 



CO 



!> CO CO 
O OS t- 

»-i lO CO CO 
G^ CO 02 '-H 
1>^05 CO O 

Co" uo" o" gT 
CO 05 CO -O 
CO CO 



— < Oi G^< G^ O 
ri T-i C; CO o< 



* 00 



05 CO Oi ^ ^ CO 
CO CO CO >0 >-0 O >0 
CO O O G^ G^^ G^^ 

vo" 'rf ^ CO 

CO T-H CO t> CO 
O CO uO 



: I « g 
^ IS 



CO©<'-^G^OCOGO^COCOCOt>rJ< iO 
G^t^i>COCO©<05vOCO©<'-'05t^ t> 

r-..^COCO00COG-<G^Oll-^t'U0)LO 
O'-^OsCOG^'-H'-'-^-^uOOOt-iC'O 

'-^G^co cooo^OJ^O^cq cocq^coo^ 

^Gocotr^-^'^^'^ CO crTt^ »o 
ooco«>'-"G^^G^»o^c:5t- 

G^'*T-<05 05 Ol^T-iG^ 



S5«^ = t:>=j3C:» tort: 



o 2 

9o 



C cn o 



O 0} 



;g>^go ;^ d: a S > :z; co_6_H 
45 



t-iOCOkOCOCOast-G-i^'-iCOG^. 



to 5 
o c o 

M Q 

pi 

pa 



^COt>'-i!>CO'-H-^COG^CO'<-ii:t<COU:) 
CO G|^<^^'^^^J>,<3^'*,^ '-^ ®^ ^ 



03 tj O 



5 



is 



i-< 1-1 CO CO 
CO ^ to 1-t 

lO GO CO 1> 
05 CO 
05^ CN^ CO^ 

CO^O »0 ilcT 



CO O 05 

CO lO kO 

C55 CO '-H GO 

O G^^ O 

CO G^ tO CO 



G^rfu^COGOGOOCOCJSG^-* 
G01>'-*COi-i'-<tOC0O5'-'CO 

■^■^a5T-(a5i>asG^t^'!*'a5 

O5i>^00C0G^OG<G0O'^ 
O CO^ CO^ G^^ LO^ t-^ GO^ CO CO 

o gTj>~ co'crco"co''Go'^»xrcr 

Ot^GO'-''-'^-hCOG< CD 
CO 1-1 CD O GO 



to 



©<COC01>!>0>J^C5CO'-<COrHCOt>-»0 
iOCJiC0i>G^G^r-iCOJ>T-tCOG^iOCD^ 

l>J>Cf5G<<G^GOCOi-iCOrfiOOCOQOiLO 
OGO'^COCOCOCT5G^(i-(i>a3COCOG^CO 

c-^'Tj^ioco^o^^o^Qvi^aj^o o,'*,0'^^ ^ 
cooTaTG^ TfoTcoooifrGf cTgT go" 
O »o»ocoG^»-i05co'-'C:''*'^ 

G^ G^" G^r G^ 



Oi 

o 

loo 

G^ 



■<3 



o o 

as c« 



, ^ ^ > ^ 



.5 O O .rt 



355 



00 r-i »H T-l CM 

1-^00 o»H<o in 

\o\ o to X h~ 
<0 CN CI 



C7> »D Tji »^ 

a> CO CO c>» ^ 

CO (O^ r-t »0 

»o <o lo 'o 

C9 1-1 X r-t X 



CN 1-1 



?? .2 ' 
o u 



to 



in X to o CO K *o i^<o ^ _^ 

rH (N V) Tt ^ <N K 



o i y 
?s S t- 



vo ,a>cootN.<otN,oco<o»oo 

»0 C^h,CNX -TfCNtOr-li-lT^ 

o coa^cnoi-^t^THXoovs 

»0 »0 10 i-i O X K 10 (N 1-1 

*0 *0 iH r-t X •<* i-( h- CO 



5 ^ 

^ in 



JS fr- iH ^ 



i-(C^O'*OOO'<#C0 
C^X^f-Oi-iCOOC^tO 

CN >0 CO X 

tH C7» CO O 



.2 S 



IS 



CO 

->^' CO 



a> to 
CO to 
in 

to 

X CO 



i C7i to 

(>» >o 
CO o> 
■^co 

'x^x" 

CO o 

CO *n 
CO 



O iH 

o to 

X C9 

cito" 

CO 



X O 1-t o ^ 

tH to CO CO X to X 

Ti< a> uo <N i-( o to 
X »o »n CO 
oj^c^ o c-)^»n o 
rjT irT to" x" >n r-T th" 
o to C-) »^ 
rH »n o o 



0^-*V>tOtOCO(NXtOXcOXXrJ< 
CO"*-**^ Xi-lh,r-<T-(r}<TfCNF-i 

iHlnXCTi-^OitOXJOCNCOi-IJOCO 



> -f= .S J: - he 

cj ^ •~' C ^ a; i» 
2 > ^ w f-' 



.2 2i 

<" r 

CO ]i; 
o ^ S 

<y O (U 

+J 4; 
C -2 M 

5; <U O 

■!-> ±j 

5 o 



4i ^ 
P C 



356 



00 
t-- CO 



o 

s 

< 



«0 tH O 

oi o 
(o «5 00 
CO oCt-T 

Js. CO 
0% CO tH Is. 



00 Tj* tH »r5 

CN CO <0 Oi VO 00 
CO^G^iO CN 

o'^o CO T^'td'oT 

V5 tH C<1 V> 

CO ^ CO tH T-t 



*0 (M 
CO iH 
^. O 



g 8 

cn O 



*0ls.r-IOC0C0OC0C^C000C^V50>C^C0 
OOG<»h-OOa^OOtO*OOOO^tOT}<ir5«3 
CO -^O^O^C^ «O^C>) K ^ Oj iO ''t 

r^rH'v^^^c^T^(^^ooo^r^'r^'^^co1-^ 

iH 00 rH CN V) »r3 ^ vo 



CS> C^^CNCO-^ .COCOO ooo 

Jh- OOCOtOoN? y?OOr-( to»o 

CTiVjl-s.'^CNCT^ G^THCOr-ICOh- 

00 CO 00 ^ o »H o T}< a> ts. 

CO t^r-TcO *0 ' CO Co" 



5 s 



0) 1^ 



(M 00 00 VJ 
tH 00 CO V5 

•<:}< 00 00 CN 
CO O 
CN CO K 

oo" ctT vT c^T 

O O tH CO 
O rH 00 



rH CO K 00 K 
<0 T-! 00 

00 00 CO V5 CO 
O 00 O O *n 00 
tH CO "^iN. *0^ts- 

*o CO CO o TjTcrr 

00 C^ CO OV o 

1>- c>? o 



00 

CN 00 
CN K 



<U cn <U 
C O 

<1) " I— I 



a>000-^<OcoCNO^CNOOCNCNCNOO*0 

|cr>CT^oiv-iooi^*oQOb,oO'HOooK. 

!KyD^C^C^?00C3j^i-HTfir-ltv,CO>OC0r-( CN"^ 
-■^CO <0 rHCO tH tH tCo% CO OoTcO iH r-TtC 
CO O^^OOh* OiVJcooOiiOCO 
»H ,H »0 CN «0 rH Cr)ts.,HCN 

" CO " " 



CO 



CO 



CN 



<D <u <u 




Q ^ t> 



^ CO 



v o 



if 

I* 



357 





me. 




Rever 




Net 




° S § 




Xpenses 
•osecutii 
collecii 








ts for 


on do- 
iis, su- 
es, &c. 




y 75 - 

^ »i s 



CO T-T i-T 



CS) lO *0 >o rH 1^ 00 »0 ^ CN 

V5Tj<<OOC^a>i-iOOOOC'5coOOO-<i<rJ<h.cO 

>-( cnc^cN*o >o CO coTHV^tn 



c?(Ncoi-<'^<i-i'o^ai 

rH O V5 1-t C>J Tf< 



a> (N o 
in '-^ 00 

C9 CO 



5i 
o 



, OV ^ ^ 

a> b- 

V) O --^ 

':5 

CO ts. '^I^ 

bTr-Tvo 

^ I-( T-( 

CO CM r-i 



t£j O 00 O lO 
y3 ID CO a> CTi 

O 00 b. c<» 

O 00 CO O 

^ CO *o 



CO CO 



Si c «-> 



XCNtJ'O^C^OOCO'^co 
00 CO VO C>) o 

^OOON-OOTfoOOOT-HOl 
OO^CN-^i^r-ICOTfrH 

O 00^ h, ts. Tj*^ >o 

o b. h- Tf< vn 

rl -^JO CO O t^ r-t 

TjT CO 



5 to 



0% Oi 



Tj. r-( 

en o 

00 

h~ o 

i-( r-t 



CO 

co 

o 00 
CO b-T 

00 rH 



a> 

tH CN 

O <iD O CN 

00 to 



CO 
















o 


CO 








CO 


<N 






00 






CN 






00 






O 









.S.S 



S OS 



4) 



358 



I 00 



CO 



i O 00 

1 VJ Tf< 



r-l 0» «0 
^^ O rH 

O 

vTod 



ooooa»oaii-H^co'«J< 
o CO cTc^-^ CO oT 
«D a> '-H 00 CO 00 

CN Tj< to »H ^ 



CO CN K 
00 



*0 <0 CTi 
V5 V5 K. 

C<J IT) <0 
CN CO CO 
CO 1-t 



O 

I?: 



^ o 
o « 



M o 



00 CN 



<?i <0 a> CO V} O 00 T-i CN V) (?> C<> CO K «3 o o 
00 Cft 00 K 00 CN CO 00 V5 C<) CN «3 tH CS? 

»0 K, O 



'SJ' W* \^ >W NI' ^ V^J 

COC0br00G^orrH<5r»Oi-700 CO <o 
OG<)C^U5 r-( COCMOOr-l 



^ W •'J ^ ON *0 

'^•cocsji-icjicoKtoa^-^v,-. _ 



V)THV)-<*C0»O»r5TH*n 
t}<CN<O00K^C^-* 

— — — T-t to 



^•3 



Xt o 



CO Oj O VTJ CO 
00 CO 00 00 rH 

00 a> '-^"^ 

'ff i-T irf <o to 



CO CN CO V) a> CO Tjt 
to ;^ to ^ CO CO 
»n K o a> 
CO a? CO 



si 



O V5 »0 
00 00 rH 
lO t^iO CO 

CO O CO 

T-i ^ Ifi 
l>- CM O 



CN to a> to 

to Jn. 00 t}< a> 

to to Tj< O 00 K CO 



P 



iK00OO»OC^C>?0^'*00C^'^00CNK.00 
I tOr-fCSfiOO^OOCOOOCO^OtOCOO^COCO 

cOCN!b-OiOOC-)Cv>tOh-KOOOC>?CT>V^ 

QO(-^^^^-(rHo^oo^toc^^'-^tOT^tocoo 



00 00 o% b> 

to * 



oooi^i-i'Ho^oa^tocN'-itOTHiocoo 

CN( O^O 00 CO CO *0 tq^r^O O -^iTfJ^rH to 

CO CO CN i-T T-T 



N. to CSJ 

00 00 

to" CO 



CO 




vj in 


o 


CO K 


to 


CO 


c>< 




iC 




c? 


CO 


CO 


ocT 


00*^ 







S "5 



^ i 

^ s ^ 

III 



^ S 



f 

o c c 



1 ^ « fi 



W O 



.a 



359 



6 



o c c 

a* M o 
« o o 



CO o 
\o O 



00 O 

<o to 
o o 

CO 00 

o'vo 

tJ< CO 



O T}< 

O CO 
00 00 

o 

CO 
CO 



I >0 00 
CO 

CO ^ 



oi o a> 

rH T-l O *0 



O tH 

00 <o 

C>} CO 



CO ^ 
00 

CO CO 



»o 



CS' 'O 
»D 00 



CO 



CO ,oj 
»ri tH CO 

CO 



•^OT-ivjo-^oo^THOicooavoocob^aiooa) 
cooto-'^' <ob-coov5<o»ocoa>a>cooo»oiH 

':}*O^OOOOa>'<^tO^(Nt^VD^OC^OOKOC^O 




CO 

CO 'H 

»0 100^ 



00 *o CO o a> 

CN 00 V5 tJ* 

1-1 o o 00 o 

00 r-l CO Q VJ ^ 

C>?rH00tC 
CO iH 



<0 Tj4 Js^ tJ< CO 

CM CM O) CO rH 

<£)00(Ntv,CM-<^<T-ICO 
O-^CMOTOiOOCOCO 
O^CM »0 t^r-j^«3^'^« 



CM iH CO -<^< CO O CM ^ «0 iv. GO 



<o *o 00 00 a> a> ^ 

t^OirHO O^COr-ICO^OOOCO 

tH O-^OiH T}<r-(i-tT}<>J000CMCO 

>0^ ,10^00^-^0 OOCOO>OKCOr-t 

tn* jhT^H .-TirT • th cT oT CO r-T tCi-T 

CM lo CM <0 Tj< tJ« cm ^ -rt 

t-^ r-( »0 iO CM CM 



O ^ 

CL, fi 

en (U 

as 



O r-l 

CO a> 



CO <o 
CM 0> 



'<5< CM iH CO ^Q0C7>b.O> 

co»oo^»-(coa>ts.T}<»o^is.t^oco 
>ocoT-iir}cMTiia>ooh,c7>ot^a^h- 

^s. 0)^r-< O CO CO <N >O^CO "O 

ir\ or» • K »^ * ^ ^ /v^ rvi K «u 



to CO 



I O O to 00 y^'t^ t^<0 ■'4' 00 CM a> 

h-totoco '^-- 

Ti< »0 CO tH 
CO 



CoK'-'tOh^OiODO 
CM CM iH K iH 00 



o p 
o 

CO oo" 



o 

I 



a3 'd 



c4 



CM 

*0 l.-- >w 

o :;3 a, 

il 

> 4> 



S-^ If J^^' 



-d 



S 3 



C ^ ^ L"Z: oc-j^ 




el 



360 



CN O i>. T-* l<0 



CO o i-Too^c^co oT^o'co ocTc^^D oo^rT 

O CTC^'^b, OC^COCSJOCO-^00 

CO CO »-r 



CO 00 tH 
00 00 is- 

CO t^. 



o 
PQ 



IC0C0Or-iTj<l0KOOC0a>00K.'* 
»T^^OOOVO^Or-(*f5C^b-CMs.>000 

ICOOI^Oii^Oi^CN^OCNCO-^COK 
.lvi-lO00C<)C0i-»'*iH-^avCNlN-V5 

i^coc^.N^v>^cooj^O)^»oco*oK-^o^vq^ 

r-( CM 1:^ V5 



aTrH^CO *0 CO 

CO CM CO 



O CM V5 Tj* 
*0 T-l CO (M 
tH Is, (>J 0> 



o 



iH io cr> a> K 

C"? VO 00 o> 

ir> CO 
<o 00 50 
a> *o CO CO 

23 =3 O »0 CN 00 



C3 .=J 



CO O V5 V) K CO 
CS} UO 00 0> CO 

O V5 ■'f' CO <0 

»0 O K a» In- ^ 

00 tH 00 CO 
t4c^ 



CM 



CO CO a» , >o 's}' CM 

00 CM O) ^ 00 

TjtinoTi* b^oiCMo 

b»ai*oo coo^no 

OOO W ^O^ , C^CM0O^«D 

CMOrbrco" CM co'-^co 

KOi-^QO iv-C^r-Ico 

*0 iH CM 00 O 



io 00 
<o 

CO 

CM >0 



00 

r-f ts. 

^ 00 
^0C3^<O 

CO 

CO 



^ s 



K CM 

o 

CO CM 
CM 



{?» 00 05 CO K N. 
CM 1^ ^ VO 

00 CO V5 C<> r}< «0 
00 00 O V5 CO CM 
CO O CM <0 CM O^O 

' oo" o'trT cT ^o" 

(O ^ CO ^ 
^ <0 Tj< CM *D 

vT »C CO 



CM Oi 
CO 

K CM 
OiH 
O tv. 
CM iH 



V5 ' 

CO CM 
CO 'H 

CM 



CO 

o 

o 



O 

CO a> ^ o vD 

CM O 

oT vTco 

CO 

CM 



.^1 ' 



^ o o 



o 

1.2 

w o 



|4, 



tea 

•11 



so 



ID O 
00 CM 



V5 

OS 



361 



iOl>'«*G^'-il>OCDCOCO— •COCOGO'^ 
l> CO^ l> O 'I. 

o O'^ioooiFHOoco'-'Oco'^ai 

'-^ GOCOCOOO CO'-i'-''-iCO»-<00 



CO 



08 2 '^^ 

oj '-(-> .2 

53 jj H ^ 
►To -5 

as, " 



CO'-iCOO'!J'05^<M05^0C>COCOC^t^ 
cot- — «a3©<i-<'^^GOi>©<i>Ci<5-» 

ilO^ lO^ •«T_ 1^5^ 0_ C3^ J> Oi^^ 
^ -rf OgT ^<D<OZOOOCOCO^ 



'5 ^ 

S o 



O l> CO c- 
»0 CO 1> CO CO 

GO CO rj< 
Oj O CO CO 
!> C0^C-^O5^ 



J> to l> O 

00 00 CO CO -rr 

CO i> ^ GvJ CO CO 05 

''t J> G-J l> CO 1> G>* 

GO Co" 



t- CO O CD 
O O CO Ci 

^ l-H 00 O 

o:) o G^ 

CO CO 

©r 



CO l:- CO 
CO CS G^ i> O) 

O) 05 xO Oi CO 
CO J> lO CJ O 
CO^i-H^CO^t> '-^CO 

cTcO ©r CO >o o 
O "^f G^ CO 1-x 

CO T- r-l 



G^ 

GO 
CO^O 
CO CO 



iiil 



^ c 



^.2 



COCO»-05'-HCO»J5i-ia>T*«l>'*'t>G<I> 

ioi>'^'-i'-<'-"a5G0 ■^'OG^oic^o^ 

^Tj<-^OCO'*^G^OOOOTtt-»OiOi-i 
CO'-''*GOrJ'OCOGs»CO'^^-^COt>CO 
i0^rl^COCO'^'-<^COi-'C7iCy5^rr00^1>^iO 

G^" G^" CO "-^ CcT cT CjT i-T CO O" O" CT o" GO 
•rt<LOl>'^G><t-t^'-iLOcoOCO'^ 



^ O CO o_ 

CO 



G^ 1 — • ij-j 1^ \^ kj-j »— 1 
CO^CO'-^OSG^CO^ 



CO 



a. 

s . 



o c c 



CO ^ 

Sec: 



20o « 



3 - >>»'3 

c ^ ^ 

O « ^ S ^ n «^ 



46 



S62 



o £ o 

i 



05 O 



^ -T3 

II 



O l> 

(JO l> 



O '-I 



CO !> O 



GO 05 ai T-4 CO GO 

iO 50 »-t i-H GO 

O ^ CO O 

^ r-t 1— 1— I CD O CO 

iO »-^G^ CO CO^ 



I I I I I 



f I I i I 



Si 
II 



3-3 



05 CO 


, GO O 


CO CO 


CO 50 


CO 


CO Ol 


CO O 




CO^O^ 


GO^G^^ 








• CO 







a> 



o o o 

-TJ 03 



2P§'i i 



GO CD 
''f ^ 

^ ^ 

CO ^ CO 
G^ 

■*-> 
cn 

0) 



r 

^ a> g t: 

O T3 t*- .ti 

s ® ^ 



2 2i 0) ^ 
.ti ^ 
^ .S hS 

i « 



> 5^ o o 



^ -a 

S3 



S o o 



363 



05 lO CO 

coaiovfcoi-HcoiOO 

CO^OS CO^^ t> CO 

■^'^ i-T xo" O" t-'' 
©J CO i> ^ 
^ U^CO CO CO^ 



CO 05 CO CO CO !> 

i> 1-1 t> « 

l> 05 CO »0 CO O 

C5 |> 1-1 0:1 CO 

^O^O^O CO CO 
CO l> O Gi i-T co' 

CO G< O CO 

1-1 CO G< CO 



(4-, « c 

o c .2 

^ s « 

4) S O 

W as 



r}<COC0O5Tj«iOO>C0COi0>O)u0a)G^l> 
Oi COT-iCOG^OOjCO^i-iG^COOiCO 

COI>COCOl>CO'*G<i-iOCOG^>^CO'-< 
u0iCC0'*v0u:)l>05l>O^G000C0GI 
l>^G^^G^G^-^COC3iOG^^G^^OOr>^CO 

T-i'^ocrTt^ coco^G^cocot^coicTTi^co 

1- rfG^G^O COi-i^ tOG/-^ 



_ ^ CO 33 

^ X 5 

« «^ 1 

^ ^ 

2 ;3 c 

~ X 



11 

> o 



uO CO CO CO G^ uO « 
COC^'^'-OG^COG^G^ 



O O ^ I> 
t- Oi CO 1> 



T^<G^T^<C00501>COCOOO"^G^»0 
CO'=*^COCOO^OOO'-'COCOG< 

— " T-TiO l>"co CO CO ^ 
10 I—" 



^ .COOiCOOiO'-^G^J'O'^TfCO 
lO 'COG^'^CDCOCO^COCO'-^^ 

tO>0>OG^'-iT-iO'-<COCO»-«0 
G<COi-'COC0tOCOCOG^!>'-<0O 

co^ 1 O^cq^t^'^'^'^^co'^ooooco 

co" Oia5rJ»coio'oroD'G^"l>'orGfor 
CO t^COi-tO ^OO'^'-^O 
G< ^ 

©f 



o o 



02C0^C0CCC»T-iO'*C000Oi0C0'«i« 
CO CO'^Ci i005iOCOCOLO'<9*T-tiO 

^osocoaicociooooiOii^^co 
«cr:i>G*i>OG^»oOcocoOcoco^ 

gT iri" gT V" gT J> CO co" ^ CO O o 

G^ OiCOCOC^St-^COCOCOCOCOCOCOO) 
G»CCrt<CO »-i Cr)'-«1>G<C0'-' 



G< 



CO 



G^ 



4^ 5 3 .JT 

^ ^ -2 o -if 



o 



_3 

o 

o 



22 
200 



3 

CO O 



364 



CO 

GO CO 
CO CO 
CO 



, ^ GO 

<M O 

wO 00 

CD 
CO 



s-s .i 



^ « 
5^ « S ^ 



05 !> O GO '-^ CO 
^ 1-1 lO ^ CO 
00 G^©^ CO i-< >^ 
CO " 
CO 



O 



CO 



Mil 

« S S +j 



CO ^ 

GO o 
l> co^ 

GO 



CO 
IT- CO 

O CD 

CO 



o d o 



S3 c -ii u 
IP 1^ ^ ^ ;3 »- 
;a:!!H.OSHS^O 



'a. 

Oh 



00 O 
O 

CO 
CO 



I- 

.t: ^ 

>^ at 



go 



365 



uo ^ CO c: ^ CO '-I 



LO I> 

CO 05 
lO CO >o 

zS <iD ^ 
O O) CO 

lO T-< J> 



1 



t>OI>COG^C0CO©^»-'0:)'^G0C0<S^ 

i-ti>COOCOCOiOOCOCOCOOG^G^ 
aj^COi>COCOCO>OG^0005'-<>i5 
r^iO'T'G^COOG^i^'-COCO^Oit^G^ 

o^coofirT^GO'^ '^Oii>or»oco 



Oi O t> 05 

cn uO G^ CO »o 



J> O ^ O O G^ 
CO O G^ CO »0 



•>-*©-( ^ 
3^ CO O G^ CO 
CO " CX> CO lO CO 



CO lO O 05 CO Oi 
Gi CO G^ i-< CO ^ 
^^^^."^ i-^'^COO) 
5 (00 ^ ' y-^ G^ 



O (U 



0»ocD»J:)coOco^ocorfco 

■<^CO CO'-HCOG^COCJlOSt' 

cococo'*co©^003i>o:i»-co 

G^C0C5C0O'?J'<J0G^G^OG^C0 
COir^COCO^Tj^O^tO^T-^CO Tt"02 GO 

O G^ rf 05 G^'ofco't^ Co''^>o'->* 
COCJS'-'CO i-HiOCOi-iO 05 
lOCNt-iCO CO^ 1-1 LO 

gT G^ 1-^" 



5 a 



^ o 

5 <u 



CO'-iCOCOCT5C5-<COLO'*COCOCOCOCO 
C0i>C0G^CJ5C0C0COG><COCO»0 00l> 

tot-cocysocoosTft^-cocoTf-^LO 

CDO:iC0G-<O5COCX)GsJC0G<IG^'-iCOC0 
ctTgT CO Tj^O'-' O '-^ ^ Cf^ CO ^ CO CO 

VO'^t^l-HG^TttOCO"^T}<^l> 

1-H Tl^T}*»^t^ G^»-iO^i-iCOG^C0 
CO »>" iLff CO i-T 



cn IS 



o ^ 



£ ^ £ T3 O 



(X) a 



20o 



366 



o 

e3 



CO 



• 5g 



CO >o 

CO 1> 
CO 



c o S o 

D o3 " <u 
M o o 



O) 1> U5 T-i o t- 

jj !> CO <3^ i-( lO 
O 



05 C5^ CO 
CO CD CO J> CO 
Ol CO 



CO 



43 ^ 



O 

00 

CD 

CO i 



q6 



O D g C 



O O 

CO '^fi 

O CO CD 
GO — ' 1- 
r-l 



l> O 

UO »0 
O ilO 

CO 
CD 
CO 



00^ 



o 

'S d o 6 
^ ^ ^ 

• S^ C tn « 
-=3 .2 S 
^ .2 



!> ^ 

G< 

GO G^ 

CO 



a ^ 

CD 

II 



o 



•^^^ 

S-l ^ I 

O 3 

^ f O 

a ^ 



OS 
o» 

CO 
Oi 
CO 



367 



02 CO 



CO ^T-iTj^G^GOCOt-itOCOS^COCO 

05 I TjT ^ erf co" cT Co" kif 

00l>a5CO rj'i-icOG^T-'i-tG^ 
'-<^G^t-hC^ CO ^ 
1-1 ^ 



2-^ 

O CO O 

s § « 

53 =) ^5 



G^cococor-t^o-^cot^c^^u^ast* 
cO'-(G^i-icoiO'^(roi>ook0^^i-H 

£-0^'^COC5COCOC3-(a2C0002(3^ 
G-^^OO^CO l> <3^ 00 G^iO^i-^G^COO CO 
•rf^OcOC'i'iS'rfiO ^ ^ ^ <H ^ 
^ G^G^G^CO G^COCO 



00 




1> 05 


iO 








CO 


CO iO CO 




05 


05 05 




. 


T)^05^ 






lO" G^ 










1-H 





o >^ o o ^ 
jj:) lo CO 

lO CO 1-1 CO 05 
05 G>< 05 1> 05 
O <3^ G^ G^ 
^ Gf 



C^iOt-iG0COO5O5l>^iO&il:* 
i-iC0'-hC0G^-<^O2>O1>C0G^ 

COCOrJ'COJ>i>'*G^COC500D 
•^G^r-<O5C0C0'*»Ol>iLOO5©^ 
©^^ GO^ GO t>^ CO^ cq^ O G^ CO GQ 

ixTt^-^os is£<:oiSa^v^zo(^'<-^ 

CJ5COO<05 G^'-i'^ !> 
CO l> 05 rf i-t 



o B 

11 



IQ 



o 



i0i-i»-«05if:)C0G^G0OC0>O'O^C0 
LOiOiOl> COCOt^rfCO'-''-' 

rtc^^^cocoo5^>t^■^'r^1-^lO'^'^ 

COOOC00205{>OCOCOCO»^00505 
G^OG^^t— i-'COG^-^U0t-(COCO^O5 
G-rt-TiOCOoTT^G^ r^'^^jC^'^T-T 
CO COCOuOiO'-^G^'OOOG^rtiLOcO 

CO^COG^CO CO^ 

d CO" o7 



ti ^- 
0) =3 .r c 

(9 



1^ > '^^u'^^.:^^Qf^o > 



o 

PQ 
< 



O C O 

U C9 <L> 



o o o 

CO T-H 

O) O 

GO J> O 

CO CO (Xi 

go' 



.§1 
II 

^•3 



i ^ OT y j CO ^ Cfi 
J-f S . 1 — 



.25 (U 



t> 

C5 '-^ 

CO T-^ 



S.2 




«^ ;3 
O O ^ ^ O 



369 



C3 

1> CO 



CO 



t> c: G-j^ Ci^ »o ^ >o^ t-^ ©^^ co^ 

"^T cT oT r^' u-5 O J> Lff tX) 
CO 1-1 C5 ®^ <^ 



4) , 



ai'4DCDcot>C2i>'~tcocoo:)ooco!> 

^0:ocO'-^G^OCOco'*c:co05COO 
co'>-X)Oa5co»0"^'0^'0'-ico'*i> 
c--^ '-'v '^l '"Is P. ^ 

Co" GsT co'^ o" '-T l>" Co" &r lo" T)^ gT CO O 

COO^GJCO CO" G^G^CO»-« 



II 



lO O O , 
vr: Tj< CO 

O >-< CO r-i 
»0 CO C2 CO 

rj^ l> ,1-1 

— " T-T co" 





CD f> G^ 


05 




1> C- O G^ O) 


O CO 


GO 


GJ Gi i> 


lO 


■50 


CO CO CO G^ CO 


G^ 


o 


to CO CJ 


CO 


5? 


i-i 'T' !> CO " 


O G< 


o 


O O G< 






»C O CO CO 


o 


CO^ 


l-H^ 00^ t>^ 




CO 


CO^ G^ T-i^ 


CO CO 


l> 


' CO i-Tcc" 




1-0 


CO CO O0~ 






lO r-. 


CJi 




cr. G< CO 


CO 




r- G* 






CO CO 





t 2 



o 



G*G<0:a)G<l>"G<G<^ 



CO »-< T}> G< 



o:> uo 



1> CO CO 

lO CO »0 



OtOCOi-i'Tr!>G<'r}« 

lO CO o «-o CO 05 as 

"Ol>»OG^G<C0O 



05 1-1 CO G^ l> G» 

CO CO o: c- G< c: 

CO^ C5 CO CO CO o:^ O 

iO"-it^t^COG<'rrO'*l>G^00iC'^ 

l> G< " CO^ CO^— 1 O CO O 

Gr co" gT i-t 



Q- 



4 s 



■ I 

o 

o 

<u c 



2 2 

^ OS .. 

^ O .2 I 

o 



47 



370 



CO CO CO 

>^ CO 

CO CO 
CO O 
CD 

r-T 

r-* CO 



CO 



00 



O »-0 CO O 

Tj« V— CO 

lO O. 

go" ^ 



-^3 . 



I 

4) S 

= ■1 

o 



S 0) 



■.2i <u ' 



C .3= 



CO 05 J> CO 

00 Lo CO 

01 O CO CO 
O CO CO 

T-l CO 



o . . 

•r o o 

beg; 

43 iz; ir: 
l:^ O S § O 



05 CO 


CO 


CO 00 


^ 


O 


CO 


CO CO 


t> 


o^co 


CO 


cT 


CO 


CO 


CO 















371 




372 



I 



II 



CO CO >^ 






lO CO CO 






O J> CO 03 


CO 


a» 


l> CO 


5? 


CO 



r-l T-J^ 



CO CO GO C» !> 

O O O GO 
O O G^ -1 CT) 
05 ^ 03 lO 05 



O G 



'"2 



1= 

bp . 

S § 

.in 



rf" 03 GO 'tf 

t> 03 l> G^( 

r> CO CO 

i> T^i >^ CJ3 
CO ' Oi 

o" T-T 

y-i CO 

G^ 



O 

0) -G ^ 







GO 


G^ 




G< 


CO 


lO 




G^ 


c:3 


GO 


03^ 


o 


CO 


l> 




CO 


to 




lO 












gT 















.S 
'53 



o 
a 

o 



O 



C! 

Oh 

X! 



§ o 

w 
G 

CO 

< 



373 



IG^ u:5 00 l> J> 

CO O CO 
uO 3^^ CO 

O Co" cT CD SO 
lO CO 

05 C0_ 
3^" 



00 CO CO ^ CO 

!> ;:0 C5 CO 

CO^ lO 3^^ t> CO 

G^" oo" ^ d 

O 05 CO 

CO lO « CO T-< 



GO 

CO o 

05^ 

00 co" 

O 00 

co" 



00 t> 
O CO 

G|_CO^ 
CO 

^ CO 

CO CO 



G^ 



O 1-H GO t- 

y-* (Ji y-* in C) QO 

G^ CO 05 O ^ CO CD^ 

^ rT i> CO G^ ©^^ co" 

lO O CO t> CO CO CO 

w CO CO 05 lO 'Tf 



G^ 



G^ 3^ O O 
■-I O CO G^ CO 05 -H 

^ <^ 

= , gT 05" crT G^" crT 

^ C0i>t>G^^05rf 
'-^10 '^'-1 GO UO^OO^iO 

^ G^ ^ 



CO 00 o CO o 

©< O CO l> G^ CO 
CO^ CO 05 O O '-H 

iS go" ^ »> d ^ ^ 

t> O O G^ 05 

t> o « CO co^cq^co 

©r ^ 



CO ©< t> ©I iO o 

CO ©< 05 CO O O 

O l> i> CO^ o t-^ ^ 

S ^ lo d" oT CO*" go" 
00 CO -^f CO (^( — 

CO C-^ CO 00 05 '^f 

©r 



00 CO 05 05 G'l CO O 

05 O O CO o o 
CO^ l'^ 05 00^ l> 

o ©r ©r '^'^ -t" to 

CO 05 G^ O 05 C f 

00 1-H CO C0^05 CO 

^ ©f 



l> GO ^ >r5 CO 05 00 
lO CO CO LO ©I 

CO uO 05 T— CO 

©< oo'~ co" d co" y-^ 

CO O CO CO 1— CO 

t> CO CO CO 00 GO 



O ^ O ^ G^ CO ©1 
CO -f CO CO lO O ©I 
CO^ CO^ G^ -rj^ CO 05 CO 

crT co" ocT co" 00" i> 

CO 01 « 05 CO 
O '-' CO CO J> 



, - '^2 ^ 



'J2 tri O 'XI ixi 



O CO CO 05 

COCOlOG^CO-^COCO 
I> 3^ C5 05 05 05 00 



00 CO 
I- CO 



O 05 05 GO GO 
05 GO '-H 
^ 



T-1 CO ©( CO .1; -VN^ 3> o 
GO^J>rtiOG^COCT5 



CO y-* 



05 CO CO 
CO i> t> 
^ l> lC 



©^3^01>G^0i>^ 
^G01>l>COt-0:>0 

i>^rtQQQ^„^CO 



CO 05 

GO to 
G^ ©( 



1-1 O CO o 

G^ CO 05 



l> ©t ^ C5 GO 
CO 05 O CO CO 
00^ ^ O LO i-< G^ 

i-T go" oT G^ 

^ G^ CO CO 
^ GO^^^ 



O CO CO I> CO 
IT- GO l> ^ CO 

01 1-4 co^ co^ CO CO 

' i-T i-Tco oT !> ©f 

G< 1-1 05 G^ '-H 

1-1 G^ 00 



C5 t-^ ©< C75 G^ CO 
-H {> G^ CO >0 UO 
05 G^ 1— I 1> 05 CO^ CO 

co" i-T j> G^ GO go" 

lO 1- O ©1 

go" 



CO CO CO CO l> 

CO 05 ©> o 

— ' l-H 02 G^ 05 T-1 



C5 05 



i> CO 00 

05 



CO ^ 

>o 

rjT 00" 
GO 



O Oi GO T 

G^ G^ O 
^ 05^ O ^ >-0 

co" go" 
1-^ o« 



CO O 00 CO CO ©< i-H 
CO ©< ^ ©< GO G-< 

CO ©< 00 05 



G^ ^ ' 

^ GO 



CO cn CO 

1-1 CO i-> 



>'c SjB «j ^- 
J c^C ^ H d 



374 



o 
PQ 



o 

00 



lO -J' 02 
'jc oi « u:) CO 
cr5_ co^ '-^^ 

uo" ctT go" 

CC' i-H CO CO CO 
GO CO ^ »0 CO 



T C><( CO 
lO CV' CO O CO -'f 
GO^ Ci^ Cr^ OJ^ O '-^ 

co~ gT co" LcT 

CO T-1 GO CO 
lO -!t CO CH) t> 



I- Ci C^i »0 O t- 

> i> o:) CO oo ^ 

^) CO cq^ CO co^ 

i> uo" >^ CcT 1-^ CO 

CO CO G^ O CT5 

rj< CO CO 05 CO^ 

r-T gT 



CO 

«> i-H, rr 



^ CO ^ CO 

^ T-H CO O 

CO co^u^ »o 

CO u^r co'~ '-^ 

CO CO 
CO C0^CO^J> 

GsT ^ 



CO I w 



03 CO ^ 

Oi C3 o 

CO GO 

O GO 

CO -t* 



lo 00 
u:) CO CO 05 

CO C0^1> CO 

t-h" lO t> gT 

O CO G^ CO 
©J G^ CO 



CO ^ 
'g* CO 
t-^ irf 

®< ©i CO 

c- ^ 



©< CO ©< 
CO T-- 

CJ^ ^ 
cT 0:^00 

O O 

^ CO 



O GO ©» 
lO >0 i> O 
1|> 00^ T-^ cc 

CO LO crT ^ 

G^J O CO 

q, Go^ -^^ i> 



o 
<; 

PQ 

< 

Q 



CO 



CO CD 
CO CO LO 05 
CO^ l> 

CO i-T CO 

1:^,0 03 CO 
CO o ©^CO 

co'co" 



as CO 
o 00 

Ol^CO^ LO 

oTi^ CO 
CO o 

C^GO 

©r 



T-i (J^ CO lO 
LO l> ©* lO 

®i ®t 

S \> -r^ 
GO r-( ©< 
Oi 02 ©i 1> 



^ ^ O C-i 00 

03 CO CO i> CO '-^ CO 

CO 03 Oi^ OS 00 

co'co'^co gnTco"©* 

lO T-i lO 00 ©< 

CO CO CO O 



t> 'C JS 5S <A ^ 

^ --^ "O M ^ 5=0-^ 

JXkJj r-*^ O 3 C3 

5 iX! ^ H O C« C« 



CO CO 01 CO J> 03 

©J ©I CO 1— I 30 l> 
00 CO C3 CO GO 03 



CO GO 
i> CO 



LO CO 

GO O 

©* ©^ o 



LO 

1-1 CO 

CO o:. 



»-t i> LO 

rt< lO C73 T-" 
O rj^ 00^ 

Lo" o" ' '-T go" o" 

LO !> CO 00 LO 

« GO ^ CO 



CO i-H 

LO 03 
GO CO^ 

'it LO 

lO T-t 



Tt CO 
CO CO LO — • 
CO co^co ^ 
©TcO GO 



©* GO 
03 03 
CO^GO^ 

co"©^ 

CO LO 
00 'sf 



LO CO GO ©^ 03 

©^ J> ^ 03 00 
©^^ co^ co^ cq^ 
1-1 ©T o i> 03 

O lO LO 
Tf ^ 



CO ^ 

03 l> 

03 LO 

CO 



©^ I I ©* CO 

©^ O CO O !> 
rt^ 00^ J> 03^ GO 

T-T co" <:£ CO 

©< LO ©< T-l 
'Sf ©^ ©I 



03 CO 
O CO 
©<^CD 

J> LO 

00 



O CO ©^ ©J CO 

O J> CO LO ^ 

03^ 03^ 03^ 

t-T CO ©r o ©r 

03 CO 
CO 03_ 

T-'co" 



LO CO 
CO ©< 

00 03^ 

CO 
03 CO 
GO 



03 O -X) 30 ©< 

c — r O c:3 

lO^ 00^ CO^ CO^ Oj^ 

i-T i-T oT LO 

00 O CO 

^ cq^co 



LO GO 
Ciqcq 

©TctT 

CO ©< 



03 03 T-i CO 
©) CO LO CO CO 
CO CO^ CO LO^ 

ccToT o 
O o:> CO 

00 - 



©^ ©< 

CO lO 
G^CO^ 

©r 

LO ©< 



CO CO CO 03 J> 

o — 1> t- o 

C-^ GO CO^ CO 
T-T t-T tJh'' CtT CO 
CO CO CO 
CO G-J 03 



<3 

e 

.1 

u 

s 



TABLE No. III. 



Amount of duties accruing on the following articles, 


imported im 1806, 


with the rates of duties on each. 








Q.UANTIT1ES. 






Excess of 
importation 
over 


of ex- 
port. 0- 


Rate 

OI 

dutv- 


Excess of 
duties 
over 




f"vnr»vtatinn 


ver im- 
port. 


Cts. 




Beer, ale, & porter, glls. 


181,815 


- 


8 


14,545 20 


Cocoa, - - lbs. 


1,418,232 


- - 


o 


28,364 64 


Chocolate, 


2,117 


- - 


3 


63 51 


Sugar candy, 


1,573 


- - 


tli 


180 89 


loaf. 


3,180 


- - 


9 


286 20 


other refined and lump. 


976 


- - 


6i 


63 44 


Almonds, - 


282,517 


- - 


2 


5,650 34 


Currants, 


372,097 


- - 


2 


7,441 94 


Prunes and plumbs. 


66,479 


- - 


2 


1,329 58 


Figs, ^ - 

Raisins in jars and muscadel, 


408,449 


- - 


2 


8,168 98 


773,398 


- - 


2 


15,467 96 


all other, 


2,412,221 


- - 


H 36,182 31 


Candles, tallow. 


175,820 




2 


3,516 40 


wax. 


6,254 


_ 


6 


375 24 


Cheese, 


262,846 


- - 


7 


18,399 22 


Soap, ... 
Tallow 


819,241 


- - 


2 


16,384 82 


1,755,841 


- - 


H 


26,337 62 


Mace, 


- 


2,620 


125 




Nutmegs, 


173 


- - 


50 


86 50 


Cinnamon, 


- 


9,149 


20 




Cloves, 

Pepper, - - 
Pimento, 


- 


24,318 


20 




1,848,617 


- - 


6 


110,917 2 


468,008 


- - 


4 


18,720 32 


Chinese cassia. 

Tobacco, manufactured other ) 
than snuff and segars, \ 


181,802 


- - 


4 


7,272 8 


G,638 




6 


398 28 


Snuff, 


16,562 




10 


1,656 20 


Indigo, 


264,163 




25 


66,040 75 


Cotton, 


785,378 




3 


23,561 34 


Powder, hair, 


5,514 




4 


220 56 


gun. 


204,822 




4 


8,192 88 


Starch, 


14,565 




3 


436 95 


Glue, 


105,612 




4 


4,224 48 


Pewter plates and dishes, 


78,200 




4 


3,128 


Anchors and sheet iron. 


582,236 






8,733 54 


Slit and hoop do. 


271,063 




1' 


2,710 63 



TABLE No. III.—- CONTINUED. 



Nails, - - lbs. 

Spikes, 

Quicksilver, 

Ochre, yellow, in oil, 

dry yellow, 
Spanish brown, 
White and red lead, 
Lead & manufactures of lead 
Seines, 

Cordage, tarred, 

untarred, 
Cables, 

Steel, - - cwt 

Hemp, 

Twine and pack thread, - 
Glauber salts. 

Coal, - bushels, 

Fish, dried, - quintals, 
pickled salmon, bbls. 
mackarel, - 
other, 

Glass, black qt. bottles, gro. 
window, not above 8 ) 
by 10, 100 sqr. ft. I 
do. 10 by 12, - 
do. above 10 by 12, 
Segars, - - M. 

Foreign lime, - casks, 
Boots, - pairs, 
Shoes, silk, 

kid, Morocco, kc. 
all other, 
Cards, wool & cotton, dozs. 
playing, - packs, 



aUANTITIES. 



E xcess of 
importation 
over ex- 
portation. 

3,059,629 
407,936 
51,606 
22,079 
119,854 
619,710 
2,648,981 
3,513,351 
10,651 
206,096 
47,391 
30,542 
12,228 
116,101 
3,361 
103 
311,146 
219,349 
6,862 
14,756 
16,271 
20,273 

22,546 

3,985 
4,243 
22,969 
339 
3,817 
6,913 
45,758 
5,374 
4 

11,672 



Excess of j^^^gQf Excess of 



exportation (j^Q^^y 

over im- _. 

portation. Cents. 



1 

6 
li 
1 
1 

2 
1 

4 

2 

2i 

2 

100 
100 
400 
200 
6 

50 
100 

60 

40 

60 

160 

175 
225 
200 

50 

76 

25 

15 

10 

50 

25 



duties 
over 
drawback. 



Toial excess of duties over drawback. 

Excess of drawback over duties on Mace, - 3,275 

— — _ — Cinnamon, ~ 1,829 80 

— — — _ Cloves, - - 4,863 60 



1,024,809 70 



9,968 40 



Total, 



1,014,841 30 



Treasury Department, Register's Office, 4th JVovember, 1807. 

JOSEPH NOURSE, Register. 



377 



I 



^5 



I'? 

i 



I 

'a 

si 













CO O u:) 






C5 




i 








£2 O J;0 CO 




CO o s< o 




> 






o 






C5 


lO l> CO cc 


Gs^ 


ci 








c; 


JO CO CO 




lO t- O iO 


CO 
















O 


Ci 
















50 





no 






?no 








fee 

















0:ot>cocccjTt<cococoi>CiCO^coco 
a5T^.oos-<cococococooo a ^ co 

COOGJC:C5^COCOLOCOl>r:)2^J— 'i-OCC 
COG^Ot-COCO — ^wCOOClOCOOT?' 

c:^ co^ 0_ -r :o^ O oj^ G^^ co G^>^ i> 

-rf cT Co" O CO CO CO t-^ cT o 

|T CO >-0 Cr. G» CO CO CO O CT. CO CO 

1—^ ^„ '"V ^'V ~ ^ "^c ^ "^1 ^ ^ ""^ ^ 

3^" co" ^ uo" cT cT G^" ^ gT lO r-" 

I G^ G^f G^ 



t-OTj-G^T^G^COCt-COCsO 
^C^jO'-'G^I>C5COC:CC3^-^GOCO 

^ ^ -^^ '^^ ^ ^ ^ 

co" t-" co" co" cT uo ;o i> o CO co" 



G^ 

-r CO 
^ Ci o 









G^ Ci 


C G^ 


t- CO 


c 










1 33 


' CO 


G^i 


JO 


O CO 












o 








CO G^) 


uO 


lO 


O ^ 


G^ 




2; ^ 


Ci 








Gs) 


CO 


O lO lO CO CO 






O CO 


I> 




o 




CO 


CO 


^ CO 


CO 


Ol 


O Ci 




G^ 


O CO 




c- 




CO 


CO 




CO o 


Gs( 




O O !> 




CO 


CO 


CTi 


CO 


CO 


CO 


!> 




G^ 


CO 


CO 


CO CO CO 






CO c- 


o 


LO 


CO 


CO 


^ 


• Oi 








^ CO G^ 


CO 




co^Ci^ 


Ci^ 




GnJ^ 




CO 




cTci" 


co" 




!> G-» 




i-TcT 






o' 






oT 








^ l> 


!> 




O 






G~( 







«CO-}'CiG^OG^^OuOC>^r}«l>i>Cl'*l> 
COG^rf«-^G^'-iCOCOOt>'T'COCO>^OCO>-0 
O O CO ^ t-^ lO O^^ CO '-^ G-^ CO^ co^ co^ 

Cr^-^^CrcOrrCOcTrtTgr COCOG^ •^t*'-^ 
'*C0CO-^'-«-<C0^t^'!}>i-0u0I>C0t-L0 
t^CO uO CO^Ci -Tf t^'^O'* -^^Ci^t^ ^CO Ci 

coi> Gi'^coG^'-«''-^i-oooarco"j>co'" 

f-i ^ -T G^ ^ 



to 3 

o 



O > a- ^ > >^ O ;4 H 



48 



S7S 



GO t-»-'^'-iC:l>G0C0COiOO:^i-i CO 

COi>CO'-'G^)'-(CoOC:i^CO<D'*COCDO 
CDCSOiCOGO^G^GO'^-^COCO'tfOCOlr- 

r-i — ■ 



o 

GO 



O 



t-COOG^t-GO-^COS^I 

i-Trj^coaTc^lGo' 

0< t- CO ^ 



o 

>o 

01 CO 



o 

< 



!-COG^'*©^COUDv0050l>'-'OCOCO 
TfCOT-<^T-(GOt>»^3t>'^CO'-Ha3COr}« 

cou:){>gqu^g^t-hg^ocococo05»^go 

GO'— "■^G^G0 05'f-<COG^©<050GOI>'-i 

CO i-T C<f of CO of CO O Tf^" i>" oT co'^Go'" 
00 G^ OiG^Oi T^GO 1-1 



C0t'»O05!>T^-rtiG0OG0"*C0C0'=;t*t'CX) 
l>J>rHlOU:)G0G^O<l>»Oa5O5"^ t>»-i 

G0C0C0}>OiO5J>O5'<*i>00L0u:)l>O'-' 
COiOOOOOi— ^OG^Oii-HOO'^'i-iOOOO 
G^ 05^C3^GOG^O^rr ^ OS "^t 

CO cT CD 03 GtT ^^ O CO^ G^" co" ^ tcT gT co" CO »^ 
COCOG^O'^l>l>COG^COGO»OCOT-tG^'-< 



^ ^ 



2 ctf 



o 



1^ i.SOp.cf^ 



g ^ ^ S « D 



=3 



o - 

43 Oj 



379 



ci 



o 



t^OT}<-:J<OOOOOOOOOOr-IO'-l>-i'Ol>.CO»OCOCOrO 

ooaio^oa^cNCNT-i'-Hi-ioocococo*oo-^i^ooo 



CN ir-i r-( o> 00 00 o T-t to 

Tf«h.COt^Tj4tO»OT}<CNOOOr-(CT>COtN.iOC>?l>- 

Oico^-iOh^CNcriooaiOTHo^cNVjTihob-i^ 

b^<0 OJ^^. h^T}<^00 00 OO 00 C J^rH ^ 00 

vT oT ocT CO CO CO ^ vcT >o ^ oT i-T Tt" co' ^ 

T-(C0C0"*«O^^Ob-^<O'*CN>O^C0C^ 



to 

CO 



tH to 

VJ to 



o 



r-(C0'-'C0T}<CXC0C^Tf<'^-<^OOO>0l0C0'HCr>^OV^to 
C0CnC0C0OV50000r-(h,Tf<'Ob.rHl0':0C0»0aiT-ttOt0CN 
OC^b.l^OC0-?J*C0O'<t<O'*tOTH>0'OC5h-r}t0^C^ '"J,^ 

cNcocr^co'ct-iciTbrcTrcdcT-^ioioorc^rcNioc^ 

CO ^ 'o 00 00 o o »o o o CO to a> o CO CM 1-1 

r-lr-(i-ir-tT-((MCNCNC^CNCOCOCOCOCO 



o»a>o CO 00 to r-ioo c^tO'--<'X)coaioorH'^ooc<)i>-co'~< 

r-ib»>01>,'Tj<0^C>?tO C^l>,0OK CN00r-(tOT-(CN»nC7>i^ 

»-ir-iT-iOiC^,-(coc^ir)V)toc^l^->^i-iaito(Ntoto-<*coto 
toavco'Of-<ioto(^}coooto'-ococot^i-io^K,i-ttoQO»-< 

C0OC~')<OC00)C0t0Ot0i-iC0tOO0^i-<-^OtO'O^'O»-< 

r-T CO >io »o Oi' ^ CO to" tc" ro --^ -i^" (o CO c-r od" cT ocT 

>H»-liHi-lT-li-iC>?C^CN(C^O}C^COCNlCNrHCNC^ 



i| 

u S 



i^G^b-tnv^c^cr>c?i»nKCNi^too^»OT-(Tf<T-icoCTi00coc^ 

CT>r-(i-(-;}<»0}>.CNOC0O-^C0 00t0T-.^C0'^i0iv-C0'*C^ 

'"1, '^'l ^ '"J^ ^ ^ ""l^ ^ '^'2. ^ ""i, ^ ^ 

i-tr-lCNCNCOCO'tiotOtOt^OOCTiOrH.-lCNC^-^'^iOlv 



O «i 
O to 



, CNcotOKO^tv-ooo>oKrHoootO'*coa)»-HOO>ot^coT-i 
a>TiHootoT-ic^oo<o-^T-tco^'ototocNh^h~T-(ooa)b~t^ 

'*-*C0tOlN-a>tO00N.tOrf<C)'*C^CT>C0'OCN'*C0C0«:>h- 

coai'*^T}<otoc^t^TjHO'<*-^CN'*i^ototocooO'*o 
a>c^'<*tv-c7>tooaicricooO'*oooTticor-(b,»oto<oc^c^ 



IV. ^ -^77 -Tf IjV IV. _ _ 

o^cncq^oO'^oooTticor-ib, 

''C7T'-J'to"oo'crto" 
■CCM'^t^tOO-jv.Aj V, 
0-*^"*Tj'*0*OiOtO 



to K OcT 'o' CO o O Iv. T-1 cr, >ij ou vu . 

co'^'Ooo)toai'-'cotoocc^)c>)'ococM'*t^too>Doo-Tf 

■ ■ ■ rH C>J CN CO CO '■'^ -* -* 



^ai'r5C7>ocoooTj<a>h»co^Tf<ooiooooooTf«c>?ocoo 
iv,ooaiO>r)»o<o»ocoh-oc^jr-(>ooiOTH'*Tti-(00'-i 

T-({N-*r}<Ti<»r><0t00»OT-lCNTj<»0h-000:OC0-«tt0 
r-T T-Tr-Trn'T-rr-rrH rH cTci 



o> O i-i CM 


CO 




to iv. 


CO 


o 






ro 




'O 


to 




CO 




o 


1-> 


CN 


00 O-i 












o 


o 


O 


o 


O 


o 


O 


o 


o 








h.. Is, 


K. 






Is. 




00 


00 


OO 


00 


00 


00 


00 


CO 


00 


00 


00 


00 




















r-( 




r-( 















r-ro 



380 



CO tH «0 to OJ CO O *n O tH O O V) 
In. to »— ( r.^, CO 1— I «ri 1^ ^ m tm ir> k ^ /-^i ris 



CO^OCOUn-^cOr-tVDtOOCOC^OVSOTH 

00 c^^^o_<» iNj^co ,H CO 00 T-1 to 1:^ iH 00 y3 

»H T-l CO iH -^'OCO 0% T-r<O*0cTTH 



CO y3 to K CO 

CO -^CO • 



COCOCOOOCOb- rJtCOiOOO 

^K-*J^SSi!l?^£J£3*^<^'-'^<=50-HooiooooooN.!<o 
?3 ^ ^ 2S °o ^ *^ =o <^ <^ ^ 
coi-fooco»-((oc^»oai c^c^c^v5(>}o to-^ 



|OOCOOOCOTi*tOloOOCO 



OiOOiOViOOt^CO.. , _ 
1-I0000O G<»i:^ coo 



o 



«ii'K^S^rS,9P'^t^'-^^*^'-ioorHioa>-^<CNoa>THio 
otJ i|;r^*2^K'oc^a>aib,T-(ocoo-^o>o<o<0'Hoo 

<U |^^"*^*^„'^^<^00^'* C^b-'H CO CO 00 co^o to b^t^C^ 

jTH r-i vo 1-1 CO ocd'cn oo" th" io" oT i-T c? coc^ 



00 lO tv, ^ CN ^ Ol Ob-T-fOOCO C^KCOCOrHt^ 

iP^COt-OC^iOOCOCftOCOl^iOCOOOC^JtOC^O^O-^ 
S ^ °0 CO Tj< CO 00 CO CT* K O Tji 



OOCOCTiT}»rHtO*OCr>(NCO»Oi^Tf«r-fCOCO(N»OTf<OOCO 

CO 00 i-( csj cN CO 00 CO a> <o a> Tf< a> Tjt 

-^COj-HCOKOiCNt^OOCOOiOCftOh-O^COOOCh 
<Oiv-iN-C0C0^CTiC^>O00r-IOOC0<O(>}rHCNOh,CS> 

•<^< G^CN 00 VTCN *O*00''*O iH^rf oTiH od'rS tH 



CO »H T^l 



05 O M 



Tj<lOOOOOOO>OOC^<OOOb.G^CNtO<OrIiO 
^Cr>-^rH00*OtO(Mb-i^ b--"^!^ COtH 



WW ^* T-^ ^ 

C0V5t0KOC0O«Ob-00'*Ti<iN.Tf«C^i0TH 

Tf< CO <0^ K CO CO »0 T-t 00 rH VJ ^ >0 'H -"^i CO 

ih" t-TcN iH tH »0 t-T 



00tOCr>00r-(Tj<K'<^<»H-TT»C0' 

to b- CO : 



o o 
CO o a> 
T-( cr> 



<o 'b. 
to iH 

loo 

K [CO 

•> 

CO 



|-^KTHtOCOOtoh,tO»OCO»nC<)tOh-0>C^CNOOK. 
■ 'OO^'^tOiHtOh- ti»00tOr-(»OtO00 *O<MCri00 



C>ro''K'vro'CN''K CO CO oTtO CO"CO K rH'tsTo 



5- W 



5j o 



I;? 



381 



<C CO 


1 


00 


rH 


00 00 




^ CO 




*n 00 









is. t}< 
CN r-T 



is. <0 (N K. ^ ^ 
T-i CN V5 0> <0 

CO CO (N CO T-T 



T}< , >0 »H O »0 rH 

00 Jt>, '^i' CO th 

O t}< OO O 
O «0 --H Oi 1-1 
I Ivj^J^ tH CO 00 

T-T 



in a> tio 

i-i CO 
1^- CO o 

<N o o> 

CO o 



^i-OCTl'HCOCOi-IOO'^OO'O C0»O»O CTiVO^^V^-* 

i00C0»0>Ol0tv,OOCNC^Or5CNC0'0 00Cr>CTiC0OC^ 
ICO'-lb-CNfi-HOii-HCN^Or-iOCOlOC^^O^UDOOb-OC^ 
^ '^^ "-"'is ^ "^^ ^ 

CO CO O »0 r^VO »0 '^jTrn'rH'iH'TH'.^'lO bTcO bTcT 

iH 1-1 r-( CO i-< 



'T-l(>)C^vOh»00yDCTiiO»OC0 
j r-( CO 00 CN Oi CO 

CT>ir)C0'J''r>r-iCf>KCS}7-lKC0'Oaib-C^h^rHCMrH00 
O»i^'*Ot^-*C<)'-lt^-*'J0O>0T-(T}<o^Tjic000tOV1 

oq^c^c^b^coo^c^)'-H^c:ri<r)CNTHOx?vqr-<^iHO 

r-( 



(Mt^C^COCNOVOCOOO 
CO CO CN *0 CO 00 



c^r^co ■<*'co vcTi-rirfcN'T-r TjJ" cT tsT CN vT T-T jsT 



is.OVDKiCOOOOC>>00<0 
C7>'*'^C0CO'*O^ 'OO^ 



C0r0C0V5a>i-lr-<t^OC^O^CN'-l<N0^<OrHa>OC0 
0»CNC^yDr-i00THC0'-iC0CM^(NC0*^r-lO0^b«.V>'* 
CNi-tOC0»-IC0>0»-<00T-< r-lt^Tit»-(CNTi<»HVO-«i' 



CD OJ 
1-^ 



»o>OT*»r^coT-ih,<oa>voocNb.cocoootoo<0'<?'a> 

■^K»r)0<NO-. ^HrJ^Oi-t i-fO iH CO CO CO 
CO 1-1 CO CO »H C» r-l 



(^^ 00 V5 CN 'o 00 
V) 00 a> *o 

•«*(N>l^i-<tOO»i-100 
<N »-i 00 0> O O 
O tH 0» (N 



Is. 00 1-1 O Oi 
O O (N — I »0 »s. CTi 



8^ 



o g 

Si', cu 



■S i< .2 .?3 S o C 
Q 



Q J> LiJ h <» O S 



V. 

382 



CO 



■1 



S CD 

S O r-l 



s <w o 
5* H «-> 



5^ 



i 1 



g cc 
^ 

^ «~ -x; _i 



^ ^ .-^ ^ 



^ CO O^^^ 



o 



be 



cO'-Hco»ocoo2cocOT-»ai 

Co't-T rJ^'co'TT J> Co" O" }> to 
CO^ 02^ CO CO t-^OD 

^ go' >J:r co" t-^ o" G^' 



oT oT o" (^:^ "O^ CO o CO )-rr rj^ CO 



CO o ^ 

T-( CO T-* 

CO O CO 
GO CO 

-^ctTt-T 

CO T-l 



^ CO 

GO CO 

CO 



. Ocooo:>00000 
' G^J>0 000000 
O^-^Tj^^CD^kO^O O 'JO 
1— '05(3<>G^'>^CXi'-rco"a) 
CO CO o 



00 

02 CO 
CO CO 

®1 CO 

CO CO 



T-iOG^COO>O>^rtL0C0 
COi>COC0CO'=:fia2'*iO'?T' 

G^LOCTJiOajT-it^CDCOGO 
'^OcOiOcooiu^cooiCO 
OJ^ l> O l> G^^ GO^ T-,^ CO^ O 
00 -jT >_o" lO oT ctT CO 

ocot-coi>i>'*t-0'* 

G^ CO G^ GO >0 CO CO O 



105 
02 CO 

G^ O 

oT co" 

Oi 
GO^ 

-^'co" 



CD CO CO 
»0 G^ 3^ 02 



O CO CD CO 

co_^ o •^^ CI 

^ ^ CO 

>-0 o CO CO 

®1 00 lO uO 

'^'^ 1^" co" 



K:) GO '—I GO GO 
CO 02 GO i-^ 02 

02 1— I 02 G^ CO 
CD ^ GO J> 
CO O^ C72^ J> 

oT co" o o" o" 

^ O CO >0 
UO f-^ CO o t-^ 

co" oT o" 



S5 

CO 



2'-'G^CO'?fiOCO!>C0020'-i 
02 02C72 02 02 02 02C7202OO 
Oj!>l>J>l— i>l>t^l>l>COO0 



383 



bo 

bo 
< 



lOGOC001>C£)GOG^COC5 
*H '-^cs "^r^ "-^r^ ^'^ 

co" •^'^ co" o" cT co~ ctT crT 



cococooo:)Oi>OT-('^G^ 

COi-i»OCOi-iCOCOlOCO>0 

>oco>^Oi'?f»os^cococo 

G^*" oT o" ^ CO" rf" cT 



CcT ixf tff G^" cd" O 



CO I G^( 

GO 
CD 

co^ 



CD 




O 




CO 




o 








»^ 


CD 






j> 




O t- 


o 




1> 






i> 




O 


o 










1 . CO 


8 


O 




GO^ 




CD^ 








crT 


ZD 






co" 








GO ^ 




G^ 










CO 


o 






CD 


CD 




CO CD 


G< 






05 


CO 




G^J 


CO CD CD 


G^ 


UO 05 


CO 


G^ 


GO 


G^ 




!> CO CD 


o: 


CD i--- 


Oi 


CO 


CD 


CO 


lO 


« Tt CD 


>o 


CO 




CO 








uD^rJ^CD^ 


CO 


-d" 


o" 




in 




oT 


i> gT j> 




o t- 








GO 









1i 



020305 O^OOCOCTjCOiO 
CO*-DG^'-''r'Tfl>C0CDO5 

COOi^O'-'-'O-^Ou^ 
O3t^-*'-tiO>-0'-t'*G0O3 
CO 03^ l-^ i-*^ OJ^ 0_ 

^ uo o i-r go" co" t-" oT 

G^ lO G^ G< 
CD G^ 



-t'-C0rri>'-<C0COr-C0 
OCDCO '-HCDOiOCOl^ 

iOl>»ni>CO'— 0003G^ 
CO^CDOOCTdG^lOG^OG^ 
Q{^~f ^ CD^ lO^ >-0^ C0_ 

CO oT co' cd" i--" 'rT go" cd" go" go" 

C0 1>CJ3GOCD'^CDCr3CO" 
-trfOOiCDCOGOG^OGO 



G< O ^ G^J 



'O CD CO GO 



»-9 a. 

GJCO'^LOCDt^COOSO'- -/)C«0^ 
OOOOOOOO— '-'-'^'-^ 

COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO J=qO0 



384 



CO a> 00 



G<> C7» 

o o ^ 
o o 

CO O CO 



ov CO' o o"oo 00 ^"co CO 00 T-t cTk ^ a> o 

to r-t 00 CO Oi h-. CN CO CO a> T}< iH a» T-H 00 

tN.OCOCNCNOOO'*00>OCOi-i>r5»r)-^C^COOO->* 
0>i-(OOC^'*b--^-*»OGSf00»000C0b-C^C^'r-t 

oa>cN-^*oo>ooaiTHoaiG<>v)CNTj<tv,a>ooco 



a>'--:5 0cr^cr>vDocNrH(>>oococoo^i-H-:>cr>c^-* 
cooo<ocoo•o<o^,c^^oocoy^ooooT^^^,ooc^^uD 

<0'*C<)00-^*0<00*000>iN,COCOO'^<co 



'CN rH C^ CN C^tM 



r-T tH CO CO C^C^^K 



I— ( 
H 

O Ce3 

Y S 

I D 



1 o S 



O 



O lO 

o o 
00 100 

o lo 



Q S S 



o o 
o o 
o o 



o o o o 
o o o o 
o , o o o 



T-t o> 
O 

vfocT 
>.r) o 



y2 



^ o =5 



§1 



^ O O 00 ■'J* 

«3 V> CO ^ 

O^COiHOON.OOO 

c^r-rvfovTr-T'o'iooo 

■"^OOC^-^OOh-r-tCOiH 



o o o o o o 
o o o o o o 
o o^o o o o 
ifTvT^ocTio'o' 
b- *r> O) >o 

CN O to Tji CM 



P-I <« 



V) CO 



lOOOOOVOt^OOiOT-lCOCOCOr-IOtv.;^ 

iiooocivjis. t-^ooc7>c^coo^^T-it7> 

CSJiHlOCnOO-^VSVOCOrHlOVJ^C^CO 
O^tOTHt^^C0V>C<>00V500C0i^C^ 

*oco»'5coooa>T-iTj<cf>c^*o^cN-^t^05^ 
'-^oTco *n -^bT'oo CO ocToo^co ^^rl 
coc7.c^a>^oo-4^b,coV^°o2J^PSi2 

CNOiOOCN^^Ob-O^b- CO Ob^ CO 00 
r-Tc^C^^r-T T-T r-T 1-1 CN 



VO 

CO I 

VO I 

2 

OO t 

CO 

CO 



OO ^ 
00 o 

tsToo 
CO 

00 -<^J^ 



^cob. 



rHC<)CO'*V5<Ob-COaiO'-'CNCO-*»£J«Ob.COa^OTHCj 
Sh-tCb-Kitob-t^OOCOCOGOOOOOOOOTOTCOCOOTM 



5 

5 ^ 

:h CO CO 

6b« T-( 



385 



bo 
< 



^ O CO 



O O CO 
^ •;}« C5 

CO O O 

O CO 05 
>-0^O5^ 

^ co" 

ifS CO CO 
CO^ >0 co^ 
-^j^ G-f 



lO 1> 

CO CO 
CO 

co"o" 

CO 
CO ''f 



t- o 

C5 <^ 

CO CO 
CO CO 



T-l CO 



^ <M 

05 (^i O) CO 

05 CO 

t> <M to CO 
O CO^ CO 

©r t-" 

CO o ^ »^ 
t> ''t co^ 

' CO ccT 



CO ^ 05 

T-l OO l> 



CO 

CO 



©< CO 

CO 



lO 1^- CO CO 

l> 05 !> 



005 l-05^t>CO©<05»-<"^ 
CO'-'COrjiiOCOCOCO'-^t^ 
^ CO^ CO "-^^ CO l> CO^ ^ CO ^ 

;'^^co"co~oi>co"ooo oTco 

CO^OSLOt^iJO-^OCOOCO 
« ©< T-H ©I ©^ G^ CO ©^ 



coco»oOJ>co»0'-^^©<coa5 

LOCO t^^O-^CO — T-iCO!> 

COC0O5C0»O»^C0C0^C0'OO5 
■^COCOCOOOCOCOCOCOOi-rf 
05CO^G^COO5CD^G^C:^t0^t^C0^ 
" cT 1-^ ir^ co" G^r co" 05" co" co" ^ 

'!rC0"*C0O0:'':t'*05G^©^C0 
^COrj'-^LOcO{>u:)vOuOCOiO 



&2 

II 

pq CI, 



y-' ©< 

CO ^ 



O -^t i> o ©< 

©< CO o rj< 

'-^ ©^ i> O '-"^ 

l> ©f o 

l> 05 ^ l> '-H 

©J ©< 



^ CO »-0 >^ 
CO O^ 

o ©< CO CO 05 

©< l> CO CO ^ 
CO^ CO CO ©I 

uO CO t-T ©f 
CO O lO 



4> O 



©< CO ©^ ^ CO 
^ CO ©^ ©< CO 

>0 05 TP T-l LO 

CO CO O t> 
CO t-^ ^ »>_ CO 1-1 

'©ror©r ©r oTto 

»-< O J> 05 CO 

(Js „ ^ ^ ^ 



CO ©» 
1> CO 

»-i CO 

to 

CO 
CO ^ 



©< ©< 

GO CO CO 

CO »-i 05 

CO 05 CO 
05_ tO^ l> 

i-ro5'' Lo 

O <N lO 
O ^ CO 



o CO 



©< 

CO CO 

a 

©< 



05 CO ^ CO 

CO l> CO 

1-1 {> T-< CO 

CO CO 1— 

co^ co^ O i> 

©r 00" co" 

00 CO O -Tt- 
CO CO CO -Tt^ 

©r co" 



©* CO 

T to 



C5 

©f 



CO to 

to l> 

o ©* o 

CO CO o 

G^^ CO to 

oT i> 

T-l 00 05 

©< ^ to 



be ^ 

s « 

-I 



8 



o 
o 

©r 00 



tccococococoo5o:G^ 

COOO-^COOiCO -^3^ 

co3^©(loco:oo©^'-<00 
-^co-^i>cpc^t-ocogg 



CO ©» O to CO 



COt^CO-^tOC>JCOO 
©1 T-l ©^ tO CO " ©* 



05 O 

©< 



11 



©<CO-^-OCDl>00050'-'©<CO'ttO 

a5c:5C50505a5a5a5OOOOOO 

t>J>t^t^I>l>t^t^CCCOCOCOCO00 



49 



386 



o 



.11 



CO C5 
CO 00 

OS 

O t- 

CO CO 
O Ci 



CO CO 
CO T-i CO 

CO C5^ rf 
CO t> CO o 
CO^ CO^ CO 

O T-( T-H 05 

»0 CO 



^ G^ CO CO 
|> lO T- CO ^ 

O CO CO 1> CO 
CO TP O CO G-^ CO 
CO^ O t-^ CO LO^ 05^ 

t^i^ToT'^i^arGr 

G* CO O G^ 05 GO 
lO >^ »J0 GO »0 



GO >0 O GO GO l> 
CO CO t-H G^ 

O i> ^ Tj* 1> 
GO G^ CO CO CD CO 
G^ tq^ r-^ O -.^ 

'^Lff ^"gT CO""^ 
CO Oi 1-1 O 
CO CO iX) i> l> CO 



r-c GO 1> G^ 00 G^ 
G^ I> to CT5 CO GO 

CD O CX) t> 1-1 CO 
OS CO to 00 1> to 
t-^ GO to 1-1 

CO cT T-T G^*" crT 

to CT> Oi CO CO 



CC 1-* CO G* O to 
CO G< T-( CO 1— ' 

G< to GO CO to CO 
G< CO 05 Tfi 

CD CO G^ Oi 

GO oT rjT ^ Co" 1-*" 

^ ^ |> CO 

CO ^ G< 



^ O O O C5 
CO CO G^ CO 

1-1 ''f 1> CO CO 
r}< CO CO to Tt< CO 
CO O O 1> G^ to 
oTGf to" 
01 CO G^ to CO 
CO CO CO^CD, 

t-( r-H 1-1 G^ T-< 1-1 



1§ 



O O O CO O O 
O O to to O to 
O O CO^ CO^ 1-^ 

trT ^ of go" ctT 

l> T}i Gi 



to to O to to 

G^ G^ to G^ G^i 

00 t-^ 1-^ G)^ l> 

CO l> CD to to 



CO CO 1> to lO 11 



to 00 



GO 



COt^OOOiOi-i p ^ 

O O O O ^ 5 0,1- 

COCOCOCOCOCO'3.^CO 

1— (»— IT-HT— <T-HT-lto^-'T-< 

£ o 

p CO 

fa2 



3 

a 

I Q 



CO 

Pi 

D 
O 



- II! 
r2 



CHA.PTER X. 



TosrxAGE of the United States — Amount employed in foreign ti-ade, and in 
the coasting trade, at different periods — Increase of American tonnage, 
from 1793 to 1810 — Tonnage owned in each state, in 1810, and in the 
ports of Boston, New- York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Chai'leston — Ves- 
sels built, from 1804 to 1813 — Comparative view of American tonnage, 
witli that of other nations — Amount of foreign tonnage, in American for- 
eign trade, at different periods, and the nations to which it belonged — 
American navy, in 1815. 

The increase of the tonnage of the United States has been without 
example, in the history of the commercial world. This has been ow- 
ing to the increased quantity of bulky articles of domestic produce 
exported, to the increase of their population, and to the extent of their 
carrying trade. 

The actual tonnage was not ascertained, at the Treasury Depart- 
ment, until the year 1793. Previous to that time, the only account 
of the tonnage kept at the Treasury was that, on which duties were 
collected, and which included the repeated voyages made by the 
same vessels in the course of the year. 

The following is the amount of tonnage on which duties were col- 
lected from 1789 to 1792 inclusive, with its employment, in the for- 
eign trade, coasting trade, and fisheries : — 



Foreign trade. 

1789 - 123,893 

1790 - 346,254 

1791 - 363,110 

1792 - 411,438 



Coasting trade. Fisheries. 

68,607 - 9,062 

103,775 - 28,348 

106,494 - 32,542 

120,967 - 32,062 



Inconsequence of acts of Congress passed in 1792 and 1793, no 
vessel can be employed, in foreign trade, unless duly registered by 



388 

the Collector of the district, where such vessel belongs, and the own- 
er obtains from the Collector a certificate of such registry ; and no 
vessel can obtain a register, unless she was built in the United States, 
or has been taken and condemned as lawful prize, and is owned by 
an American citizen. 

No vessel can be employed in the coasting trade, unless duly enroll- 
ed or licensed by the Collectors of the districts. This register, en- 
rollment, or license, specifies the tonnage of each vessel, and an ac- 
count of each vessel so registered, enrolled, or licensed, is annually 
transmitted by the Collectors, to the Treasury Department. 

There are also other vessels employed in foreign trade, owned by 
citizens of the United States, but which, on account of being foreign 
built, or some other cause, are not entitled to a register, or to be con- 
sidered as American vessels. These vessels have however papers 
called sea letters, and are therefore denominated sea letter vessels. In 
1806, the tonnage of vessels having sea letters, and employed in 
foreign trade, was eighty-seven thousand tons. 

To give an American character to a vessel, it is not necessary 
that any part of the crew, except the captain, should be citizens of 
the United States. If the captain be an American citizen, all the 
rest of the crew may be foreigners. 

The following duties on tonnage are paid in the United States, by 
permanent acts. 

American registered vessels, pay 6 cents per ton upon entry, 
Coasting vessels, - 6 do. do. per annum, 
Fishing vessels, - 6 do. do. do. 

American vessels not registered (having sea letters) 50 cents per 
ton upon entry. 

American built vessels, owned by foreigners, 30 cents per ton, and 

60 cents light money. 
Foreign built vessels, owned by Americans, 60 cents per ton. 
Vessels entirely foreign, 50 cents per ton and 60 cents light money. 

By an act passed July 1st, 1812, and which is to continue during 
the war, vessels belonging wholly, or in part, to the subjects of 



389 



foreign powers, pay an additional duty of one dollar and fifty cents 
per ton. 

With respect to merchandize imported, American registered ves- 
sels pay American rates of duties, and merchandize imported in all 
other vessels, whether having sea letters, or being American built, 
are owned by foreigners, or foreign built, are owned by Americans, 
or are entirely foreign, pay foreign duties. 

By an act of the 27th of March, 1804, an American registered ves- 
sel loses its American character, " if owned by a person naturalized 
in the United States, and residing for more than one year in the coun- 
try from which he originated, or for more than two years in any for- 
eign country — unlesss such person be in the capacity of Consul, or 
other public agent." 

It is understood, that the late Commercial Treaty between the 
United States and Great-Britain places the tonnage duties of the 
vessels of both nations on the same footing in their respective ports. 
Whether this will eventually benefit American navigation, indeed, 
whether it will not be injurious to it, remains yet to be decided ; and 
experience alone must determine. Were the British West-India 
ports open to American vessels, there would, perhaps, be less room 
to doubt on the subject. The American trade with the British West- 
Indies always has been, and will, probably, continue to be 
great ; and can now only be carried on in British vessels, navigated 
according to British laws. Should this policy continue, there can be 
little doubt, that, in this trade, American capital, to a certain extent, 
will be employed in navigating British vessels, and in supporting 
British seamen. And it is, perhaps, yet doubtful, whether in the 
circuitous trade between Great-Britain and her West-India Islands, 
by the way of the United States, British vessels will not be able to 
carry, on freight, between the United States and Great-Britain, 
cheaper than American vessels. 

The amount of registered tonnage, employed in foreign trade, 
from 1793, to 1813, was as follows, viz. — 



1793 
1794 



Tons. 95th9. 
367,734 23 
438,862 71 



390 



Tons. 95ths. 



1795 


529,470 63 


1796 


576,733 25 


1797 


597,777 43 


1798 


603,376 37 


1799 


669,197 19 


1800 


669,921 35 


1801 


718,549 60 


1802 


560,380 63 


1803 


697,157 05 


1804 


672,530 18 


1805 


749,341 22 


1806 


808,284 68 


1807 


848,306 85 


1808 


769,053 54 


1809 


910,059 23 


1810 


984,269 05 


1811 


768,852 21 


1812 


760,624 40 


1813 


674,853 44 



And the following tonnage was employed in the coasting trade, 
from 1793 to 1812. 

Enrolled. Licensed. 



Under 20 tons. 
Tons. 95ths. Tons. 95ths. 

1793 - 114,853 10 - 7,217 53 

1794 - 167,227 42 - 16,977 36 

1795 - 164,795 91 - 19,601 59 

1796 - 195,423 64 - 22,416 66 

1797 - 214,077 5 - 23,325 66 

1798 - 227,343 79 - 24,099 43 

1799 - 220,904 46 - 25,736 8 

1800 - 245,295 4 - 27,196 91 

1801 - 246,255 34 - 28,296 91 

1802 - 260,543 16 - 29,079 58 



391 





Enrolled. 




Licensed, 
under zu tons. 




Tons. 95tlis. 






1803 


268,676 12 




30,384 34 


1804 


286,840 1 




30,696 56 


1805 


301,366 38 




31 296 73 


1806 


309,977 5 




30,562 54 


1807 


318,189 93 




30,838 39 


1808 


387,684 43 




33,135 33 


1809 


371,500 56 




33,661 75 


1810 


371,114 12 




34,232 57 


1811 . 


Enrolled and licensed, - 


420,362 




1812 - 


do. do. 


477,971 





The increase of the registered tonnage, or that employed in foreign 
trade, from 1793 to 1801, was three hundred and fifty thousand eight 
hundred and fifteen tons and thirty-seven ninety-fifths, having nearly 
doubled, in that short period. From 1793 to 1810, a period of se- 
venteen years, the increase of tonnage, employed in foreign trade, 
VTdiS six hundred sixteen thousand five hundred and thirty -five tons 
and eighty-two ninety-fifths. In 1793, the tonnage employed in the 
coasting trade, was one hundred twenty-two thousand and seventy 
tons and sixty-three ninety-fifths, and in 1801, amounted to two hun- 
dred seventy-four thousand five hundred and fifty-one tons, making 
a difference of one hundred fifty-two thousand four hundred and 
eighty-one tons ; and from 1793 to 1810, the increase was two hundred 
eighty-three thousand two hundred and seventy-six tons. We have 
before stated the amount of tonnage employed in the fisheries ; the 
increase from 1793 to 1807, was about forty thousand tons. Tables 
No. I. and If. contain the amount of tonnage, annually employed, in 
foreign trade, and in the coasting trade, owned in each state, from 
1793 to 1810. 

The whole amount of tonnage, in the United States, in 1810, was 
one million four hundred twenty-four thousand seven hundred and 
eighty-one tons, according to Treasury statements. — Of this, 

Tons. 

New-Hampshire owned - - 28.817 



392 





Tons. 


Massachusetts, 


496,203 


Rhode-Island, 


- 36,155 


Connecticut, 


46,108 


New- York, 


- 276,567 


New- Jersey, 


43,803 


Pennsylvania, 


125,430 


Delaware, - - - 


- 8,190 


Maryland, 


143,785 


Virginia, - 


- 84,923 


North-Carolina, 


39,954 


South-Carolina, 


- 53,926 


Georgia, 


15,619 


Ohio, 


none 


New-Orleans, 


- 13,240 



The state of Massachusetts has many hundred miles of sea-coast, 
with numerous inlets and harbours ; and many of her inhabitants 
have always been engaged in navigation. The amount of tonnage 
owned in that state, in 1810, was more than one third of the whole 
tonnage in the United States. 

The amount of tonnage owned in the ports of Boston, New- York, 
Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Charleston, in 1810, was as follows : — 

Tons. 95tlis. 

Boston, - - - 149,121 85 

New-York, - - - 268,548 1 

Philadelphia, - - 125,268 15 

Baltimore, - - - 103,444 69 

Charleston, - - - 62,888 16 

It is believed, that the shipping, belonging to the port of New- York, 
is equal to, if it does not exceed, that of any port, in the world, ex- 
cept the port of London. 



393 



The tonnage of vessels built in the United States, from 1 804 to 
1813, was as follows : — 





Tons. 95ths. 


1804 


103,763 91 


1805 


128,507 3 


1806 


126,093 29 


1807 


99,783 92 


1808 


31,755 34 


1809 


91,397 55 


1810 


127,575 86 


1811 


146,691 82 


1812 


84,691 42 


1813 


31,153 40 



The number of vessels built and registered, during the same period, 
in all the ports of the British empire (except Ireland) with the amount 
of their tonnage, is contained in No. XIII. of Appendix No. II. ; the 
greatest amount built in any one year was one hundred thirty-five 
thousand three hundred and forty-nine. 

The amount of American tonnage for 1810, as stated above, taken 
from Treasury documents, is greater than the actual amount. It was 
made from the abstracts, furnished by the Collectors of the several 
districts, in which a deduction for vessels worn out, lost at sea, or ta- 
ken and condemned in foreign countries, was not always made. 

The true amount for 1810 may be stated at about one million and 
a quarter. The amount of American registered tonnage, employed 
in foreign trade, in 1807, and on which duties were paid (including 
the repeated voyages) was one million eighty-nine thousand eight 
hundred and seventy-six. The amount of tonnage of vessels which 
entered inwards, at the several ports of Great-Britain, from all parts 
of the world, (including their repeated voyages) was, for the same 
year, one million four hundred eighty-two thousand four hundred and 
twelve. This amount of British tonnage includes those vessels, which 
entered inwards from Ireland, the islands of Jersey, Guernsey, and 
Man, and the whale fisheries. — (See No. XV. Appendix No. II.) The 
amount of British tmnage^ Yfhich cleared outwards, from all the ports 

50 



394 



of Ireland, to all parts of the world, in 1807, was five hundred seven- 
ty-four thousand six hundred and eightj-eight. — (See No. XXI. Ap- 
pendix No. II.) Mr. Anderson, in his view of the importance of 
Canada, &c. states the amount of British tonnage, entered inwards, 
into the ports of Great-Britain, from Ireland, Jersey, Guernsey, and 
Man, and the whale fisheries, on an average, from 1804 to 1813, to 
be about seven hundred thousand. This would leave the amount of 
British tonnage, employed in trade with all other parts of the world, 
in 1807, about eight hundred thousand. — (See Anderson, Appendix 
Nos. XVI. and XVII.) 

That the increase of American tonnage has been without example, 
at least in modern times, will appear, on comparing it with the in- 
crease ^f the tonnage of other commercial nations, and particularly 
Great-Britain. 

In 1581, in the reign of Elizabeth, a period so much celebrated in 
history, the tonnage of England was only seventy-two thousand four 
hundred and fifty ; an amount far less, than is now owned, in either 
of the ports of Boston, New-York, Philadelphia, or Baltimore. le 
1700, the commercial tonnage of England was estimated at two hun- 
dred seventy-three thousand six hundred and ninety three, in 1750, 
at six hundred nine thousand, seven hundred and ninety-eight, and in 
1800, at one millioo two hundred sixty-nine thousand, three hundred 
and twenty-nine having little more than doubled, in each half cen- 
tury, from 1700 to 1800. On the 5th of January, 1813, the British 
tonnage amounted to one million five hundred seventy-nine thousand, 
seven hundred and fifteen.' — (See No. XV. Appendix No. II.) The 
state of New- York now owns as great, and the state of Massachusetts 
a much greater amount of shipping, than was owned by England, a 
little more than a century ago. 

For many years past, the United States have owned a much great- 
er amount of tonnage, than any other nation, except Great-Britain. 

About the year 1787, the amount of tonnage, employed in the for- 
eign trade of France, was a little more than one million ; of this 
France owned about three hundred thousand ; the rest was foreign 
tonnage. The navigation of France has decreased since that period. 



* See Chalmer's Estimate, 234. 



395 



In 1800, the number of vessels employed in the foreign commerce of 
France, that entered inwards, was seven thousand five hundred and 
eighty-one ; their tonnage two hundred seventy-three thousand, four 
hundred and eighty-six — Of this ninety-eight thousand three hundred 
and four tons was French, and one hundred seventy-four thousand 
eight hundred and thirty-three foreign. The number of vessels, that 
cleared outwards, the same year, was eight thousand six hundred and 
thirty-six, their tonnage three hundred twelve thousand nine hundred 
and sixty-seven ; the French owned one hundred four thousand, six 
hundred and eighty-seven of this, and the residue was owned by for- 
eigners.* 

In 1804, the number of trading vessels, belonging to the states and 
nations around the Baltic, including those of Xorway and Holstein, 
was four thousand one hundred and thirty-four, and their tonnage 
about four hundred ninety-three thousand, four hundred and seven- 
teen British.! The shipping of the Baltic has not, probably, increas- 
ed since that period. The American tonnage, therefore, is more 
than double that of all the maritime nations of the north of Europe. 

The rapid increase of American tonnage, after the commence- 
ment of the present government, in a few years, almost excluded for- 
eign tonnage from the trade of the United States. Table No. III. 
contains a statement of American and foreign tonnage employed in 
the foreign trade of the United States, for each year, from 1790 to 
1799. In 1790, the proportion of foreign tonnage, to the whole 
amount of tonnage, employed in the foreign American trade was as 
41. 4 to 100, and in 1799 was as 14. 9 to 100. In 1807, the propor- 
tion was as 7. 3 to 100. Table No. IV. presents a statement of the 
tonnage of vessels, entered in the United States, from 1790 to 1796, 
and the nations to which the same belonged. In 1790, the amount of 
foreign tonnage employed in the foreign trade of the United States- 
was two hundred fiity-one thousand and fifty-eight tons, in 1796, was 
forty-nine thousand, nine hundred and sixty, in 1802, (a year of 
peace in Europe) was one hundred forty-six thousand, seven hun- 
dred and seventy-nine, and in 1807 was eighty-six thousand three 



See Macpherson's Annals of Commerce, 4th vol. p. 521 f Oddy 



396 



hundred and twenty-two. In the years 1790, 1796, and 1802, it 
was owned by foreign nations, as follows : — 





1 Ton 


•J >rr\et 

i/yo. 


1802. 




Tons. 


Tons. 


Tons. 


Great-Britain, 


216,914 


19,669 - 


104,262 


France, 


12,059 


2,055 - 


7,659 


Spain, 


7,381 


2,449 - 


8,582 


Portugal, 


3,777 - 


637 - 


1,111 


Italy, 




758 - 




United Netherlands, 


6,136 - 


301 - 


102 


Imperial, 


459 - 






Hanse Towns, 


1,978 - 


4,987 - 


12,980 


Denmark, 


1,113 - 


10,430 - 


6,492 


Sweden, 


- 535 - 


5^560 - 


1,127 


Prussia, 


394 - 







Russia, - - - = - . ... 2,994 

American built owned by > _ . q 

Great-Britain, . \ ' ' ' " ' " 



British built owned hy } 

Americans, - S ' ' ' 

The extensive coasting trade of the United States, as well as the 
fisheries, will tend to increase the American navigation, and will al- 
ways be an excellent nursery for seamen, from whence the American 
navy in case of emergency can be supplied with hands. Fortunate- 
ly for the country, the American navy, formerly considered by many 
a mere gangrene upon the nation, seems now to be the favourite of 
all parties. Its brilliant success, during the late war, and in its late 
excursion to the Mediterranean, has raised its own fame, as well as 
that of the American character, and justly entitles it to public patron- 
age, both in peace and war: The American navy, in the summer of 
1816, consisted of about seventy ships, brigs, and schooners, besides 
some small sloops, and gun-boats. Not having in our possession an 
official list, we are unable to state the exact number of vessels, or the 
number of guns. Among this number, however, there are, it is be- 
lieved, five, carrying seventy-four guns, six, forty-four guns, one thir- 
ty-eight guns, two, thirty-six guns, two, thirty-two guns, and twen- 
ty-three from twenty-eight to sixteen guns. 



S97 



CO 

00 

Oi O 
co'cT 



CO 



Oi CO 

■rp CO -"^ I> 
"^^ 

CO tS 

G^ r-l CO 



o 

CO 

G^CO 
CO 



t> CO 

o 

co^cq^ 

CO CO 



CO CO 

CO 
CO 



o 
125 



o 



bo 



ft; 



CO 



t> CO 
^ 00 

CO 



CO r-1 



£> G^ G^ 
G< i> 1> 



GO G^ 
CO CO CO 

CO ai_t> 



'9' CO 
G^ CO 

G-r 



l> CO ICO 



CO »o 
CO 

Oi CO 



o o 

CO CO 

CO G^ 



O Ol T-H 



CJi CO 

»o CO 



CO o 
CO G^ 



CJ5 CO 1> 
CO ^ 05 

>0 ^ 00 
O CO 

CO CO O 
G>< O 05 



CO ©i 
G< CO 



1> |iO 
y-i CO Oi 



CO »^ Tt' CO 

i-< t- I— I >o 

^ CO^ G^^ ^ 05^ tO^ 

^ ZD cd^ oT GO*" 

CO 1-" G^ 



©f i> 

^ G< 

CO 1> 
©< 

.-To" 

1> G^ 



t- »0 G^ 
C5 CO CO O) 



!> CO CO O) to 
CO O 0< »-i 



05 — t>COOt^t:*^GOCO 
TfG^COG^CrjOCOOCO-^ 
LO'^CO C0^G|^O_t^CD 

COCO COt-TcO^GsTi-OCO 
G^ 02 CO CO ©< 



05t>T}<0'— J>COCO>OCOl'-i 
ITS— cO'-"!>'^l>CO'^ £> 



G^ CO GO ^ GO 
ii5 CO CO '-I 05 
05 l> 05 CO 

©f CO t-^ o '-^ 
^ i> 



'<^10'*!>OC00505 
C005COOCOGOC005 
r}< CO O O t-^-^CO^xO 

j> CO co^ »-r ©r 

CO CO 





>0 






CO 




05 


to 
C 






To 



uO CO G^ to 05 

©J CO CO CO 

1— I 05 uO tO 

©< 05 O to 

UO to CO o co^ 

©r to CO co" lo" 

T-f CO T-l ^ Tt 



l>l>tO'^©<05tOO|CO 
©^tO'*!>t^-^t-i'^f ©| 

O'*l>©<l>t>C0C0 '* 

CO©(©(0505C005CO|gO 
©<05CT5l>^05'-i05t0it> 

o co" go" o ©T i j> 

CO ©^ ©< »-i 1-1 I CO 

iCO 



-1= i2 -1 
t« ^ ^ 
Q- oj 5 3 ' 



c 

v..'«2jso<ua)3a^j«.::ooy^ 



398 



i> ©•< i:d 
CO 




ir- CO ur5 CO 

CO to CO CD to t-i 

CO O lO 00 
CO »- OJ 1-1 

CO^ CO 00 

CO tO th 1— I gI" CO 
O I- xJO 



CO uO ^ as 

-^t* T-i to CO l> to rf 

lO'^tococotoosco 

i-<T-il>OCOG^OCO 
Os^COCO OS^CO'-^tO 

oTcrT oT i-Tco to 
CO 



O to O '-I 05 

to T-, GO CO rf 

O CO Ol CO 

j> CO o o: CO 

••'^ ^ ^ 

CO cT '-T t-*" i-T CO 

©< CO CO 



"^i^ ©< so O to 

©^ to CO CO CO 

©J( to CO GO ©* 

CO l> CO 'Tf 

CO CO 0^05_i> 
!> T-To I> 
CO ©< CO 



to to 05 CO ©< ©< 

CO ©< CO t> 

Q ^ t> l> to 

to to CO to 05 

05 1-H to CO 05 ©^ 

oT '-T CO 

©< CO 



i> CO ^ to CO 

CO CO !> O CO 

CO 00 05 CO ©I 
CO 05 to to 

Oi^CO co^co^co^ 

©< CO 



CO 



to 05 

©< ©^ 

0:1 o> 1> 

^ i> 

CO i> 

^ GO 

©>» 



CO CO CO to ©< o 

to T-i CO 

to GO CO CO ©» CO 

CO ©< CO to 00 

O O O t- 05 



i-t 05 ©< lO 
O to 



CO T-I to 

CO ©( CO 

©< ©^ 05 
T-I Oi to 

CO^T-H^t-^ 

T-Ti-T t-T 

©< to 



CO O 

©< 05 ©< 

l> CO -r-* 

05 CO 

^ 1-1 CO 



CO CO 1> 

« T-H T-I CO 05 



05 CO to ©I CO 

CO T-1 CO CO 
O T- O CO CO 

CO 05 CO CO CO O 
G^t^CO ^ 

to ©r T-T 

05 CO 



O O ©( 

Tf t> to 

C5 T-( t> 

'i*' CO CO 

CJ5^I> 05 

o" go" l> 

©< 



05 
CO 
_ CO 
I05 



^ CO 



CO CO ^ O CO ^ 

CO CO GO t-t 00 

©I CO ^ CO 

GO to '-I '=9' 

CO^ ©^ 05^ ©1^ Tl^ 

•p— O O ©< 

CO ©< 05 CO 



©< ©< CO 

to TH 

t> CO 
CO CO 

©I to ©^ 

05" CO 
T-I GO 



^ 42 

en ^ 

SCO 



> o pS Q ^ Q > w 



«3 

00 



o 
c 

0) 



399 



GO T-i r-, 



t> !> T-^ kO 
rf t> 



Gs( rf< irj 

1> »o O 

CO r)^ 

oco'gT 

1-1 



00 
05 











o 




CO 


■yi 
C 




o 




h 



co«iocoaji>oco>OT-i05 
T-ttO'^cococ5co^Tr©^ 

OC0G0C0'^O'-<'-<000^05 
C;i>OOC005G^C000C0O5 
CO^ GO^ uO^ CO^ "-^ Tl^ co^ 

CO o^^ co" CO J> ccT 

0<G^C0«-cO CO CO 



r-. ^ 1- CO ^ 05 "C5" 05 CO 05 CO 

loc:gv(o^cocog^:0'^'^'^&-1 

'-'05i-iG^i>(3^u:)OD>oa>coio 
O^ocooicoo^ioioosioco 

r-^ CO CD_ to CO i> 

O CO Co'~ rjT co" oT 

CO CSf C75 t- G^ 



TP CO 

CO CO 

>X5 

CO 

1-^ 1^ 05^ 
Co" G^" O" 

G^ 1-1 



r-i (O 

G^ 1-1 rf 



CO CO O 05 

G^ G^ O . G^ 

CO co^co^ ^ 

co" CO 

1-1 T-i 



CO ICO 
CO G^ 



CO I'* 



I . 05 

in G^< 

CO 

o 

CO 



05 rr T- ,-. CO CO 

CO G-* r-i CO 1-" 1-1 



05 1> lO 
CO 



CO lO CO 00 1U0 
lO CO CO CO 



CiT-iG^^r-iO^COOGacOGO 

O O CX5 J— CO >-0 05 O CO Tt< O 
CO^COtJ'OO^CT505^'-^1>COiO 

O od'o^ctT co^'^oTco'co' 

G^ G^ rf 05 J> CO 

CO 1 -^ _ _ 

!> 05 l-^ lO 05 Gs< CO'OS 

O0e)-^C0'-'00C0G^O5O5G^ 

•J^i-Hh-COCO—fCOCOOlt^uO 
1>O^G^(COCJ5©^J>i-iCT5t-i 
O^CO CO^'O^'-^CO t^OCO^C-^O^ 

CO cocoi-^ crT i-T t-T ^ 

O G>< G^ CO CO 

CO ^ 



CO 

05 G^ . 
CO^G^OO ' c-^ 
i-TlO G^ 

rr 1— I »-< 



CO 

o 

co^ 

CO 
CO 
CO 

CO 
G^^ 

CO 

o 

CO 

G^ CTl O O CO G^ | G^ 
lO CO CO l> 1> 1-1 G^ 



Lo CO i> c:5 T-< 

t> O 05 CO CO 
O >0 i-i O r-, CO 



O 1- CD 

CO CO 



O CO 05 O ^ 
CO O CO CO 
1-H^ 1-^ 05^ r-< 

G^" o" o" oT 

G^ 1-H 



|CO3^t.-C0^01iOG^'-iC0'-'O5 
COCOO^COCO kOG^O5C0'-< 

O5O5i-<^C0'<tC0C0»-0rtG^-?t< 

'-'coococO'-icy5COT-(O^J> 
t> CO CO o CO G^ c^(_ t-^ O CO 
O oT lo" co" 05 --^ i-T g^" go" j>~ 
r-> CO C( G-( e> CO CO 



G^ 00 
G^ CO 



'o 



-a o 

c 



> tfl g c i 



ty O 



'So ^ 



400 



OCOOSOG^iOCOG^t 
CO CO 00 CO J> CO 

G^^ 00^ CO CO i-H 
T-To^iO l>'cO^!>'!t 



CO £^ 00 CO 

lO f- i> CO 



CO Oi 
CO CO 

CO co' 



O CO l> 
O CO 1> 

UO 1> r-" 



rfG^iOO5C0t> "^CO-T^COCOOOItO 
C0CD»Ot}<COC0 xO'-iCDG^ 

^iL0OC0G0'?fC0O05C0'-HC0C0 t> 
G^O^O'-^COCOOrfG^kOiOt^ ;t- 
C0'>-'J>CiO^t>05^G^C0C0Tf!>IO 

^u:ri^rG^''c£r'-<''i>'Go'rt'i--rLot^ 

CO T-( T-i G^ \y— 



. |G^ !> O CO »-< CO 

rjH |> lO !> "TP 



CO O 



« CO irp 
CO CO 



COJ>T-l!>r:t<lOG^r-l 
COCOCOGtiO'-'OCO 

T-Ti-riffT-rGfart^ 

CO ^ rt» 



CO UO T-( to O 
1> T-i CO .-t 

O^Oi^uO^CO 00 

' Gf CcT CO 
G^ i-< 



>0 O) CO O >0 05 

CO CO »o 



CO CO CO O O I*-* 

O) 



»^ CO G^ CO 
G^t-Oi'^COt-'^'-'G^UDOOiCO 

•otrf fir\ /-^ i^i /-Ts 1 s 



COOSr^COOOt-G^CIii-HOCOCO 
Oi G^ O^t^CO^'-' O^iO^CO^G^^iO CO 1> 

^r.^^"_j^j^ l> Gf co" t-" co" rp" 



G^ CO 05 
^ CO 



-HCOG^ lOCOG^iOCOG^'^rPCO G^ 
CO-"*^ G^t>T-.C0'-HCOiOC0G0 

COCOVOC0005'*^T3^— tCO'^CO 
G^t-CTSG^It-COt-U^Tj^GOOSCOCO 
Tp'^^CO'^OOi-^iOt^CO-1'iO 



05G^C0C0'-iU:t^Tf'«*t-H 
G^ « 



}> o 

CO 00 G^ 

G^ G^ 
>-0 O O 

iJO_ 

rJ^ -jT 

to 



^r-HC0C00iO5C0C0t0'Tj<|O 
TtCOi-iCO to tOCO^ 



tCCOl>O5!>G^00-!tiC0C0 
t0C0l>l>l>'-iO5COtOC0 
G^05 tq^tO^tO tO^O^I>OG^ 

i>co'*''^ oTg^^g^g^" 



I I • 



I I I 



I « 

!? to 



CO 

0) o 

2 G 

-a o 



1 2 > S J« ^ 



\ 



401 



COiO!^Oi-ii>coC5<N<X>OOG^CiJ> 
OO GO^CO^-^ C5_'"^C5^<:OO^CC O^"* O GO 

©r oT id^ ucT co" o> CO crT oT co" 

1> CD CO 



'-iG^'-<>0 COt-iiOCO C0!>^G0 

'-'C0-^COC:C0!>G0C0 COCICC^ 

"^G^COCO-^CiClTTC^ COGO'-'CO 

O '-"^ "^"V "-^^ ^, ^ '^c^ ' '^c- ^ 

^ jo" go" CO Co" CO Co" CO CO &i 
tr- ,-. CO CO 



COOG^COCOCOOTfT-i C0Ci05 

Olt^OCOOlT-^COODCO -^OCOI^ 

cO'^oocoOO'-'GOrr .osOcoco 

Ol>!>t'»OG0C0'<*»O 'iO^G^G^^05^ 
^ ZO r-> CO 



ICO 



lO CO 



C5 « CO CO CN CO 
lO t> CO CO CO O 



LOOSt-iOlCOCOCOCOCO 

^r+<a;(^coo:C5a:co 

GO^OiG^i— iCO»0!>'— 

'-"i>kocoio"»^co~'^co 

CO ^ o ^ CO 



CO CO CO 
lO O CO 

^ o o 

CO TJ« 
T-H O^CO^^ 

t-" CO*" oo" '-^ 



O CO G>< 

Tt< T^. 



1> O O 
■F-i CO CO 



COO-^COCOGv^OOCO 
O5COCOCOtOG^00'*l> 
CO O J> T}^ uO CO^ 1-^^ Cj^ 
^ lif &r ^ ifT -"^^ 

T-H uO CO 



GO CO 00 

to T-l CO 

^ CO ^ 
G< G^ GO 
G-> 00^ '-I 00 
co" to !>" t-T 

G^ 



-tG^GO'^l^'-'COG^"^ 

■^uoo5u:)i-i'!rcoco-^ 

G0G0C0COC0t>O&^Oi 
C:5G<COTi«i-<cr5COCOl> 
G^I>(NO'-«&<G^O^ 



»-< lO — C5 



CO 

G^ 



CO CO G{ l> 

G-< CO G^ 

CO i> CO rj" 

CO O 
t-^^CO^G^ 

C^^" ^ 
G^ 



o c C 



p o 



o 

-a q 
o 2 
o 

cc5 O 



^ 5 g .2 .t: o 



O .2 

-rr I— 

o 



51 



402 





V5 






d 






CO 


CO 




1—1 


To 



CO^ CO^ CO^ >0 Ol^ 

<^^ i> co" oT go" crT -^"^ ciT 

O y-i CO ^ 



T-i iO CO !> CTj i Qvj 

as GO »o CO ^ It-. 

'Tt^COCOCO-^OG^'.'T- 
G^!>G^iO-*T-icO,T-i 



1-H O Oi GO h-1 
GO }> 
ICO 



i-iGOffOO'-'-^Oi'^CSG^ 
COCOC0J>COC0-^OiCOG0 

CO»^iCt>G^C01>i-<iOkO 
COG^CDi>iOCOCD!>T-HG^ 

G0'G0C0'orC0J0G0Co"t^>^r 
1-" T-i 1> G^ T- 



O) ^ CO CO T-i |CO 
CO Oti »0 1> l> jtO 



Gs( O GO l> !> 

lO CO UO 
O^CO O 

cT d CO GO 



CO 

o 

CO 



o 



icocyj-^t^oococo 

to t> >0 G^ i-H CO iO 

CDGO'-'C^G^Ol'OG^ 
COOiO0'*G^C0»^5O5 

cooooiO^LOuo'^rG^ 

COt'Oo''-^ t>Gi CO'^CO 
G^ G^ G^ i-< 



CO O 
CO 



^ 1— I CO 

CO t> G^ 



CO 0< CO 1> CO 00 GO 
T-H 1> !> I> lO O 
Oi^t-^GO^CO ^"^t^ 

CO rj^ oTi-^'co'go 



T-tOOCOGOGO^OiG^ 
1> »0 O) CO 

G^G^OiTf^-tOUtiCO 

Ocot-cococo^ot- 

CD_ 05^ CO 10 CO CO 

co~ oT CO »o &f o" d 

OO 1-1 l> t-l 



COOOOG^COCOiO GO 

,-H lO CO ^ CO a> 



O CO O G-< GO 1-1 G^ 

O l> CO O i> ^ rt' 

Tj^ O CO^ CO !> >o 

d J^oTj:^ CO 

^ G^ 



I .|COC01>COC01>COQ^ 
V) ^,-t-;fi©<COC0COl> 

OG^coco^>'^G^<^> 

CDCDCOCOG^^^CO 
'-OcO«>G^G^COG^f>0 



CO i-H >0 CO CT5 05 rfi I lO 
00 CO G< G^ 



Oj CO X*' G^ 05 

i> CO T^ 05 i> »-< 

<JO^ G^ Oi^ Oi i> 

CD crT co" oT cd" G^ 

CO G^ 



lOco'^'-H'-asoit^ 

COCOG^^CO-^'-'CO 

asCOG^^G^JCOCOCO 
G0i-iC0iO«G^T-H©^ 

T-Tcoco"^ t^oTd^" 

00 T-( CO T-' ^ 



£>G^COOOil>^iCO 
COT-(l>COG^t>CO GO 



O CO CO Oi o: CO 
00 t- CO CO i> rfi »o 
O Oi^ O i> G^ >0 
co'' go" CO oT co" G^ 

CO 



s s 

•a. Cfi 

^ 52 



-73 c 



0) O) 



I 

6 -M 



^ ^ § b-g'bor 

oj oj q3 (x> <5 .22 o 



OO 



403 




404 



C0C0CN00-HOV0-<*0^r-( 



I . I CO (M 00 CO CO 

Ka>T-(coooo>Tj<^Oi(OV500iHoo 

r-(»0«DC01^'*C^C000O(0KOiH»0 
THis.C0'<^'a>»O-«J'VO'>f'C^O!iO^r-lrHtO 
CO i-TcoCNr-T tCT-TvOCS!' 



ococoooooc<«o tcc?oooo 



. no<r)GN?i^tno^tv.coi^'-<<o*otv.c^ai 
»ii thco <ococ^THa>yDoo-<^v5 ^ 

t>*»OKOa>Tf»OOC^b-CTii-(COr-(Cr>CT> 
"^"■^ <?^«3^G^O to O VD^ 
CO T-TcOCNr-T jCtHOC? 



t00C0C0THV>^C0a»00CDTHOi>*OO 
lOi-lrHT-1 COKr-ICN>KT-tOO OCO 

o?ina>Or-ic^co»JOcocfta>»-<ioi>-^ 

b^C0i-<«0O'*'*rHOCNC0b^THO0» 
T}< CO O «3 O OJ^ r-l CO 

co" T-Tco'c^T-r tsTr-Ticrc^ 



00 CO 00 00 CN «3 CN CN a> 

C0 0vC?>b^C0iH-<^"b,'<^iC^Tf<t0T}<O>O 
lOb-'-t-rHi^T}<00C0V)-*b-C>?yDi-^TH 
CO CO a> <0 OS <0 CO rH CO 

CO r-Tcoc^ bC trTc^ 



lO V) 

V5ioV5V5cocoa>'>^'coooTHcr>coc^-* 

OOCOtHrHOCOtnOKtOCOCOOOO-^ 

■<*»ococo^ootocr>aov5C9-* 



OOOOOtHOOOOOCO 
t000»Oi^h,0^V5O^ 
V0^C0Ot}<00«0C^ 



a> th V5 
a> 00 'H 

to CO -r-l 



l»ocoo»ooo^cr>to 

to 0% V5 00 Is. 



CO r-( 00 00 
CO b. 



tOWOJC^CN'HVSO to-^-^co 

VI C7) Tf< '-t CO 00 ' 00 O to r-< 

CO -^b^tO^tO V5 CO O CO r-l 

CO 1-? ./^ -v? 



^ § « go 
I g 13 ^ .a .53 s g 



405 



+J <U ♦J o c .-^i 

^ ^ V 

S H c S s 
.rot « 



Sddocdoood 



3 I M I I I I M 

i-Iait^cdcooicd'-^''*'^ 



C ® 4J 



(U _ in <U ^ 

^1-3 I, 



T}"^ 0C_ 1> CO 

ccT ©r o G^" -i^ o co" 

OOOi-i^'^S^CO — CO 



14 



CT5 GO 

CO ^ 



O CO 

CO CO 
iO CO 



= 4J 
be bo 



030COCO — a50cocoa5cci> 

L0Ti-J>{>G-*T?<COC5COCi iOG-} 

o_ i> "o^ o cri^ co^ »o CO co^ 
— o cT CO CO I irT t> 

i-0'*'"^COCOCO'*I>COOI'*CO 
_ « iG^ 



l>G^a5r*a5l>COCOiOvO 

cococ^iorrc^-^t^rroi 

t> CO^ CO t-^ CO^ G^^ O O G^^ 

co" "Tj^ r-" Iff c> ^ CO co" 

toco— ^•<fG^COt>OG^G^ 
COCOrf'1'vOOCOCOkiDCO 



G^ ^ 
O 

l> CO 

r> ctT 

CO ^ 



I I I • I I 



I I I I I I I I 



I I I I I I I I I 



I I > I I I I I i I 



O-<G^C0'1"i0C0t>00C5 



c o 

a; <u 
03 2 



bo 

a5 

00 p 

^ o 

1 o 



^ OS 
Oh U 

Q 

CO 



406 



05 00 CO 05 >0 ^ 

u::) 00 CO -^t 

O cn co^ G^^ ©i^ O 

CO T-T <^r 

^ "<?f« »-i 



oo u:) o 00 i> as 

I CD 00 iO Cl CO 
05 CO O 1— < O O CO 
co" O" CO O J>" J> Oi 
i-< ^ O O CO (3^ i-« 

T-< 




O O T}« 
V- lO t- 



1> CO 
05 

i^iO CO 



a3 ^ 55 
M HJ JO o 

^ S <u 



! I 



00 



1> O o 

CO l> CO O 
'-^ (3^ i-H OS 

G^cioO TpCO 
CO CO CO CO CO 



O 



l> 05 CO CO 

05 lO GO CO ■>-< 1> 
CO CO CO 

co" o" 1-^ '-T O 

o G^ a> i> o 

r-l T-t ^ i-H ^ 0< 



6 



o ^ 



05 rf OS l> CO 
CO t> ^ l> 
CO CO !> CO G^ O 
CO"-^ !>kOCr^ 

CO T-l G^ CO 1> 

CO ""Sf UO iO CO 



Q 1-1 GO ^ CO 

a Oi O) Oi 

1> 1> t> l> 1> t> l> 



4or 



o 

i 



Russia. 


Tons. 


o 

1 1 1 1 1 1 

CO 


Prussia. 


Tons. 1 


1 1 1 • 1 1 

GO 


Sweden. 


Tons. 1 


lO t- CT5 GO :o O 

CO CO O ^ CO 

lO CO a> GO o GO ^ 

1-1 ^ 


Denmark. 


Tons. 1 


CO G>i CT> O t> O 
^ OS lO CO 05 GO GO 
^ O i-H GO GO CO Tt 

^ 1-H eToT 00 o 

1—1 


Hanse 
Towns. 


Tons. 


00 CT) r}« CO CO CO t- 
t> 03 1-1 CO O 00 
05^ O*^ GO O 

Co" rf ^ 


Imperial. 


Tons. 


459 
2,326 

978 
1,077 


United 
Nether- 
1 lands. 


Tons. 1 


CO ^ 1> 1> !> CO 1-1 
CO iO i-t ©>< O 
tO^ '^^^ 
Co" go" Co" 


>> 


Tons. 


OO ©1 05 OO 
• • ' lO C5 O >^ 
« I> 


Portugal 


Tons. 


t> CO ^ CO OO !> 
t> CO ^ CO CO 
l-^ CO O J> CO 
go" of Co" CO 


Spain. 


1 Tons. 1 


O O OS CD 
OO CO 05 CTi CO 05 
CO CO^ CO O 05^ 
l> rf^oT CO f-^" 



O ^ <N CO >0 CO 

05 05 05 C75 05 05 05 

J> i> i> i> r- t> i> 



CO 

D 
O 

o 



I 



APPENDIX No. I. 



The couiitiy, or vice-royalty, of New-Spain and its dependencies, adjoins 
Louisiana ; the following- brief account of the coinage and commerce of 
that country, and particularly that part of the commerce carried on from 
the port of Vera Cruz, cannot be uninteresting to an American merchant or 
statesman. It was taken from accui'ate documents on the spot, in 1810, by 
a gentleman of ability, and may be tlierefore depended on as correct. 

The coimtry is very extensive, includes the province and city of Mexico, 
and contains the most valuable silver mines in the world. The city of 
Mexico is much more populous, than any city, either in North or South 
America. By the last census or enumeration, it contained upwards of one 
hundred and eighty thousand inhabitants ; and in 1809, the number of births 
in the city, was 6,693, and the deaths, 6,160. Judging by this, its popula- 
tion is about one third of that of London or Paris. The coinage of gold and 
silver is carried on in the mint, which is established in the city of Mexico. 

In 1809, the whole coinage was as follows, viz. ; — 

In Gold, .... ^1,464,818 

In Silver, .... 24,708,164 



Making the whole coinage for 1809, - ^26,172,982 

If we add to this, the amount coined from tlie 
first establishment of the mint in 1630, to the 
end of the year 1808, a space of 178 years, be- 
ing 1,496,832,112 

It forms the enormous total of coinage, from the 

first foundation of the mint, of - § 1.523,005,094 

The commerce of New-Spain is carried on, principally, from the port of 
Vera Cruz, on the Gulph of Mexico, and Acapulco, on the Pacific Ocean. 

52 



ii 



APPENDIX NO. I. 



The commerce carried on from the port of Vera Cruz, in 1809, was as 
follows : — 

IMPORTS. 

Dolls. 

From Old Spain ^ National produce and manufactures, 10,252,698 
'^Foreign, do. Ho f^QiA^nr 



From the Colonies. f i^^^^^ry, - ^1,643,^ 

c Effects from Europe, 1,620, 



,018 
183 



^17,167,305 



3,263,201 



Total amount of importations for 1809, - ^20,430,506 

' EXPORTS. 

Dolls. 

To Old Spam, - - - - - 21,825,226 

To the Colonies, . . ^ . . 6,452,307 



Total amount of exports for 1809, - ^28,277,533 



COASTING TRADE FROM THE SAME PORT. 

Imports, ^624,012 
Exports, - - " = - - 346,711 

In the year 1809, there arrived from Old Spain, square 

rigg-ed vessels, - - - - - - 119 

From the Colonies, - 172 

Total, - - - - - - 291 

In the same period, cleared out for Old Spain, - - 62 
Do. do. do. for the Colonies, - 177 

Total, 239 

The imports and exports, on Government account, are not included in the 
foregoing statement ; they amount to very considerable sums. Government 
imports principally quic^ilver for the mines, playing cards, paper, &c. &c. 



APPENDIX NO. I. 



iii 



and the exports consist, in money, gold, silver, tobacco, gun-powder, cop- 
per, tin, lead, &c. The money alone exported by Government m 1809, ex- 
ceeded twenty-five millions of dollars. 



Total amount of specie exported by individuals and con- 
tained in the above statement of exports for 1809, - 21,774,240 

To which may be added the specie exported by Govern- 
ment, during the same period, and which may be stat- 



Makes the grand total of cash exported in 1809, - §46,774,240 

Altliough this statement appears enormous, yet it is under-rated, for 
though the coinage during the year 1809, was only twenty-six millions, yet 
it must be recollected, tliat since the year 1804, in which the war broke out 
with Great-Britain, but a small proportion of money had been exported, and 
of course much had been accumulated. The exports of flour from Vera 
Cruz, to the Havanna, in tlie year 1809, was twenty-six thousand seven hun- 
dred and twenty-four bales, of two quintals each, upwards of twenty -seven 
thousand barrels. New-Spain is a beautiful wheat coimtrj', and could sup- 
ply not only the Island of Cuba, but all Spanish America. 

The articles of produce and manufacture exported from New-Spain, are 
cotton, indigo, sugar, cocoa, coffee, flour, horns, lard, rice, cheese, jerked 
beef, soap, allspice, anniseed, venilla bean, sarsaparilla, bark, jallap, dye- 
woods, oil or extract thereof, leatlier, morocco, cordovan and sole, hides 
and deer skins, cochineal, wool, tin, copper, lead, pearls, gold and silver, m 
bullion and coined, gold leaf for gilders' use, earthern ware from tlie man- 
ufactory of Xalapa, cloths, hats, &c. &c. &c. In the year 1809, the produce 
of the iriteriour brought down to Vera Cruz, took np fifty-throe thousajid 
seven hundred and eighteen mules 



The gold coin exported by individuals in 1809, was 
Silver do. do. do. was 



Dolls. 

13,052 
21,761,188 



ed, at least to be 



25,000,000 



IV APPENDIX NO. ir. 



125 



li 



o 

H 

I 

O 

o 

G 

< 

H 
Q 
<ij 
Pi 

Q 



00 



o 

CO 

O 

t— I 

D 
O 

W 
O 

Oh 

§ 



CO 



00 ^ 



§ CO 



'1 



S CO 



^ o 

--^S CO 

u o 

^ CO 



O O O O O O O 

o o o o o o o 
o o o o o o lo 



CT3 J> CO O O 
GO i-< o o 
•^CO t^"* iO 

02 Co" Co" ^ of 



o 

CO 
uo 



o o 
o o 
q_o 

CO GO^ 



8 



o o o o 
- o o o 
^ 

CO O >XD 
CO 1-1 o t> 



O |0 

8 8 



o o o 
o o o 
q, 

i> '^"co 

05 0) 

Ol T— • 



o o 
o o 
o o 

O CO 

CO 



CO 



o o o 
o o o 
o o 

CO CO lo 

00 CO 



o o o 
o o o 
o o o 



O Oi 

o 

CO (©r 



o c> a 
o o o 
q, q, q^ 
. 1 oo" o o 



O ^ GO 
CO 



o o 
o o 
o o 

O Tt^ 
CO Oi 



o o o 
o o o 

q, q. 

CD i-^O 
CO '-I ©< 

-To" 



o o 
o o 
o o 

o ©< 
qco 



^ o 

- i 

^ O ■v. 



" c« 0) O 

a ^ ^ CO 



APPENDIX NO. II. 



o c o o o o 
o o o o o o 

q, 

of O O ^ 
CO i-i CO O O CO 
'^^^ 

^ rf Cf^ ^ 
JO * 



s's 

o CO 
ico'" 



oooooooo 
oooooooo 
o, I o 

3" O O CO*' 
-O CO -3^ O O 
CO^ CO 

uo" o" CO 



CO 



000000 
000000 

O^ o^ o^ o^ o^ o^ 

:o 'O G^" O O CD 
CO CO o o o 
G^^ C;^ CO^ G'J^ 
^ CD 'rf G^r Co" ^ 
G^ G< 

















uo" 






CO 




co^ 


i> 


CO 







000000 
000000 
o^ o^ o^ o^ o^ o^ 
i> cT oT o o*" o" 

CO Gs( CO O O 

co^ 00^ co^ co^ 

O cT Co" Co" 



000000 
000000 
o^ o^ o^ o^ o^ o^ 

rf 00 T-T O" G^ 

-r i> ^ O O CO 

CO^ J> JO^ 
cT O Co' 



§1 
















S' 


0^ 


0^ 






co' 




CO 


uO 




"St 


0^ 




0" 


co" 









I . . . 

bp 

I . 11 
<52;o > !^ 



APPENDIX NO. II. 



5- 

«J CO 



i i 



t- o o o n> 



o o o 

CO 0_ O 

i-T o" o~ o" 
o o >^ 
-H o q. 

co" go" o" 







o 

CO 








CO 




o 

CO 





o o o o 
I- o o o 
CO O O O 

co" o" o o 
o >o 

^ oT 



o o o 
o o o 
o^o o 

9 9 

>^ O CO 



o o o 
o o o 

o" o" 
>^ o o 

t- (TJ 



'5' 

o 



O O Q 

o o o 
o" o" 

»0 -Tf lO 
J> 



CO 

of 

00^ 
G^ 



o o o 
o o o 

(D <£ o" 
o o 

t- »o -^ti 



<: <i > 



1 






CO 


o 


?3 
5> 


2s 




o 


1 






Tot 


Toi 



APPENDIX NO. II. 



Vll 



o c o o 
o c o o 

o o o o 

O O 



o o 
o o 

o cT 
»^ o 

1> CO 



o o 
o o 



CO o o o 

s§ig 

O C 
'T o o o 
-i -i; CO 
^ CO CD 



<3^ 



O O O 

: o O O o GO 
q_ q o 

co" o" o" o" ' 
o o o 

O O O CO 



CO o 



o , 

O CO 

o U> 

uO^ CO 

cT CO 



o o-o o 
^ o o o 

i> q_ q, 

co" o~ o" 
o o o o 
q »o CO 

>0 CO 



rf O O O 
t- O O O 

c-^ q^ q o 
ctT o~ o" 
— < o o o 

O O O CO 



3 -3 OJ 



0) 



+J o 
o 

O -2 

8 - 



O « J= 

Oh O 

a; »o 

?! 

o o o 
o 



o c K c 



r2 o a U3 

/— sq 4j 
*■ o «* »■ 



Vlll 



APPENDIX NO. II. 




o c l> 

(D ^ 



APPE!?DIX NO. II. 



II. 



^ o CO 

C5 ^ 2 

R . O 

S o 

■<£ ^ 
o O 



2 S o ^ I 

r- 3 ;i a ' 
h C O 0) 



o 



•^COCOCOOOiCO-^COCO 
^ G^^ rf 05 CJ iO t> 

!>0000C71COTfit>CO'— CO 

O^oo<^»^co^^-^^co^a5^05^rto^ 

-^COC^COCOOrOG^ 



be 



lt>r}<a5COCO'*G^Oirf*'* 

^'-^coco^!>a)'*i-if-< 

G^" rjT ,-r co" crT T-'' G^" 10 

ooco<:£)G002-<*Ot>c:)'-' 

CO G^ Oi^ CO lO^ O 

coco't^co^aTcToi— ""-^co 



(U <U 



CO 

05 

^ cT 

05 

t> O 



X) c- 
O CD G^ 
i-^^OS^ CO 

05 O 
" CO O 



O CO O 

05 OD i-^ ^ 
i> CO CO 



CO CO 
CO CO 

{> 



CO 



J>COCOCX)COa505050^ 



O CO vJvJ 

lO CO "^J* 

co^ »o 

to CO ^ 

05 t> 

CO^ Tj^ 

CO o c<r 

05 ^ 



G< '-^ G< 

G^ CO CO 

1> 05^ TP 

co"co"co 

C~- »-< CO 

UO 05^ 

CO '-^ lo 

CO lO CO 



CO CO 

^ o 

05_ 

Co" CO 
CO ir- 

' O CO 
CO 05 



l> G^ 

CO O 

O CO 

^ CO 
— CO 
G^ G< 



G-( CO 
G^ G^ CO 

CO 

i>" o" 

CO G^ 00 

'"1 

co" t> 

00 05 

^ 



T CO G^ 
G^ G^ uO 

"1. o_ q, 
co" co" ^ 

t> J> -T^ 

co'co lO 
CO CO CO 

up >o >^ 



CO ^"2 CO 
lO 05 ^ 05 
CO CO CO CO 
l> G^" r)^ ^ 
I- CO CO 

cr3_ co^ G^»^ 
T-T lO CO ^'5 

T^* 1_0 

i-C lC »0 



CO CO 
t- 05 O 

CT5^ 

00~ lO" G^ 
O G^ >0 

co" co" 

CO O 

■■o CO CO 



CO .X) lO 
lO — < 
00_ 05^ to 

G^r oT 05 
iO 00 G^ 
CO^ CO Gl 

oT t--" i-T 

CO CO O 
CO CO c- 



o ^ o o 

C- O 05 CO 

t-^^^co^^, 

CcT 05 O CO 

CO CO i> — ' 
rr^ G* co^ 

or gI gT 

G^ »-< 
«> l> 00 



I- 



-tiOCOt^OOOJO^S'^CO 

oococococococococooo 



53 



APPENDIX NO. II. 



^ O 



53 <iJ g 
5- ^ 



^3 



.2 

ha 
o c 

P-i 'w 



§2 



?3 ^--C> 
-TS « CO 

^ li CO 

^ ^ 

CO 



^ ^3 O 
'-^ 

CO 

1 

'S 4^5 

1 f s 



13 '2 ^ 

O rt 



ha . 



G^©JC0CDe0'-HC0COG^T-(, 



>JD»OOCOrt-*l>Tt'*CO 
r-H^ '-^ C'i^ 05^ CO^ CO^ r-^^ 

GOCOCOCOCOCOG^-^COO 

^ oo_ co^ o: <3^ CO co^ 
c^^G^ Gococo'^GO'^ -^Ti^ 



(rOCOO*<3^(T}»CDCOCO»-<G^ 
C00DOii>C0t>'*'-<!>-^ 

'-^cot^cocoGoas^osas^O 
u:)cocooD03o:oi>coco 

^COI>00a>OG^C0'*CD 



S <y 55 



'-•G^O0C0O:iJ>O3COC0CO 
'-•C0C0i>C0C0COOD00G^ 

1-*^ GO^ as o^co CO T-(^ 
CO c^'' >^ oT GvT G^" i-^ i-T 

t-COCOTj^OJt-^t-O-* 
co^ G^^ CO^ >0 ir^ 00^ Oi 1-1 

^ '-h" G^" G^" ©^6^"©^ of CO 



CO >0 
O 

co"©rar 

l> CO GO 
00 CO 



CO 1> Oi »i3 GO J> ^ 

i-< ©< 1— I CO o ''t 

03^ CO^ GO^ O GO CO 

^ Co" CO oT CO to CO 
O O l> J> oo 
T-1 IlO Oi to CO 00 



G^GO'^i^CDt^COOG^rl'CO 



as G^ 
Lo CO 
1> 

CO GO 
GO O 

O 05 GO 
lO 



O CO 1> CO 1> 
©I Gv( Tf- O 00 rj« 
05^ 00^ CO^ CO 

oT o ©r i-> ©r o 

T-t GO GO CO l> lO 

CO^ ^ as^ GO^ ©^^ 05 

CO Go'f^ o^r^ CO ^ 

iO CO CO 1> l> 1> 00 



iOCOOCOGOCOCOG^©^©< 

©iu:)cr5iocototoa5a5ai 
co^co^cq^co^i>_co^coc3^a5^cj5 
oj co"^ T-Tt-rcTocoaTco 

'-ia5Tf©|rf^'r-i©(©iCO 
G^^ GO^ l> CO i-t^ ^ t-^ 00 

CO 00 -rf <o co^i-i oTeT ©r 
•>*Loiocoi>i>oocoa50 



I- 

i 



r:}4iOCO!>C0050'-^©^CO 
OOOOOO'-^'X'rH^ 

OOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO 



1 



APPENDIX NO. II. 



xi 



No. 6. 

Thxit the amount of the unfunded debt of Great-Britain^ under the heads 
of Navy Debt, and Exchequer Bills outstanding, may, for the years 
1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 1811, 1812, and 1813, 
be stated as follows : — 







jlj A. c 11 c ij^ u cr 






Na\7 debt 


bills 


Total. 




outstanding-. 




Years ending 5th January, 


£. 


£. 


£. 


1804 


4,037,307 


19,067,600. 


23,104,907 


1805 


6,001,567 


25,253,500 


30,256,067 


1806 


6,911,588 


27,180,400 


33,0P1,988 


1807 


5,885,819 


27,207,500 


33,043,319 


1808 


6,661,237 


31,942,900 


38,504,137 


1809 


7,221,167 


39,301,200 


46,522,367 


1810 


8,263,175 


39,164,100 


47,427,276 


1811 


7,595,838 


38,286,000 


47,681,838 


1812 


7,883,890 


41,491,800 


49,375,690 


1813 


7,748,872 


45,406,400 


53,155,.372 



No. 7. 

That the amount of the unfunded debt of Ireland, under the head of 
Treasury Bills outstanding and unprovided for, in the years ending 
5th January, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 1811. 
1812, and 1813, may be stated as follows : — 





Irish Currency 


Years ending 5th January, 


£. 


1804 


1,999,000 


1805 


1,099,000 


1806 


299,000 


1807 




1808 


400,000 


1809 


541,666 


1810 


666,729 


1811 


114,062 


1812 


1,840,479 


1813 


2,508,940 1 



xii 



APPENDIX NO. II. 



No. 8. 

That the net produce of the new, and additmlal ditlies, imposed in Great-JSri- 
iain, in each year, from the 5th January, 1803, to the present year, on an 
average of the ttvo years, last past, or of the last ttvo years thereof a sepa- 
rate account has been laid before Parliament, -was respectively as folloivs : — 



Year 
ended 
5th Jan 
1804 



1805 



1806 

1807 

1808 
1809 
1810 
1811 
1812 
1813 



Permanent 
Taxes 



War Taxes. 



£ £ 

iSTTo 1QO C Customs & excise, 7,299,056 7 
Property, - - 4,891,5015 
"Customs taken at the esti-i 
mated amount for this year, 
and which with part of the 
sum included in the prece- 
960,346|-{ ding year under the head, 
customs and excise, makes 
^the total actual produce of 
the temporary or war duty 
\j.n the two last years — 

1,506,877 Property, - 

996 779 J ■ " " ^18,617? 
^^^''^'^^I^ Property, - - 6,555,571$ 
Excise - - 



^1,222,287 
105,000l 



! t466,101 
+646,409 



Customs, 
Excise, - 



£ 

12,190,557 



1,000,000 



1,417,886 
7,074,188 
63,681 



64,790 
15.699 



Total. 



12,768,745 



* Exclusive of, £375,000, short aimuities expired, and jP65,000, saving 
on management of public debt. 

f The produce of the only complete year the duties have been in existence. 

i Actual produce from 5th July, 1812, to 5th July, 1813, including^ the 
estimated amount of linen bounties repealed. 



APPENDIX NO. II. 



xiii 



No. 9. 

37<fl? the total sum, to be provided, by Great-Britain^ -within the year 1813^ 
may be estiinated as folloios 



Interest on the public funded debt, charges of 
management, and sinking fund including the ad- 
dition to the sinking fund in the present session 
Interest on imperial loan, - 
Proportion to be defrayed by Great-Britain of the 
following charges viz. — Civil Government of 
Scotland, pensions on revenue, militia and de. 
serters warrants, bounties for promoting fishe- 
ries, &c. for the United Kingdom, estimated to 
be the same as in the year ended 5th Jan. 1813, 
Chai-ges of collection and management of the rev- 
enue of Great-Britain and Ireland, estimated to 
be the same as in the year ended 5th Jan. 1813, 
Civil list and other charges on the consolidated 
fund of Great-Britain, and civil list and perma- 
nent grants for Ireland, estimated to be the same 
as in the year ended 5th Januaiy, 1813, 

15-17 of - 

SEPARATE CHAKGXS OP GKSAT-BRITAIH'. 

On the consolidated fund, estimated 

as at 5th January, 1813, - - j£ 35,000 

Loyalty loan repaid, 171,836 

Interest on exchequer bills, - - - 1,800,000 
Do. on debentures, - - - - - - 40,000 

Grant to sinking fund in respect to ex- 
chequer bills unprovided for, - - 260,000 
To discharge exchequer bills issued 
on account of the vote of credit. 
Anno. 1812, 3,000,000 



34,939,534 
496,277 



835,000 
4,099,000 



£6,972,000 



Supplies voted 1813 for Great-Britain & 

Ireland including a vote of creditof £5,200,000 
Deduct, proportion of supplies to be defray- 
ed by Ireland, ..... 



71,550,000 
8,417,000 



35,435,811 



6,152,000 



5,307,136 



63,133 ,000 
f 110,028,947 



xiv 



APPENDIX NO. II. 



No. 10. 

That the total suirif to be prdvided by Ireland within the year 1813, may be esti- 
mated as folloios : — 



Interest of public funded debt, charge of management and 

} sinking- fund, including charges on the loan for present ses 
sion, 

\ Proportion to be defrayed by Ireland of the follo-wing charges^ 

! viz.' — ■ 

Civil Government of Scotland (Pensions to tlie 
Hereditary revenue of G. Britain) &c. &c. (same 
as No. 9.) 905,100 

Charges of collection and management of the rev- 
enues of Great-Britain & Ireland, &c. &c. (same 
as No. 9.) ....... 4,441,000 

Civil list and other permanent charges on the con- 
solidated fund of G, Britain, &c. &c. (same as 
No.9.) - - - - . - - 2,207,800 

2-17 of - £7,553,900 

SEPARATE CHARGES OF IREXABTD, VIZ. 

Interest on exchequer bills, - £125,500 
Grant to sinking fund in respect to 

treasury bills, ... 21,604 



Irish CuiT'y. 

£ 

5,425,400 



Supplies voted 1813 for G. B, and Ireland inclu- £ 
ding a vote of credit of £5,200,000 British, - 77,512,500 

Deduct, proportion of supplies to be defrayed by 

Great-Britain, , . - . . 68,394,000 



888,700 



147,104 



9,118 , 500 
I £15,579,704 



APPENDIX NO. II. 



XV 



No. 11. 

That the total official value of imports, into Great-Britain, in the years 
ended 5th January, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 
181 1, 1812, and 1813, may be taken as follows : — 





x oreign 




East-India 




• 


and colonial 


Irisli produce. 


and 


Total. 


Years ended. 5tli 


produce. 


China. 




January, 


£. 


£. 


£. 


£. 


1804 - 


21,643,577 } 




i 6,348,887 


27,992,464 


1805 - 


23,986,869 ] 


includ.Ireland 


I 5,214,621 


29,201,490 


1806 - 


21,292,870 


2,979,598 


6,072,160 


30,344,628 


1807 


21,841,005 


3,248,131 


3,746,771 


28,835,907 


1808 - 


21,958,382 


3,494,767 


3,401,509 


28,854,658 


1809 - 


19,869,723 


3,910,981 


5,848,649 


29,629,353 


1810 - 


26,933,625 


3,475,759 


3,363,025 


33,772,409 


1811 - 


33,146,975 


3,280,747 


4,708,413 


41,136,135 


1812 


21,201,450 


3,318,879 


4,106,251 


28,626,580 


1813 - 


19,443,574 


3,551,269 


Not yet made up. 



No. 12. 



That the total official value of exports, from Great-Britain, in the years 
ended the 6th January, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 
1811, 1812, and 1813, may be taken as follows : — 



Years ended 


British pro- 
duce & man- 
ufactures. 


Foreign and 

colonial 
merchandize. 


Irish produce 
and manu- 
factures. 


Total. 


5th January, 


£. 


£. 


£. 


£. 


1804 - 


22,252,027 


9,326,468 } 


Includ. Irish 


i 31,578,495 


1805 - 


23,935,793 


10,515,575^ 


produce. 


I 34,451,367 


1806 - 


25,004,337 


9,552,423 


398,085 


34,954,845 


1807 - 


27,402,685 


8,789,368 


335,131 


36,527,184 


1808 - 


25,171,422 


9,105,827 


289,322 


34,566,571 


1809 - 


26,691,962 


7,397,901 


464,404 


34,554,267 


1810 - 


35,104,132 


14,680,524 


502,244 


50,286,900 


1811 - 


34,923,575 


10,471,941 


474,343 


45,869,859 


1812 - 


24,131,734 


7,975,396 


302,541 


32,409,671 


1813 - 


31,243,362 


11,508,673 


489,506 


43,241,541 



xvi 



APPENDIX NO. II. 



No. 13. 

That the number of Vessels, with the amount of their Tonnage, which 
have been built and registered in the several ports of the British 
Empire, (^except Ireland) may be stated as follows : — 





Ships. 


Tonnage. 






1804 


1,402 


135,349 


1805 


991 


95,979 
89,684 


1806 


1,001 


1807 - 


772 


69,198 


1808 


770 


68,000 


1809 


668 


67,140 


1810 


596 


61,396 


1811 


685 


84,891 


1812 


870 


115,630 


1813 


760 


94,198 



No. 14. 

That the number of Vessels, with the amount of their Tonnage, and the 
number of Men and Boys usually employed in navigating the same, 
which belonged to the several ports of the British Empire, (^except 
.Ireland) on the 30th September, 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 
1808, 1809, 1810, 1811, and 1812, may be stated as follows:— 





Ships. 


Tons. 


Men. 


Year ended 30th September, 






1803 


19,828 


2,108,990 


148,600 


1804 


20,713 


2,210,508 


148,598 


1805 


20,984 


2,226,636 


152,642 


1806 


21,106 


2,208,169 


150,940 


1807 


21,192 


2,224,720 


152,658 


1808 


21,542 


2,265,860 


151,781 


1809 


21,951 


2,307,489 


155,038 


1810 


22,577 


2,367,394 


158,779 


1811 


22,973 


2,415,619 


157,063 


1812 


22,996 


2,421,695 


159,710 



APPENDIX NO. II. 



xm 



Xo. 15. 

Tfuit the number of Vessels^ -with the amount of tlieir Tonnage^ and the number 
of jyfen and BoySy employed in navigating the same f including their re- 
peated voyages J which entered iniuards, at the several ports of Great-Bri- 
tain, fro7n all parts of the tvorld, in t lie years ended 5th Jamiary, 1804, 1805, 
1806, 180r, 1808, 1809, 1810, 1811, 1812, and 1813, may he stated as 
foUorws . — 



Year ended 5th January, 

1804 
1805 
1806 
1807 
1808 
1809 
1810 
1811 
1812 
1813 



Ships. 

n,996 
10,508 
11,409 
12,110 
11,213 
11,316 
12,656 
13,557 
12,908 
13,869 



Tons. 



1,614,365' 
1,395,387; 
1,494,075| 
1,482,4121 
1,436,6671 
1,314,241; 
1,539,573: 
1,609,088| 
1,522,692 
1,579,715: 



Men. 

93,004 
82,979 
87,148 
88,963 
84,997 
82,754 
95,796 
102,900 
94,740 
96,371 



Ships 



4,252 
4,271 
4,515 
3,792 
4,087 
1,925 
4,922 
6,876 
3,216 
2,536 



Tons. 



638,034 
607,299 
691,703 
612,800 
680,144 
282,892 
759,287 
1,176,243 
687,180 
518,443 



Men. 

33,660 
30,744 
34,719 
31,346 
32,488 
15,512 
38,285 
60,094 
34,157 
25,519 



No. 16. 

That the number of Vessels, -with ttie amount of their Tonnage, and the number 
of Men and Boys, employed in navigating t/ie same f including their repeated 
voyages J -which cleared oiitwards, at the several ports of Great-Britain, to 
ail parts of the -world, in the years ended 5th January, 1804 to 1813, inclu- 
sive, may be stated as follows : — 



Years ended 5th Januan , 

1804 
1805 
1806 
1807 
1808 
1809 
1810 
1811 
1812 
1813 



FOREIGK. 



Sliips. : 

11^672 
11,131 
11,603 
12,239 
11,428 
11,923 
11,499 
13,092 
12,774 
14,328 



Tons. 



1,444,840 
1,463,286 
1,494,968 
1,485,725 
1,424,103 
1,372,810 
1,531,152 
1,624,274 
1,507,353 
1,665,518 



Men. Ships 

92^40' 3,662 
93,748 4,093 
94,3883,930 
94,513,3,457 
89,715,3,846 
89,632 1,892 
102,523:4,530 
107,72416,641 
96,739'3,350 
105,004)2,647 



Tons. . Men. 

574,542 
587,849 
605,641 
567,988 
631,910 
282,145 
699,750 
1,138,527 
696,232 
540,902 



30,414 
30,507 
30,910 
29,616 
31,411 
15,671 
37,256 
60,870 
37,262 
27,841 



54 



xviii 



APPENDIX NO. II. 



No. 17. 



That the official value, in Irish currency, of all imports into, and exports from 
Ireland, for ten years, ending 5th January, 1813, distinguishing each year 
and the value of foreign articles exported, -was as follows :• — 







Official value of 




Official 
value of 








r-;-r 

Irish produce 


Foreign & colo- 


Years ending- the 5th January, 


and manufac- 


nial merchan- 


exports. 


tures exported 


dize exported. 


1804 


5,275,650 


4,629,086 


141,302 


1805 


5,712,802 


4,903,261 


171,179 


1806 


5,736,214 


5,059,867 


142,481 


1807 


5,605,959 


5,033,354 


157,666 


1808 


6,637,907 


5,307,806 


150,370 


1809 


7,129,507 


5,696,897 


234,112 


1810 


7,471,557 


5,408,910 


330,933 


1811 


6,564,578 


5,471,012 


627,472 


1812 


7,234,603 


5,833,996 


256,415 


1813 


8,820,359 


6,463,744 


404,424 



No. 18. 

That the number of Vessels, -with the amount of their Tonnage, that -were built 
and registered, in the several ports of Ireland, in the ten years, ending 5th 
January, 1813, rvas as follows : — 



Years ended 5th January, 


Vessels. 


Tons. 


1804 


~42~~ 


^18 


1805 


38 


1,611 


1806 


28 


1,212 


1807 


41 


1,687 


1808 


33 


1,838 


1809 


32 


1,235 


1810 


31 


1,643 


1811 


21 


1,331 


1812 


41 


1,655 


1813 


50 


1,952 



No. 19. 

That the number of Vessels, with the amount of their Tonnage, and number of 
Men and Boys usually employed in navigating them, which belonged to the 
several ports o f Ireland, in the ten years, ending 30th September, 1812, dis- 
tinguishing each year, was as follows : — 



Years ending 30th September, 


Ships. 


Tons. 


Men. 


1803 


1,065" 


58,871 


5,218 


1804 


1,061 


58,060 


5,176 


1805 


1,067 


56,755 


5,062 


1806 


1,076 


55,545 


5,081 


1807 


1,098 


56,902 


5,217 


1808 


1,104 


68,958 


5,324 


1809 


1,119 


61,150 


5,560 


1810 


1,126 


58,646 


5,416 


1811 


1,133 


59,154 


5,484 


1812 


1,111 


57,103 


5,320 



LB N 05 



APPENDIX NO. II. 



xix 



No. 20. 

That tJie number of vessels, -with the amount of their tonnage, arid the number 
of men and boys employed in navigating the same, Cincluding their repeat- 
ed voyages J and entered imoards, in the several ports of Ireland, fro7n, or to 
all parts of tJie -world : in the ten years ending 5th Jan. 18 13 — distinguish- 
ing each year, and the Irish, British, and foreig7i vessels, -was as follows : — 



Years 
ending 
5th Jan. 

1804 - 

1805 - 

1806 ■ 

1807 - 

1808 - 

1809 - 

1810 - 

1811 - 

1812 - 

1813 - 



Ships I Tons. 

iiSlS] 97,946 
1,243' 90,541 
l,276j 91,290 
1,497:102,163 
1,503' 107,733 
l,583;lll,614 
1,546 103,698 
1,982 130,991 
1,956; 133,748 
2,2291152,555 



Men. Ships 



6,52915,996 
6,116;6,242 
6,230:6,139 
7,0496,687 
7,23l;6,836 
7,48517,189 
7,2175,975 
8,983 7,514 



9,125 
10,398 



7,404 
9,022 



Tons. 

569T704 
610,618 
580,752 
630,368 
652,946 
696,403 
535,299 
673,540 
686,255 
830,473 



Men. 



32,286 
33,553 
33,775 
36,818 
36,539 
38,426 
30,648 
38,536 
39,504 
47,809 



FOKEIGK. 



Ships 



600 
534 
545 
498 
461 
159 
343 
660 
644 
405 



Tons. 

"94,800 
79,778 
82,420 
80,001 
78,533 
25,326 
56,946 
119,188 
129,994 
79,307 



Men, 



6,159 
5,182 
5,539 
5,055 
4,674 
1,580 
3,525 
6,643 
6,673 
4,255 



No. 21. 

That the number of vessels, with the amount of their tonnage, and the number of 
men and boys employed in navigating the same, including their repeated 
voyages, that cleared outwards, in the several ports of Ireland, from, or to, 
all parts of the world : in the ten years, ending 5th January, 1813, distin- 
guishing each year, and the Irish, British and foreign vessels, was as fol- 
lows : — 



OUTWARDS. 



Sliips 



1,211 
1,080 
1,172 
1,353 
1,320 
1,405 
1,527 
1,841 
1,853 
2,103 



Ton^ 



90,254 
82,934 
90,173 
97,162 
97,856 
108,435 
109,144 
125,389 
129,031 
151,141 



Men. 



6,324 
5,832 
6,077 
6,754 
6,797 
7,221 
7,398 
8,650 
8,651 
10,042 



Ship: 



5,160 
5,013 
5,442 
5,888 
6,294 



Tons. I Men. 



615,702 



6,473 641,157 
;,877|538,699 
6,93li627,012 
6,865 642,767 
8,465i792,829 



34,6. 



55,595 i 
36,051) 
45,437, 



FOREIGV. 




Ships 


Tons. 


Men. 


S 553 


"937995 


5,728 


^ 531 


78,971 


5,093 


i 521 


77,783 


4,910 


[ 522 


83,048 


5,159 


418 


72,662 


4,130 


I 163 


27,856 


1,591 


333 


56,267 


3,225 


639 


117,414 


6,312 


621 


126,588 


6,265 


1 421 1 


85,505 


4,368 



ERRATA. 



Psige 27, line 1, for " inclusive" read exclusive-— psigt 33, last line, for 
" one" read our — page 35, line 1, for " those" read these — ^pag-e 47, line 9, 
for these" read their — ^page 76, Table No. Vn. the heading inserted by 
mistake — page 92, line 10, strike out " in" — page 95, line 20, for " prices" 
read price— p3ige 99, line 1, for " 1804" read 1814— page 102, Note, for 
** Peccohet's" read Peuchefs — ^page 105, line 15, for " parts" read ports— 
page 110, line 26, for « 1795" read 1793— page 116, line 20, for "the" be. 
fore climate, read he) — page 136, line 2, for *' the" before citizens, read 
their — page 141, line 8, for " them" read thence — ^page 144, last line, for 

chapter" read chapters — page 170, line 15, strike out the word « and" and 
figures VI. — page 172, line 10, for " negotiated" read regulated — page 196, 
line 21, for "pounds" read tierces — ^page 248, for "pounds" after the word 
" salt" read bushels— ^2ige 264, line 31, for " or" read on — page 290, line 10, 
strike out " and" between " lands and purchased"— page 301, line 12, for 
« 373" read 673, and for « 573" read 873— page 301, last line, for « pur- 
pose" read purchase~-a,nd page 306, Table No. II. line 35, for ** redeemed" 
read reduced. 




•S -7*, 






